Berenice
Could not find Bereniceo in Logeion dictionaries. Looking for closest alphabetic form.
- A female name.
- A Daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoë, and wife of her own brother, Ptolemy Euergetes; her beautiful hair was placed as a constellation in heaven (Coma or Crinis Berenices), Hyg. Astr. 2, 24; cf. the poem of Catullus: de Coma Berenices, 66, 1 sqq. (Another constellation of the same name, Plin. 2, 70, 71, § 178.)—Hence,
- 2 Bĕrĕnīcēus, a, um, adj., of Berenice: vertex, Cat. 66, 8.—
- B The daughter of the Jewish king Agrippa I., accused of incest, Juv. 6, 156 sqq.; Tac. H. 2, 2; 2, 81; Suet. Tit. 7; called uxor Titi, Aur. Vict. Epit. 10, 4; called Bernīcē, Vulg. Act. 25, 13.—
- II The name of several towns.
- A In Cyrenaica, earlier called Hesperis, now Benghazi, Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 31; Sol. 27, 54; Amm.22, 16, 4.—Hence,
- 2 Bĕrĕnīcis, ĭdis, f., the region around Berenice: ardens, Luc. 9, 524: undosa, Sil. 3, 249; cf. Inscr. Orell. 3880.—
- B A town in Arabia, Mel. 3, 8, 7.—
- C A town on the Red Sea, Plin. 6, 29, 34, § 70; cf. Mel. 3, 8, 7.—
- D A town on the frontier of Egypt, Plin. 6, 23, 26, § 108; 6, 29, 33, § 168.
- 1. echtgenote v.d. Egypt. koning Ptolemaeus III Euergetes, medeheerseres v. haar zoon Ptolemaeus IV Philopator, leefde ca. 273—221; haar haar werd als sterrenbeeld aan de hemel geplaatst; — adj. Berenīcēus, a, um;
- 2. dochter v. koning Herodes Agrippa I v. Judea, geliefde v. Titus.
(Βερενίκη), a Macedonic form of Pherenice (Φερενίκη).
I. Egyptian Berenices.
1. A daughter of Lagus by Antigone, niece of Antipater, was married first to Philip, an obscure Macedonian, and afterwards to Ptolemy Soter (the reputed son of Lagus by Arsinoe), who fell in love with her when she came to Egypt in attendance on his bride Eurydice, Antipater's daughter. (Schol. ad Theoc. Idyll. 17.61; Paus. 1.6, 7.) She had such influence over her husband that she procured the succession to the throne for her son Ptolemy Philadelphus, to the exclusion of Eurydice's children,--and this, too, in spite of the remonstrances of Demetrius of Phalerus with the king. (Just. xvi 2; D. L. 5.78; comp. Ael. VH 3.17.) Plutarch speaks of her as the first in virtue and wisdom of the wives of Ptolemy, and relates that Pyrrhus of Epeirus, when he was placed with Ptolemy as a hostage for Demetrius, courted her favour especially, and received in marriage Antigone, her daughter by her first husband Philip. Pyrrhus is also said to have given the name of " Berenicis," in honour of her, to a city which he built in Epeirus. (Plut. Pyrrh. 4, 6.) After her death her son Philadelphus instituted divine honours to her and Theocritus (Idyll. 17.34, &c., 123) celebrates her beauty, virtue, and deification. See also Athen. v. pp. 202, d., 203, a.; Theoc. Idyll. 15.106; and the pretty Epigram (55) of Callimachus. It seems doubtful whether the Berenice, whose humane interference with her husband on behalf of criminals is referred to by Aelian (Ael. VH 14.43), is the subject of the present article, or the wife of Ptolemy III. (Euergetes.) See Perizonius, ad Ael. l.c.
2. Daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, became the wife of Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, according to the terms of the treaty between him and Ptolemy, B. C. 249, which required him to divorce Laodice and marry the Egyptian princess, establishing also the issue of the latter as his successors. On the death, however, of Ptolemy, B. C. 247, Antiochus put Berenice away and recalled Laodice, who notwithstanding, having no faith in his constancy, caused him to be poisoned. Berenice fled in alarm to Daphne with her son, where being besieged they fell into the hands of Laodice's partizans, and were murdered with all their Egyptian attendants, the forces of the Asiatic cities and of Ptolemy Euergetes (brother of Berenice) arriving only in time to avenge them. These events are prophetically referred to by Daniel in the clearest manner. (Polyb. Fragm. Hist. 54, 5.58, ad fin.; Athen. 2.45c.; Just. 27.1; Polyaen. 8.50; Appian, App. Syr. 65, p. 130; Dan. 11.6, and Hieron. ad loc.)
