Zosimus

(Ζώσιμος).

1. A learned freedman of the younger Pliny, remarkable for his talents as a comedian and musician, as well as for his excellence as a reader. (Plin. Ep. 5.19.)

2. Prefect of Epeirus under Valentinian and Valens. He is mentioned in connection with some laws promulgated in A. D. 373. (Cod. Theodos. 6. tit. 31, 12. tit. 10.)

3. A Greek historian, who lived in the time of the younger Theodosius (Evagrius, Hist. Eccl. 3.41). He is described by Photius (Cod. 98, p. 84, ed. Bekker) as κόμης καὶ ἀποφισκοσυνήγορος (comes et ex-advocatus-fisci). He may possibly have been the son of Zosimus, the prefect of Epeirus, who is mentioned in the Theodosian Code. Works History of the Roman Empire

Zosimus was the author of a history of the Roman empire in six books, which is still extant. This work must have been written after the year 425, as an event is mentioned in it (5.27) which took place in that year. How long after cannot be determined with certainty; but his description of the condition of the Greek empire at the time he wrote accords with the state of things in the latter part of the fifth century. Further biographical particulars have not come down to us.

As Polybius had narrated the events by which the Roman empire had reached its greatness, so Zosimus undertook the task of developing the events and causes which led to its decline (Zosim. 1.57). As the commencement of this decline, he goes back to the change in the constitution of Rome introduced by Augustus. The first book comprises a sketch of the history of the early emperors, down to the end of the reign of Diocletian (A. D. 305). The second, third, and fourth books are devoted to the history of the fourth century, which is treated much less concisely. The fifth and sixth books embrace the period from A. D. 395 to A. D. 410, when Attalus was deposed. Though the decline of the Roman empire was the main subject which Zosimus selected, it was perhaps his ambition to imitate Polybius, which led him to introduce various matters connected with Persian, Grecian, and Macedonian history, which are not very intimately connected with his main design. It is clear that Photius and Evagrius had not more of the work than we have. Yet it seems likely on some accounts, either that a part of the work has been lost or, what is more likely, that Zosimus did not live to finish it; for as we now have it, it does not embrace all that Zosimus himself tells us hie intended to take up (4.59.4, 5, 1.58.9, 4.28.3). There does not seem much probability in the conjecture that the monks and other ecclesiastics succeeded in suppressing that portion of the work in which the evil influences of their body were to be more especially touched upon (5.23.8 ; Harles. ad Fabr. vol. viii. p. 65; comp. Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 312). If the work was thus left incomplete, that circumstance would account for some carelessness of style which is here and there apparent. There may appear some difficulty at first sight, however, in the statement of Photius, that the work, in the form in which he saw it, appeared to him to be a second edition (νέας ἐκδόσεως). But it would seem that Photius was under some misapprehension. It is called in the MSS. ἱστορία νέα (in what sense is not quite clear). This may perhaps have misled Photius. He himself remarks that he had not seen the first edition.

The work of Zosimus is mainly (though not altogether) an abridgment or compilation of the works of previous historians. As far as the 41st chapter of the first book he follows Herennius Dexippus. From that point to the 11th chapter o the fifth book Eunapius is his guide, though he nowhere makes mention of him. Photius remarks in general terms of the work that it was not so much a history as a compilation from Eunapius. After Eunapius he follows Olympiodorus, sometimes copying from him whole chapters. The style of Zosimus is fairly described by Photius as concise, clear, pure, and not unpleasing. His chief fault as an historical writer is that he neglects to notice the chronology. Assessment

