Acarnania
- Acarnania, = Ἀκαρνανία, the most westerly province of Greece, Cic. Pis. 40, 96; Caes. B. C. 3, 55; Liv. 26, 25 al.; Mel. 2, 3, 4; Plin. 4, 1, 2 sq.
- —Hence, Ăcarnānĭcus, a, um, adj., Acarnanian: conjuratio, Liv. 26, 25, 18.
ACARNA´NIA(Ἀκαρνανία: Ἀκαρνάν, -ᾶνος, Acarnan,--ānis), the most westerly province of Greece, was bounded on the N. by the Ambracian gulf, on the NE. by Amphilochia, on the W. and SW. by the Ionian sea, and on the E. by Aetolia. It contained about 1571 square miles. Under the Romans, or probably a little earlier, the river Achelous formed the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia; but in the time of the Peloponnesian war, the territory of Oeniadae, which was one of the Acarnanian towns, extended E. of this river. The interior of Acarnania is covered with forests and mountains of no great elevation, to which some modern writers erroneously give the name of Cranīa. [CRANIA.] Between these mountains there are several lakes, and many fertile vallies. The chief river of the country is the Achelous, which in the lower part of its course flows through a vast plain of great natural fertility, called after itself the Paracheloitis. This plain is at present covered with marshes, and the greater part of it appears to have been formed by the alluvial depositions of the Achelous. Owing to this circumstance, and to the river having frequently altered its channel, the southern part of the coast of Acarnania has undergone numerous changes. The chief affluent of the Achelous in Acarnania is the Anapus (Ἄναπος), which flowed into the main stream 80 stadia S. of Stratus. There are several promontories on the coast, but of these only two are especially named, the promontory of ACTIUMand that of Crithote (Κριθωτή), on the W. coast, forming one side of the small bay, on which the town. of Astacus stood. Of the inland lakes, the only one mentioned by name is that of Melite (Μελίγη : Trikardho), 30 stadia long and 20 broad, N. of the mouth of the Achelous, in the territory of the Oeniadae. There was a lagoon, or salt lake, between Leucas and the Ambracian gulf, to which Strabo (p. 459) gives the name of Myrtuntium (Μυρτούντιον). Although the soil of Acarnania was fertile, it was not much cultivated by the inhabitants. The products of the country are rarely mentioned by the ancient writers. Pliny speaks of iron mines (36.19. s. 30), and also of a pearl-fishery off Actium (9.56). A modern traveller states that the rocks in Acarnania indicate, in many places, the presence of copper, and he was also informed, on good authority, that the mountains produce coal and sulphur in abundance. ( Journal of the Geographical Society, vol. 3. p. 79.) The chief wealth of the inhabitants consisted in their herds and flocks, which pastured in the rich meadows in the lower part of the Achelous. There were numerous islands off the western coast of Acarnania. Of these the most important were the ECHIINADES,extending from the mouth of the Achelous along the shore to the N.; the TAPHIAE INSULAE,lying between Leucas and Acarnania, and LEUCASitself, which originally formed part of the mainland of Acarnania, but was afterwards separated from--the latter by a canal. (Respecting Acarnania in general see Strab. p. 459, seq.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. 3. p. 488, seq.; Fiedler, Reise durch Griechenland, vol. 1. p. 158, seq.)
Amphilochia, which is sometimes reckoned a part of Acarnania, is spoken of in a separate article. [AMPHILOCHIA]
The name of Acarnania appears to have been unknown in the earliest times. Homer only calls the country opposite Ithaca and Cephallenia, under the general name of Epeirus (ἤπειρος), or the mainland (Strab. p. 451, sub fin.), although he frequently mentions the Aetolians.
In the year B.C. 239, the Acarnanians, in the embassy which they sent to Rome to solicit assistance, pleaded that they had taken no part in the expedition against Troy, the ancestor of Rome, being the first; time probably, as Thirlwall remarks, that they had ever boasted of the omission of their name from the Homeric catalogue. (Justin (Justin. 28.1; Strab. p. 462; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. viii. pp. 119, 120.)