3. Grand-daughter of Berenice, No. 1, and daughter of Magas, who was first governor and then king of Cyrene. Athenaeus (xv. p. 689a.) calls her, if we follow the common reading, "Berenice the Great," but perhaps ἡ Μάγα should be substituted for ἡ μεγάλη. (Schweigh. ad Athen. l.c.) She was betrothed by her father to Ptolemy Euergetes, as one of the terms of the peace between himself and his half-brother Ptolemy II. (Philadelphus), the father of Euergetes. Magas died, however, before the treaty was exe-cuted, and his wife Arsinoe * Pausanias (1.7) mentions Apama as the name of the wife of Magas; but she may have had both names, or Arsinoe may have been his second wife. See p. 367a.; and Thrige, Res Cyrenensiun, § 60. (Just. 26.3), to prevent the marriage of Berenice with Ptolemy, offered her, together with the kingdom, to De-metrius, brother of Antigonus Gonatas. On his arrival, however, at Cyrene, Arsinoe fell in love with him herself, and Berenice accordingly, whom he had slighted, caused him to be murdered in the very arms of her mother; she then went to Egypt, and became the wife of Ptolemy. When her son, Ptolemy IV. (Philopator), came to the throne, B. C. 221, he put her and his brother Magas to death, at the instigation of his prime minister Sosibius, and against the remonstrances of Cleomenes III. of Sparta. The famous hair of Berenice, which she dedicated for her husband's safe return from his Syrian expedition [see No. 2] in the temple of Arsinoe at Zephyrium (Ἀφροδίτη Ζεφυρῖτις), and which was said by the courtly Conon of Samos to have become a constellation, was celebrated by Callimachus in a poem, which, with the exception of a few lines, is lost. There is, however, a translation of it by Catullus, which has been re-translated into indifferent Greek verse by Salvini the Florentine. (Plb. 5.36, 15.25; Just. 26.3, 30.1; Plut. Demetr. ad fin., Cleom. 33; Catull. lxvii.; Muret. ad loc.; Hygin. Poet. Astron. 2.24; Thrige, Res Cyren. §§ 59-61.) Hyginus (l.c.) speaks of Berenice as the daughter of Ptolemy II. and Arsinoe [No. 2, p. 366b.]; but the ac-count above given rests on far better authority. And though Catullus, translating Callimachus, calls her the sister of her husband Euergetes, yet this may merely mean that she was his cousin, or may also be explained from the custom of the queens of the Ptolemies being called their sisters as a title of honour; and thus in either way may we reconcile Callimachus with Polybius and Justin. (See Thrige, Res Cyren. § 61; Droysen, Gesch. der Nachfolger Alexanders, Tabb. xiv. xv.)
4. Otherwise called Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy IX. (Lathyrus), succeeded her father on the throne, B. C. 81, and married her first cousin, Alexander II., son of Alexander I., and grandson of Ptolemy VIII. (Physcon), whom Sulla, then dictator, had sent to Egypt to take possession of the kingdom. Nineteen days after her marriage she was murdered by her husband, and Appian tells us, that he was himself put to death by his subjects about the same time; but this is doubtful. (Paus. 1.9; Appian, Bell. Civ. i. p. 414; but see Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2.16; Appian, Mithr. p. 251.)
5. Daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and eldest sister of the famous Cleopatra (Strab. xii. p.558), was placed on the throne by the Alexandrines when they drove out her father, B. C. 58. (D. C. 39.12, &c.; Liv. Epit. 104; Plut. Cat. Mi. 35; Strab. xvii. p.796.) She married first Seleucus Cybiosactes, brother of Antiochus XIII. (Asiaticus) of Syria, who had some claim to the throne of Egypt through his mother Selene, the sister of Lathyrus. Berenice, however, was soon disgusted with the sordid character of Seleucus, and caused him to be put to death. (Strab. l.c.; D. C. 39.57; comp. Sueton. Vespas. 19.) She next married Archelaus, whom Pompey had made priest and king of Comana in Pontus, or, according to another account, in Cappadocia; but, six months after this, Auletes was restored to his kingdom by the Romans under Gabinius, and Archelaus and Berenice were slain, B. C. 55. (Liv. Epit. 105; D. C. 39.55_58; Strab. xvii. p.796, xii. p. 558; Hirt. de Bell. Alex. 66; Plut. Ant. 3; comp. Cic. Fam. 1.1-7, ad Q. Fr. 2.2.)
