Ariobarzanes
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Ariobarzane Proper-name noun: masculine ablative singular of Ariobarzanes
- a king of Cappadocia, Cic. Att. 5, 20; id. Fam. 2, 17; 15, 2.
(Ἀριοβαρζάνης).
1. The name of three kings or satraps of Pontus.
I. Was betrayed by his son Mithridates to the Persian king. (Xen. Cyr. 8.8.4; Aristot. Pol. 5.8.15, ed. Schneid.) It is doubtful whether this Ariobarzanes is the same who conducted the Athenian ambassadors, in B. C. 405, to the sea-coast of Mysia, after they had been detained three years by order of Cyrus (Xen. Hell. 1.4.7), or the same who assisted Antalcidas in B. C. 388. (Id. 5.1.28.)
II. Succeeded his father, Mithridates I., and reigned 26 years, B. C. 363-337. (Diod. 16.90.) He appears to have held some high office in the Persian court five years before the death of his father, as we find him, apparently on behalf of the king, sending an embassy to Greece in B. C. 368. (Xen. Hell. 7.1.27.) Ariobarzanes, who is called by Diodorus (15.90) satrap of Phrygia, and by Nepos (Datam. 100.2) satrap of Lydia, Ionia, and Phrygia, revolted from Artaxerxes in B. C. 362, and may be regarded as the founder of the independent kingdom of Pontus. Demosthenes, in B. C. 352, speaks of Ariobarzanes and his three sons having been lately made Athenian citizens. (In Aristocrat. pp. 666, 687.) He mentions him again (pro Rhod. p. 193) in the following year, B. C. 351, and says, that the Athenians had sent Timotheus to his assistance; but that when the Athenian general saw that Ariobarzanes was in open revolt against the king, he refused to assist him.
III. The son of Mithridates III., began to reign B. C. 266 and died about B. C. 240. He obtained possession of the city of Amastris, which was surrendered to him. (Memnon, cc. 16, 24, ed. Orelli.) Ariobarzanes and his father, Mithridates, sought the assistance of the Gauls, who had come into Asia twelve years before the death of Mithridates, to expel the Egyptians sent by Ptolemy. (Apollon. apud Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἄγκυρα.) Ariobarzanes was succeeded by Mithridates IV.
2. The satrap of Persis, fled after the battle of Guagamela, B. C. 331, to secure the Persian Gates, a pass which Alexander had to cross in his march to Persepolis. Alexander was at first unable to force the pass; but some prisoners, or, according to other accounts, a Lycian, having acquainted him with a way over the mountains, he was enabled to gain the heights above the Persian camp. The Persians then took to flight, and Ariobarzanes escaped with a few horsemen to the mountains. (Arrian, 3.18 Diod. 17.68; Curt. 5.3, 4.)
3. The name of three kings of Cappadocia. Clinton (F. H. iii. p. 436) makes only two of this name, but inscriptions and coins seem to prove that there were three.
I. Surnamed Philoromaeus (Φιλορώμαιος) on coins (B. C. 93-63), was elected king by the Cappadocians, under the direction of the Romans, about B. C. 93. (Justin, 38.2; Strab. xii. p.540; Appian, App. Mith. 10.) He was several times expelled from his kingdom by Mithridates, and as often restored by the Romans. He seems to have been driven out of his kingdom immediately after his accession, as we find that he was restored by Sulla in B. C. 92. (Plut. Sull. 5; Liv. Epit. 70; Appian, App. Mith. 57.) He was a second time expelled about B. C. 90, and fled to Rome. He was then restored by M.' Aquillius, about B. C. 89 (Appian, App. Mith. 10, 11; Justin, 38.3), but was expelled a third time in B. C. 88. In this year war was declared between the Romans and Mithridates ; and Ariobarzanes was deprived of his kingdom till the peace in B. C. 84, when he again obtained it from Sulla, and was established in it by Curio. (Plut. Sull. 22, 24; Dio Cass. Fragm. 173, ed. Reim.; Appian, App. Mith. 60.) Ariobarzanes appears to have retained possession of Cappadocia, though frequently harassed by Mithridates, till B. C. 66, when Mithridates seized it after the departure of Lucullus and before the arrival of Pompey. (Cic. pro Leg. Man. 2, 5.) He was. however, restored by Pompey, who also increased his dominions. Soon after this, probably about B. C. 63, he resigned the kingdom to his son. (Appian, App. Mith. 105, 114, B. C. 1.103; Val.Max. 5.7.2.) We learn from a Greek inscription quoted by Eckhel (iii. p. 199), that the name of his wife was Athenais, and that their son was Philopator. The inscription on the coin from which the annexed drawing was made, is indistinct and partly effaced: it should be ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΟΒΑΡΖΑΝΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΠΩΜΑΙΟΥ. Pallas is represented holding a small statue of Victory in her right hand.