Zosimus was a pagan. and is by no means sparing of the faults and crimes of the Christian emperors. In consequence of this his credibility has been fiercely assailed by several Christian writers, and has been sometimes defended merely because his history tended to the discredit of many leading persons in the,Christian party. Photius thus expresses his opinion : ἔστι τὴν θρησκείαν ἀσεβὴ καὶ πολλάκις ἐν πολλοῖς ὑλακτῶν δατὰ τῶν εὐσεβῶν (l.c.). Evagrius (3.40, 41) and Nicephoras (16.41, &c.) also speak in the most unfavourable terms. The question does not, as has sometimes been supposed, turn upon the credibility of the historians whom Zosimus followed, for he did not adhere in all cases to their judgment with respect to events and characters. For instance he entirely differed front Eunapius in his account of Stilicho and Serena. Of modern writers, Baronius, Laelius Bisciola, C. v. Barth, J. D. Ritter, R. Bentley, and St. Croix, have taken the derogatory side. Bentley in particular (Remarks upon a late Discourse of Freethinking, Part. ii. p. 21) speaks of Zosimus with great contempt. On the other hand, his historical authority has been maintained by Leunclavius, G. B. von Schirach, J. Matth. Schröckh, and Reitemeier. There are no doubt numerous errors of judgment to be found in the work, and sometimes (especially in the case of Constantine) an intemperate expression of opinion, which somewhat exaggerates, if it does not distort the truth. But he does not seem fairly chargeable with deliberate invention, or wilful misrepresentation. One passage in his history in particular has been fastened upon as evident proof of his untrustworthiness, where (2.29) he gives his account of the conversion of Constantine, placing it after the murder of his son (A. D. 326), whereas Constantine had declared himself a Christian much earlier. (Sainte-Croix, Mém. de l' Académie des Inscr. vol. xlix. p. 466). But on the other hand, the common story of the conversion of Constantine does not rest on any authority that is worth much; and though it is pretty clear that Zosimus has committed an anachronism, it is not so gross as has been sometimes supposed; and there is thus much to be said in excuse for Zosimus, that it was not till the latter part of his life that Constantine received the rite of baptism; and it appears from Sozomen (1.3) that a story similar to that told by Zosimus was current some time previously, so that the latter is not at any rate responsible for the origination of the tale. It is not to be wondered at that one who held to the old faith should attribute the downfall of the empire in great part to the religious innovations attendant upon the spread of Christianity. Editions Latin Edition

The history of Zosimus was first printed in the Latin translation of Leunclavius (Löwenklau), accompanied companied by a defence of the historian (Basel, 1576, fol.). Greek Editions

The first two books, in Greek, with the translation of Leunclavius, were printed by H. Stephanus, in his edition of Herodian (Paris, 1581). The first complete edition of the Greek text of Zosimus was that by F. Sylburg (Scriptores Hist. Rom. Min. vol. iii.). Later editions are those published at Oxford (1679), at Zeitz and Jena, edited by Cellarius, with annotations of his own and others (1679, 1713, 1729). The next edition is that by Reitemeier, who, though he consulted no fresh manuscripts, made good use of the critical remarks of Heyne and other scholars (Leipzig, 1784). The last and best edition is by Bekker, Bonn, 1837. Translations

There is a German translation by Seybold and Heyler, and also an English and a French translation. Further Information

Schöll, Gesch. d. Griech. Lit. vol. iii. p. 232 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 62.

4. A native of Ascalon, or, according to ether accounts, of Gaza. He lived in the time of the emperor Anastasius. Works λέξις ῥητορικὴ κατὰ στοιχεῖον

According to Suidas (s. v.) he was the author of a λέξις ῥητορικὴ κατὰ στοιχεῖον (of which Suidas himself made considerable use). Commentaries on Demosthenes and on Lysias

He also wrote commentaries on Demosthenes and Lysias, some of which are still extant in MS. Life of Demosthenes

A life of Demosthenes by him is prefixed to most of the editions of Demosthenes.

5. A native of Thasos, the author of some epigrams still extant in the Anthology (vol. iii. p. 157, &c., ed. Jacobs).

6. An abbot, whose διαλογισμοί were edited by P. Possinus, in his Thesaurus Asceticus, p. 279. The editor thinks that he flourished in Palestine about A. D. 430.