II. Jewish Berenices.
1. Daughter of Costobarus and Salome, sister of Herod the Great, was married to Aristobulus, her first cousin. [Aristobulus, No. 4.] This prince, proud of his descent through Mariamne from the blood of the Maccabees, is said by Josephus to have taunted Berenice with her inferiority of birth; and her consequent complaints to Salome served to increase that hostility of the latter to Aristobulus which mainly caused his death. (J. AJ 18.5, 94, 16.1.2, 4.1, 7.3; Bell. Jud. 1.23. sec; 1, 24. sec; 3.) After his execution, B. C. 6, Berenice became the wife of Theudion, maternal uncle to Antipater the eldest son of Herod the Great,-- Antipater having brought about the marriage with the view of conciliating Salome and disarming her suspicions of himself. (J. AJ 17.1.1; Bell. Jud. 1.28. sec; 1.) Josephus does not mention the death of Theudion, but it is probable that he suffered for his share in Antipater's plot against the life of Herod. [See p. 203a.] (J. AJ 17.4.2; Bell. Jud. 1.30.5.)
Berenice certainly appears to have been again a widow when she accompanied her mother to Rome with Archelaus, who went thither at the comencement of his reign to obtain from Augustus the ratification of his father's will. (J. AJ 17.9.3; Bell. Jud. 2.2.1.) At Rome she seems to have continued for the rest of her life, enjoying the favour of Augustus and the friendship of Antonia, wife of the elder Drusus. [Antonia, No. 6.] Antonia's affection, indeed, for Berenice exhibited itself even after the death of the latter, and during the reign of Tiberius, in offices of substantial kindness to her son Agrippa I., whom she furnished with the means of discharging his debt to the treasury of the emperor. (Strab. xvi. p.765; J. AJ 18.6. §§ 1-6.)
2. The eldest daughter of Agrippa I., by his wife Cypros, was espoused at a very early age to Marcus, son of Alexander the Alabarch; but he died before the consummation of the marriage, and she then became the wife of her uncle, Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she had two sons. (J. AJ 18.5.4, 19.5.1, 9.1, 20.5.2, 7.3; Bell. Jud. 2.2.6.) After the death of Herod, A. D. 48, Berenice, then 20 years old, lived for a considerable time with her brother, and not without suspicion of an incestuous commerce with him, to avoid the scandal of which she induced Polemon, king of Cilicia, to marry her; but she soon deserted him and returned to Agrippa, with whom she was living in A. D. 62, when St. Paul defended himself before him at Caesareia. (J. AJ 20.7.3; Juv. 6.156; Acts, xxv. xxvi.) About A. D. 65, we hear of her being at Jerusalem (whither she had gone for the performance of a vow), and intereding for the Jews with Gessius Florus, at the risk of her life, during his cruel massacre of them. (Joseph. Beil. Jud. 2.15.1.) Together with her brother. she endeavoured to divert her countrymen from their purpose of rebellion (Bell. Jud. 2.16.5); and having joined the Romans with him on the out-break of the war, she gained the favour of Vespasian by her munificent presents, and the love of Titus by her beauty. Her connexion with the latter continued at Rome, whither she went after the capture of Jerusalem, and it is said that he wished to make her his wife; but the Romans by such a step compelled him to dismiss her, and, though she afterwards returned to Rome, he still avoided a renewal of their intimacy. (Tac. IIist. 2.2, 81; Suet. Tit. 7; D. C. 66.15, 18.) Quintilian (Inst. Orat. 4.1) speaks of having pleaded her cause on some occasion, not further alluded to, on which she herself sat as judge. [E.E]
BERENI´CE