II. Surnamed Philopator (Φιλοπάτωρ), according to coins, succeeded his father B. C. 63. The time of his death is not known; but it must have been previous to B. C. 51, in which year his son was reigning. He appears to have been assassinated, as Cicero (Cic. Fam. 15.2) reminds the son of the fate of his father. Cicero also mentions this Ariobarzanes in one of his orations. (De Prov. Cons. 4.) It appears, from an inscription, that his wife, as well as his father's, was named Athenais.
III. Surnamed Eusebes and Philoromaeus (Εὐσεβὴς καὶ Φιλορώμαιος), according to Cicero (Cic. Fam. 15.2) and coins, succeeded his father not long before B. C. 51. (Cic. l.c.) While Cicero was in Cilicia, he protected Ariobarzanes from a conpiracy which was formed against him, and established him in his kingdom. (Ad Fam. 2.17, 15.2, 4, 5, ad Att. 5.20; Plut. Cic. 36.) It appears from Cicero that Ariobarzanes was very poor, and that he owed Pompey and M. Brutus large sums of money. (Ad Att. 6.1-3.) In the war between Caesar and Pompey, he came to the assistance of the latter with five hundred horsemen. (Caes. Civ. 3.4; Flor. 4.2.) Caesar, however, forgave him, and enlarged his territories. HIe also protected him against the attacks of Pharnaces, king of Pontus. (D. C. 41.63, 42.48; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 34, &c.) He was slain in B. C. 42 by Cassius, because he was plotting against him in Asia. (D. C. 47.33; Appian, App. BC 4.63.) On the annexed coin of Ariobarzanes the inscription is ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΟΒΑΡΖΑΝΟΥ ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΡΩΜΑΙΟΥ. (Eckhel, iii. p. 200.)
After Artavasdes II. and Tigranes III. had been driven out by the Romans, the choice of Augustus for a king of the Armenians fell upon one Ariobarzanes, a Median or Parthian prince, who seems not to have belonged to the dynasty of the Arsacidae. As Ariobarzanes was a man of great talents and distinguished by bodily beauty, a quality which the eastern nations have always liked to see in their kings, the Armenians applauded the choice of Augustus. He died suddenly after a short reign in A. D. 2, according to the chronology of St. Martin. He left male issue, but the Armenians disliked his children, and chose Erato their queen. She was, perhaps, the widow of Tigranes III. (Tac. Ann. 3.4.)
(Ἀριοβαρζάνης). I.—Kings or Satraps of Pontus. (1) Betrayed by his son Mithridates to the Persian king, about B.C. 400.
(2) Son of Mithridates I., reigned 363-337. He revolted from Artaxerxes in 362, and may be regarded as the founder of the kingdom of Pontus.
(3) Son of Mithridates III., reigned 266-240, and was succeeded by Mithridates IV. II.— Kings of Cappadocia. (1) Surnamed Philoromaeus, reigned B.C. 93-63, and was elected king by the Cappadocians, under the direction of the Romans. He was several times expelled from his kingdom by Mithridates, but was finally restored by Pompey in 63, shortly before his death.
(2) Surnamed Philopator, succeeded his father in 63.
(3) Surnamed Eusebes and Philoromaeus, son of No. 2, whom he succeeded about 51. He assisted Pompey against Caesar, who not only pardoned him, but even enlarged his territories. He was slain in B.C. 42 by Cassius.