Several others of this name, not worth inserting here, are enumerated by Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 71, &c.). [C.P.M]

The short pontificate of this Roman bishop, which lasted from the 18th of March, A. D. 417, until his death on the 26th of December in the following year, was rendered more remarkable by the rash activity with which he plunged into delicate and irritating controversies than by any display of sound judgment or high principle. His attention was first occupied by the representations of Caelestius and Pelagius, who, having appealed to his predecessor Innocentius against what they termed the harsh and prejudiced sentence of the Carthaginian synod, now earnestly demanded a full investigation of the charges preferred against their orthodoxy. Zosimus not only pronounced the complete acquittal of the accused, but inveighed in the strongest terms against the conduct of the African clergy, and published a letter testifying his entire satisfaction with the explanations of Pelagius. But scarcely had he given expression to these feelings when a total change was wrought in his sentiments by the edict of Honorius, issued at Ravenna on the last day of April, A. D. 418. Not satisfied with retracting the praise lavished on the two friends, he hastened to denounce them both as incorrigible heretics. and despatched a circular epistle (Tractoria) to convey a formal announcement of this condemnation to all the ecclesiastical authorities in the Christian world.

His next encounter was with Proculus of Marseilles, whom, along with Hilarius of Narbonne, and Simplicius of Vienne. he desired to make subordinate to the see of Arles, at that time occupied by a certain Patroclus, a priest of very doubtful reputation. The bishops of Narbonne and Vienne gave way to a certain extent, or at least did not peremptorily refuse obedience, but Proculus, warmly supported by his clergy and people, bade open defiance to his commands and excommunications.

Nothing discouraged by this repulse, Zosimus, within a very short period of his death, boldly asserted his absolute jurisdiction over the African church by reinstating a certain Apiarius. a presbyter of Sicca, who had been regularly deposed for various grave offences by his own diocesan, thus excititing a storm among the fiery Numidians, which must have produced a violent convulsion had the author of the decree lived to follow up this stretch of power by ulterior measures. Works Epistolae et Decreta and Tractoria

Fourteen Epistolae et Decreta of this pope addressed to various bishops and religious communities, chiefly in regard to the events detailed above, have been preserved, together with a few short fragments of the Tractoria, and of some other pieces. Editions

All of these will be found under their best form in the Epistolae Pontificum Romanorum edited by Coustant, fol. Paris, 1721, vol. i. pp. 934-1006, in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, fol. Venet. 1773, vol. ix. pp. 1-20, and also in the Conciliorum amplissima Collectoi of Mansi, fol. Florent. 1760, vol. iv. pp. 348-372. Further Information

See the Prolegomena of Mansi and Galland ; Schönemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Lat. vol. 2.12 ; Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. Suppl Band. 2te Abtheil. § 141. [W.R]

a geld and silver chaser, whose skill and probity are praised in an extant inscription. (Gruter, p. dcxxxix ; Sillig. Catal. Artif. App. s. v.) The name is also found on some ancient cameos; and Raoul-Rochette, assuming the identity of the artist, takes this as a new proof that the art of engraving on metals and on precious stones was often practised by the same persons. (Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 158, 2d ed.) [P.S]

(Ζώσιμος). A Greek historian who lived as a high officer of State at Constantinople in the second half of the fifth century A.D., and composed a work, distinguished for its intelligent and liberal views, on the fall of the Roman Empire. It is in six books: i. giving a sketch of the time from Augustus to Diocletian; ii.-iv. a fuller account of events down to the division of the Empire by Theodosius the Great; v. and vi. treat in greater detail of the period from 395 to 410; the conclusion of book vi. is probably wanting, as Zosimus had the intention of continuing the history up to his own time. He attributes the fall of the Empire in part to the overthrow of heathenism and the introduction of Christianity, with which, of course, he was not acquainted in its purest form, but only in the degenerate state into which it had sunk in some places in the fourth century. This history is edited by Bekker (1837) and by Mendelssohn (1887). See Martin, De Fontibus Zosimi (1866). A monograph on the various prodigies, oracles, etc., recorded by Zosimus was published by H. Piristi in 1893.