1.(Βερενίκη, Strab. 16. p. 770, 17. p. 815; Plin. Nat. 6.23, 26, 29, 33; Steph. B. s. v.; Arrian. Peripl. M. Rub.; Itin. Antonin. 173f.; Epiphan. Haeres. 66.1: Eth. Βερενικεύς and Βερενικιάδης, fem. Βερενίκεια), a city upon the Red Sea, was founded, or certainly converted from a village into a city, by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, and named in honour of his mother, the daughter of Ptolemy Lagus and Antigone. It stood about lat. 23° 56′ N., and about long. 35° 34′ E., and being in the same parallel with Syene, was accordingly on the equinoctial line. Berenice, as modern surveys (Moresby and Carless, 1830--3) have ascertained, stood nearly at the bottom of the Sinus Immundus, or Foul Bay. A lofty range of mountains runs along this side of the African coast, and separates Berenice from Egypt. The emerald mines are in its neighbourhood. The harbour is indifferent, but was improved by art. Berenice stood upon a narrow rim of shore between the hills and the Red Sea. Its prosperity after the third century B.C. was owing in great measure to three causes: the favour of the Macedonian kings, its safe anchorage, and its being a terminus of the great road from Coptos, which rendered Berenice and Myos Hormos the two principal emporia of the trade between Aethiopia and Egypt on the one hand, and Syria and India on the other. The distance between Coptos and Berenice was 258 Roman miles, or eleven days' journey. The wells and halting places of the caravans are enumerated by Pliny (Plin. Nat. 6.23. s. 26), and in the Itineraries (Antonin. 172f.). Belzoni (Travels, vol. 2. p. 35) found traces of several of these stations. Under the empire Berenice formed a district in itself, with its peculiar prefect, who was entitled Praefectus Berenicidis,o r P. montis Berenicidis. (Orelli, Inscr. Lat. no. 3880, f.) The harbour of Berenice was sheltered from the NE. wind by the island Ophiodes (Ὀφιώδης νήδος, Strab. 16. p. 770; Diod. 3.39), which was rich in topazes. A small temple of sandstone and soft calcareous stone, in the Egyptian style, has been discovered at Berenice. It is 102 feet long, and 43 wide. A portion of its walls is sculptured with well-executed basso relieves, of Greek workmanship, and hieroglyphics also occasionally occur on the walls. Belzoni confirmed D'Anville's original opinion of the true site of Berenice (Mémoires sur l'Egypte Ancienne), and says that the city measured 1,600 feet from N. to S., and 2,000 from E. to W. He estimates the ancient population at 10,000. (Researches, vol. 2. p. 73.)
2.PANCHRYSOS, a city near Sabae in the Regio Troglodytica, and on the W. coast of the Red Sea, between the 20th and 21st degrees of N. latitude. It obtained the appellation of all-golden( Πάνχρυσος, Steph. B. p. 164, s. v.; Strab. 16.771) from its vicinity to the gold mines of Jebel Allaki or Ollaki, from which the ancient Egyptians drew their principal supplies of that metal, and in the working of which they employed criminals and prisoners of war. (Plin. Nat. 6.34.)
3.EPIDEIRES (ἐπὶ Δειρῆς, Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xvi. pp. 769, 773; Mela, 3.8; Plin. Nat. 6.34; Ptol. 8.16.12), or Berenice upon the Neck of Land, was a town on the W. shore of the Red Sea, near the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Its position on a sandy spit or promontory of land was the cause of its distinctive appellation. Some authorities, however, attribute the name to the neighbourhood of a more considerable town named Deira; but the situation of the latter is unknown. [W.B.D]
BERENI´CE, A Cilician city of this name is mentioned by Stephanus (s. v. Βερενίκη); and in the Stadiasmus a bay Berenice is mentioned. As the Stadiasmus does not mention any distance between the Gulf of Berenice and Celenderis, there is reason to think that Berenice was the name of the bay to the eastward of the little port of Kelénderi. ( Leake, Asia Minor, &100. p. 202.)
[G.L]BERENI´CE a town in Arabia, the name by which Ezion-Geber was called in the time of Josephus. (Ant. 8.6.4.) It was situated on the Elanitic, or Eastern Gulf of the Red Sea, not far from Elath, Ailah, or Aelana. It is mentioned in the wanderings of the children of Israel (Numb. 33.35); and is celebrated as the naval arsenal of Solomon and Jehoshaphat. (1 Kings, 9.26, 22.48.) The Arabic historian Makrizi speaks of an ancient city ‘Asyûn near Ailah. (Burckhardt's Syria, p. 511.)