The country is said to have been originally inhabited by the Taphii, or Teleboae, the Leleges, and the Curetes. The Taphii, or Teleboae were chiefly found in the islands off the western coast of Acarnania, where they maintained themselves by piracy. [TELEBOAE] The Leleges were more widely disseminated, and were also in possession at one period of Aetolia, Locris, and other parts of Greece. [LELEGES] The Curetes are said to have come from Aetolia, and to have settled in Acarnania, after they had been expelled from the former country by Aetolus and his followers (Strab. p. 465). The name of Acarnania is derived from Acarnan, the son of Alcmaeon, who is said to have settled at the mouth of the Achelous. (Thuc. 2.102.) If this tradition is of any value, it would intimate that an Argive colony settled on the coast of Acarnania at an early period. In the middle of the 7th century B.C.,the Corinthians founded Leucas, Anactorium, Sollium, and other towns on the coast. (Strab. p. 452.) The original inhabitants of the country were driven more into the interior; they never made much progress in the arts of civilised life; and even at the time of the Peloponnesian war, they were a rude and barbarous people, engaged in continual wars with their neighbours, and living by robbery and piracy. (Thuc. 1.5.) The Acarnanians, however, were Greeks, and as such were allowed to contend in the great Pan-Hellenic games, although they were closely connected with their neighbours, the Agraeans and Amphilochians on the gulf of Ambracia, who were barbarian or non-Hellenic nations. Like other rude mountaineers, the Acarnanians are praised for their fidelity and courage. They formed good light-armed troops, and were excellent slingers. They lived, for the most part dispersed in villages, retiring, when attacked, to the mountains. They were united, however, in a political League, of which Aristotle wrote an account in a work now lost. (Ἀκαρνάνων Πολίτεια, Strab. p. 321.) Thucydides mentions a hill, named Olpae, near the Amphilochian Argos, which the Acarnanians had fortified as a place of judicial meeting for the settlement of disputes. (Thuc. 3.105.) The meetings of the League were usually held at Stratus, which was the chief town in Acarnania (Xen. Hell. 4.6. 4; comp. Thuc. 2.80); but, in the time of the Romans, the meetings took place either at Thyrium, or at Leucas, the latter of which places became, at that time, the chief city in Acarnania (Liv. 33.16, 17; Plb. 28.5.) At an early period, when part of Amphilochia belonged to the Acarnanians, they used to hold a public judicial congress at Olpae, a fortified hill about 3 miles from Argos Amphilochicum. Of the constitution of their League we have scarcely any particulars. We learn from an inscription found at Punta, the site of ancient Actium, that there was a Council and a general assembly of the people, by which decrees were passed. (Ἔδοξε τᾷ βουλᾷ καὶ τῷ κοινῷ τῶν Ἁκαρνάνων). At the head of the League there was a Strategus (Στραγηγός) or General; and the Council had a Secretary (γραμματεύς), who appears to have been a person of importance, as in the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues. The chief priest (ἱεραπόλος) of the temple of Apollo at Actium seems to have been a person of high rank; and either his name or that of the Strategus was employed for official dates, like that of the first Archon at Athens. (Böckh, Corpus Inscript. No. 1793.)
The history of the Acarnanians begins in the time of the Peloponnesian war. Their hatred against the Corinthian settlers, who had deprived them of all their best ports, naturally led them to side with the Athenians; but the immediate cause of their alliance with the latter arose from the expulsion of the Amphilochians from the town of Argos Amphilochicum by the Corinthian settlers from Ambracia, about B.C. 432. The Acarnanians espoused the cause of the expelled Amphilochians, and in order to obtain the restoration of the latter, they applied for assistance to Athens. The Athenians accordingly sent an expedition under Phormio, who took Argos, expelled the Ambraciots, and restored the town to the Amphilochians and Acarnanians. An alliance was now formally concluded between the Acarnamians and Athenians. The only towns of Acarnania which did not join it were Oeniadae and Astacus. The Acarnanians were of great service in maintaining the supremacy of Athens in the western part of Greece, and they distinguished themselves particularly in B.C. 426, when they gained a signal victory under the command of Demosthenes over the Peloponnesians and Ambraciots at Olpae. (Thuc. 3.105, seq.) At the conclusion of this campaign they concluded a peace with the Ambraciots, although they still continued allies of Athens (Thuc. 3.114.) In B.C. 391 we find the Acarnanians engaged in war with the Achaeans, who had taken possession of Calydon in Aetolia; and as the latter were hard pressed by the Acarnanians, they applied for aid to the Lacedaemonians, who sent an army into Acarnania, commanded by Agesilaus. The latter ravaged the country, but his expedition was not attended with any lasting consequences (Xen. Hell. 4.6). After the time of Alexander the Great the Aetolians conquered most of the towns in the west of Acarnania; and the Acarnanians in consequence united themselves closely to the Macedonian kings, to whom. they remained faithful in their various vicissitudes of fortune. They refused to desert the cause of Philip in his war with the Romans, and it was not till after the capture of Leucas, their principal town, and the defeat of Philip at Cynoscephalae that they submitted to the Romans. (Liv. 33.16-17.) When Antiochus III. king of Syria, invaded Greece, B.C. 191, the Acarnanians were persuaded by their countryman Mnasilochus to espouse his cause; but on the expulsion of Antiochus from Greece, they came again under the supremacy of Rome. (Liv. 36.11-12.) In the settlement of the affairs of Greece by Aemilius Paulus and the Roman commissioners after the defeat of Perseus (B.C. 168), Leucas was separated from Acarnania, but no other change was made in the country. (Liv. 45.31.) When Greece was reduced to the form of a Roman province, it is doubtful whether Acarnania was annexed to the province of Achaia or of Epeirus, but it is mentioned at a later time as part of Epeirus. [ACHAIANo. 3.] The inhabitants of several of its towns were removed by Augustus to Nicopolis, which he founded after the battle of Actium [NICOPOLIS]; and in the time of this emperor the country is described by Strabo as utterly worn out and exhausted. (Strab. p. 460.)