[G.W]BERENI´CE in Cyrenaica. [HESPERIDES]
(Βερενίκη). A name common to several women of antiquity. It is of Greek origin, and means “victory-bringing” or “bearer of victory,” the initial B being written, according to Macedonian usage, for the letter Φ, or, in other words, Βερενίκη being put for Φερενίκη, just as the Macedonians said Βίλιππος for Φίλιππος. The most remarkable of this name were the following: (1) The granddaughter of Cassander, brother of Antipater. She married Philip, a Macedonian, probably one of the officers of Alexander, and became by him the mother of many children, among whom were Magas, king of Cyrené, and Antigoné, whom she married to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. She followed into Egypt Eurydicé, daughter of Antipater, who returned to that country to rejoin her husband, Ptolemy I. Berenicé inspired this prince with so strong a passion that he put away Eurydicé, although he had children by her, and married the former. He also gave the preference, in the succession to the throne, to her son Ptolemy, notwithstanding the better claims of his offspring by Eurydicé. Berenicé was remarkable for her beauty, and her portrait often appears on the medals of Ptolemy I. along with that of the latter.
(2) Daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoé. She followed her mother into exile, and retired with her to the court of Magas, at Cyrené, who married Arsinoé and adopted Berenicé. This will serve to explain why Polybius and Justin make Berenicé to have been the daughter of Magas, while Callimachus gives Ptolemy Philadelphus and Arsinoé as her parents. After the death of Magas, Arsinoé engaged her daughter in marriage to Demetrius, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes; but, on the young prince's having come from Macedonia to Cyrené, she became attached to him herself. Demetrius, conducting himself insolently, was slain in a conspiracy, at the head of which was Berenicé. The latter thereupon married her brother Ptolemy (Euergetes) III. A short time after the nuptials Ptolemy was obliged to go on an expedition into Syria, and Berenicé made a vow that she would consecrate her beautiful head of hair to Aphrodité if her husband returned safe to Egypt. Upon his return she fulfilled her vow in the temple of Aphrodité Zephyrites. On the following day, however, the hair was not to be found. As both the monarch and his queen were greatly disquieted at the loss, Conon the Samaritan, an eminent astronomer of the day, in order to conciliate the royal favour, declared that the locks of Berenicé had been removed by divine interposition, and translated to the skies in the form of a constellation. Hence the cluster of stars near the tail of the Lion is called Coma Berenices (Berenicé's hair). Callimachus wrote a piece on this subject, now lost, but a translation of which into Latin verse by Catullus has reached our time (Catull. Carm. lxvi). Berenicé was put to death B.C. 216, by the order of Ptolemy Philopator, her son.
(3) A daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, given by him in marriage to Antiochus Theos, king of Syria, in order to cement a peace between the two countries. After the death of her father Antiochus put her aside, and recalled his former wife Laodicé. This last, having taken off Antiochus by poison, sought to destroy Berenicé also as well as her son. This son was surprised and carried off by an emissary of Laodicé's, and shortly after put to death; and Berenicé, in searching for him, was entrapped and slain, B.C. 246.
(4) Called by some authors Cleopatra , was the only legitimate child of Ptolemy Lathyrus, and ascended the throne after the death of her father, B.C. 81. Sulla , who was at that time dictator, compelled her to marry, and share her throne with, her cousin, who took the name of Ptolemy Alexander. She was poisoned by the latter only nineteen days after the marriage.
(5) Daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. The people of Alexandria having revolted against this prince in B.C. 58, drove him out, and placed upon the throne his two daughters, Tryphena and Berenicé. The former died soon after, and Berenicé was given in marriage to Seleucus, surnamed Cybiosactes. His personal deformity, however, and vicious character soon rendered him so odious to the queen that she caused him to be strangled. Berenicé then married Archelaüs; but Ptolemy Auletes having been restored by Gabinius, the Roman commander, she was put to death by her own father, B.C. 55.
(6) A native of Chios, and one of the wives of Mithridates of Pontus. On the overthrow of this monarch's power by Lucullus, Berenicé, in obedience to an order from her husband, took poison along with his other wives, but this not proving effectual, she was strangled by the eunuch Bacchus, B.C. 71.