The following is a list of the towns of Acarnania. On the Ambracian gulf, from E. to W.: LIMNAEAEchīnus (Ἐχῖνος, Steph. B. s. v.;Plin. Nat. 4.2; Ai Vasili), Heracleia (Plin. Nat. 4.2; Vonitza), ANACTORIUM, ACTIUM.On or near the west of the Ionian sea, from N. to S.: THYRIUM, PALAEIBUS, ALYZIA, SOLLIUM, ASTACUS, OENIADAE.In the interior from S. to N.: Old Oenia [OENIADAE], CORONTA, METROPOLIS, STRATUS,Rhynchus (Ῥύγχος), near Stratus, of uncertain site (Pol. ap. Athen. 3. 95d.); PHYTIAor PHOETEIAE, MEDEON.The Roman Itineraries mention COIN OF ACARNANIA.
only one road in Acarnania, which led from Actium along the coast to Calydon in Aetolia.
(Ἀκαρνανία). A western division of Greece, bounded on the north by the Ambracian Gulf, on the west and southwest by the Ionian Sea, on the northeast by Amphilochia, which is sometimes included in Acarnania, and on the east by Aetolia, from which, at a later time, it was separated by the Achelous. The name of Acarnania does not occur in Homer. In the most ancient times the land was inhabited by the Taphii, Teleboae, and Leleges, and subsequently by the Curetes. At a later time a colony from Argos, said to have been led by Acarnan, settled in the country. In the seventh century B.C. the Corinthians founded several towns on the coast. The Acarnanians first emerge from obscurity at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, B.C. 431. They were then a rude people, living by piracy and robbery, and they always remained behind the rest of the Greeks in civilization and refinement. They were good slingers, and are praised for their fidelity and courage. The different towns formed a league, which met at Stratus, and subsequently at Thyrium or Leucas.
Acarnania and Aitolia form the region north of the Corinthian Gulf and belong to Central Greece. The Acheloos river, the longest in Greece (225 km), rises in the Pindus mountains and flows west to the Adriatic. The river provides a natural boundary between mountainous Aitolia on the east bank in the interior and Acarnania, which borders the Adriatic and the Corinthian Gulf.
A mountain range (1515 m) occupies most of the southern portion of Acarnania. Although they occupy a peninsula, the Acarnanians have never been a seafaring people. They rely on the rich pasture land and fertile plains around Stratos and Oiniadae, an alluvial plain created by the Acheloos River. These fertile lends are the product of a combination of the temperate Mediterranean climate and a characteristically heavy rainfall. The mountain districts of Acarnania are used as grazing for sheep and goats. The classical port of Acarnania was situated in Oiniadai near the mouth of the Acheloos River. The city is land locked today, 10 km from the coast, as a result of the silting action of the river.
HistoryNeolithic pottery has been found in a cave at Astakos, and there are traces of Early and Middle Helladic occupation, and Mycenaean remains. In ancient times there were frequent border disputes between Aitolia and Acarnania, that, in 225 B.C., led to the partition of Acarnania between Aitolia and Epirus. In about 230 B.C., after the fall of the Epirote monarchy, the Acarnanians regained their independence and acquired the island of Leukas ( modern Leukas) from Epirus. The Acarnanians spoke both Doric and a northwestern Greek dialect, much like their close neighbors the Aitolians.
SitesStratos, the ancient capital and largest city of Acarnania, stands on a low bluff commanding the Acheloos river. The city's walls were built before 429 B.C. and embrace four parallel north-south ridges. A transverse north-south wall divides the city into two sections. All of the public buildings excepting the theater are concentrated in the west sector. In the center of the south wall is the main gate of the city, which is equipped with a defensive interior court. Beyond this court is the agora. A fourth century B.C. Doric Temple of Zeus is placed in opposition to a projecting section of the west city wall. The temple has a peripteral of 6 by 11 columns. An Ionic colonnade surrounds the cella on three sides.
Oiniadai is situated on a low ridge of hills. The harbor is on the shores of what was formerly Lake Melita, which lay to the north of the city. Its situation made it inaccessible in the wintertime, but in antiquity it was strategically important to southern Acarnania. According to legend, the city was founded by Alkmaion, son of Amphiarios, and named after the founder's son, Oineus. Oiniadai is entered through one of many gates in the closely jointed polygonal wall, which is dated to the sixth century B.C. Both the acropolis and the main gate are towards the southern end of the city. The main Gate, like many of the others in the wall, has an arched opening, an unusual feature in Greek architecture. In the center of the walled city are baths of Greek construction, and to the west lies a small theater with 27 rows of seats. To the north were the docks, which are now far from water, with well-preserved berths and slipways for ships.
Curtis Runnels- Paus. 1.28.3, Paus. 8.38.10
- colonized by Acarnan and Amphoterus: Apollod. 3.7.6
- in N.W. Greece: Hdt. 2.10, Hdt. 7.126
- view of the Acheloos river from south
- overall view from east