(7) Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Iudaea, and born A.D. 28. She was at first affianced to Marcus, son of Alexander, but this young man having died, Agrippa gave her in marriage to his brother Herod, king of Chalcis, by whom she became the mother of two sons, Berenicianus and Hyrcanus. Having lost her husband when she was at the age of twenty, she went to live with her brother Agrippa, a circumstance which gave rise to reports injurious to her character. To put an end to these rumours, she made proposals to Polemo, king of Cilicia, and offered to become his wife if he would embrace Judaism. Polemo consented, but she soon left him, and returned, in all probability, to her brother, for she was with the latter when St. Paul was arrested at Jerusalem, A.D. 63. The commerce between the guilty pair became now so public that the rumour even reached Rome, and we find Juvenal alluding to the affair in one of his satires (vi. 155). She followed Agrippa when he went to join Vespasian, whom Nero had charged to reduce the Jews to obedience. A new scene now opened for her; she won the affections of Titus, and, at a subsequent period, when Vespasian was established on the throne, and Titus returned home after terminating the Jewish War, she accompanied him to Rome along with her brother Agrippa. At Rome she lived openly with Titus, and took up her abode in the imperial palace, as we learn from Dio Cassius, who states also that she was then in the flower of her age. Titus, it is said, intended even to acknowledge her as his wife; but he was compelled by the murmurs of his subjects to abandon this idea, and he sent her away from the city soon after his accession to the throne. Such, at least, is the account given by Suetonius (Tit. 7), who appears more entitled to belief than Dio Cassins, according to whom Titus sent Berenicé away before his accession to the throne, and refused to receive her again, when she had returned to Rome a short time after the commencement of his reign. There is a great difficulty attending the history of this Berenicé as regards her intimacy with Titus. She must, at least, have been forty-two years of age when she first became acquainted with the Roman prince, and fifty-one years old at the period of the celebrated scene which forms the subject of Racine's tragedy. Many are inclined to believe, therefore, that the Berenicé to whom Titus was attached was the daughter of Mariamné and Archelaüs, and, consequently, the niece of the Berenicé of whom we have been speaking, she would be twenty-five years old when Titus came into Iudaea. The story of Berenicé forms the subject of a play by Racine, Bérénice.
(1) A city of Egypt on the coast of the Sinus Arabicus, from which a road was made across the intervening desert to Coptos on the Nile, by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 258 miles in length. From this harbour the vessels of Egypt took their departure for Arabia Felix and India. It was through the medium of Berenicé also, and the caravan route to Coptos, that the principal trade of the Romans with India was conducted. By this line of communication it is said that a sum not less than what would now be $2,000,000 was remitted by the Roman traders to their correspondents in the East, in payment of merchandise which ultimately sold for a hundred times as much. The ruins of the ancient Berenicé are found at the modern port of Habest.
(2) A city of Cyrenaïca, called also Hesperis. In its vicinity the ancients placed the gardens of the Hesperides. It is now Bengazi, a poor and filthy town. Few traces of the ancient city remain above ground, although much might be brought to light by excavation.
An ancient port on the W coast of the Red Sea 959 km SE of Cairo, noted by Strabo (16.1.5; 17.1.45) and by Pliny (6.23.103). Founded by Ptolemy II Philadelphos (275 B.C.) and named for his mother, it was a transit station for goods from Arabia and India. These goods were corfveyed by camel caravan N to Leucus Limen (present Quseir), then W towards Coptos (Justinianopolis, present Qift). Along the road, guards were posted and water provided since it was a military road where taxes were collected. The port itself was provided with a fortification to protect the city against piracy. In the center of the city a small temple was dedicated to the god Khem by the emperor Tiberius. Offerings were also presented to the goddess of the emerald mines. At a nearby mine site, Sakait, a temple hewn from living rock was dedicated to Serapis and Isis.
BIBLIOGRAPHYM. Kammerer, La Mer Rouge. . . (= Mem. Soc. R. Géographie d'Égypte, Vol. XV,7; J. G. Wilkinson, Topography of Thebes (1835) 418; M. G. Daressy, “Bérénice et El Abraq,” ASAE 22, 169-81; Porter & Moss, Top. Bibl., VII. Nubia, the Deserts. . . (1951) 326; D. Meredith, “Berenice Trogloditica,” JEA 43 (1957) 56- 70MPI
S. SHENOUDA- Paus. 1.9.3
- Paus. 1.6.8