Aricia
- an ancient town of Latium, in the neighborhood of Alba Longa, upon the Appian Way, now La Riccia; acc. to Verg. A. 7, 762 (v. II. infra), named from the wife of its founder, Hippolytus. Near it was a grove consecrated to Diana, in which at a very early age human victims were sacrificed; hence, immitis, Sil. 4, 369 (cf. Nemus and Nemorensis), Plin. 19, 6, 33, § 110; Mart. 13, 19; Hor. S. 1, 5, 1; Sol. 2, p. 13; cf. Mann. Ital. I. 633; Müll. Roms Camp. 2, 147-189.—Hence,
- B Ărīcīnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Aricia, Arician: regio, Mart. 10, 68: vallis, Ov. M. 15, 488: nemus, Flor. 1, 11, 8.—Subst.: Ărīcīni, ōrum, m., the inhabitants of Aricia, Liv. 2, 14.—
- II Personified, a nymph, the wife of Hippolytus and mother of Virbius, Verg. A. 7, 762.
ARI´CIA(Ἀρικία, Strab., Ptol., Steph. B.; Ἀρίκεια, Dionys.: Eth. Αικηνός, Dionys.; Ἀρικῖνος, Steph. B., Aricīnus: La Riccia), an ancient and celebrated city of Latium, situated on the Appian Way, at the foot of the Mons Albanus, and at the distance of 16 miles from Rome. Its foundation was ascribed by Cassius Hemina to a Siculian chief named Archilochus. (Solin. 2.10.) We have no more authentic account of its origin; but it appears in the early history of Rome as one of the most powerful and important cities of the Latin League. The first mention of it is found in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus, when its chief, Turnus Herdonius, took the lead in opposing the pretensions of Tarquin to the supremacy over Latium, in a manner that clearly indicates that Aricia was powerful enough to aspire to this supremacy for itself. (Liv. 1.50, 52; Niebuhr, vol. 1. p. 549, not.) For the same reason it was the principal object against which Porsena directed his arms after having humbled Rome; but the Aricians, being supported by auxiliaries from the other cities of Latium, as well as from Cumae, proved victorious. Aruns, the son of Porsena, who commanded the Etruscan army, was slain in battle, and his forces utterly defeated. (Liv. 2.14; Dionys. 5.36.) The shelter and countenance shown by the Romans to the vanquished Tuscans is said to have led the Aricians to take a prominent part in the war of the Latins against Rome, which terminated in their defeat at the Lake Regillus, B.C. 498. (Dionys. 5.51, 61, 62.) But they unquestionably joined in the treaty concluded with Sp. Cassius in B.C. 493 (Niebuhr, vol. ii. pp. 17, 24), and from this time their name rarely appears as acting separately from the other. Latins. In B.C. 495 a great battle was fought near Aricia between the Romans and Auruncans, in which the latter were totally defeated. (Liv. 2.26; Dionys. 6.32.) In A. 100.446 we find the Aricians waging war with their neighbours of Ardea for the possession of the territory which had belonged to Corioli; but the dispute was ultimately referred to the Romans, who appropriated the lands in question to themselves. (Liv. 3.71, 72; Dionys. 11.52.) No subsequent mention of Aricia occurs previous to the great Latin War in B. C340; but on that occasion they joined their arms with the confederates, and were defeated, together with the forces of Antium, Lanuvium, and Velitrae, at the river Astura. In the general settlement of Latium which followed the Aricians were fortunate enough to obtain the full rights of Roman citizens. (Liv. 8.13, 14; Festus, on the contrary, v. Municipium, p. 127, M., represents them as obtaining only the civitas sine suffragio.) From this time Aricia became a mere municipal town, but appears to have continued in a flourishing condition. In A. 100.87 it was taken and plundered by Marius, but was shortly after restored and refortified by Sulla. (Liv. Epit. lxxx.; Lib. Colon. p. 230), and Cicero. speaks of it as in his time a wealthy and flourishing municipium. ( Phil. 3.6; Ascon. ad Milon. p. 32.) Atia, the mother of Augustus, and her father, M. Atius Balbus, were natives of Aricia, from whence also the Voconian family derived its origin. (Cic. L. C.) Its position on the Appian Way, at a short distance from Rome (Hor. Sat. 1.5. 1; Itin. Ant. p. 107), doubtless contributed much to its prosperity, which seems to have continued under the Roman empire; but the same circumstance exposed it at a later period to the incursions of the barbarians, from which it seems to have suffered severely, and fell into a state of decay early in the middle ages. (Nibby, Dintorni di Roma, vol. 1. p. 249, seq.; Westphal, Röm. Kampagne, p. 27.)
The modern town of La Ricciaoccupies the site of the ancient citadel (probably that also of the original city), on a steep hill rising above a basinshaped hollow or valley, the ancient VALLIS ARICINA,still called Valle Riccia, which was evidently at one time the basin of a lake, analogous to those of Albanoand Nemi, and, like them, at a still earlier period the crater of a volcano. It would seem that some traces of this lake were extant in the time of Pliny; but the greater part of the valley must have been drained in very early times. (Plin. Nat. 19.8. s. 41; Abeken, Mittel Italien, p. 166.) In the days of Strabo the town of Aricia spread itself down into this hollow (Strab. 5. p. 239), probably for the purpose of approaching the Appian Way, which was carried directly across the valley. This part of the ancient road, resting on massive substructions, is still very well preserved. The descent from the hill above into the hollow--which, not-withstanding the great work just mentioned, is still sufficiently steep--was the Clivus Aricinus, repeatedly alluded to by ancient authors as a favourite resort of beggars. (Juven. 4.117; Martial (Mart. 12.32. 10; Pers. 6.56.) Some remains of the ancient walls of Aricia still exist near the gate of the modern town leading towards Albano, as well as the ruins of a temple on the slope towards the Valle Riccia.
Concerning the architecture and probable date of this temple, to which a very high antiquity had been assigned by Gell and Nibby, see Abeken, in the Ann. dell' Inst. vol. xii. pp. 23--34.
Aricia was celebrated throughout Italy for its temple of Diana, which was situated about 3 miles from the town, in the midst of the dense forests that clothed the lower slopes of the Mons Albanus, and on the margin of a small crater-shaped lake. The sanctuary was commonly known as NEMUS DIANAE(Vitr. 4.8.4; Stat. Silv. 4.4; Aricinum Triviae Nemus, id. ib. 3.1. 55; Ἀρτεμίσιον ὃ καλοῦσι Νέμος, Strab. p. 239; Νέμος τό ἐν Ἀρικίᾳ, Philostr. Vit. Apoll. 4.36), from whence the lake came to be named LACUS NEMORENSIS(Propert. 3.22), while Aricia itself obtained the epithet of NEMORALIS.(Ov. Fast. 6.59; Lucan (Luc. 6.74.) The lake was also frequently termed SPECULUM DIANAE(Serv. ad Aen. 7.516), and is still called the Lago di Nemi, so celebrated by all travellers in Italy for its picturesque beauty. It is much smaller than the Lacus Albanus, and more regular in its crater-like form, being surrounded on all sides by steep and lofty hills covered with wood. The worship of Diana here was considered by some ancient writers to be directly derived from Tauris (Strab. 5. p. 239), while others ascribed its introduction to Hippolytus, who, after having been brought to life again by Aesculapius, was supposed to have settled in Italy under the name of Virbius. (Paus. 2.27.4; Verg. A. 7.761--777; Serv. ad loc.) It was remarkable for the peculiar and barbarous custom, retained even in the days of Strabo and Pausanias, that the high-priest (who was called Rex Nemorensis) was a fugitive slave, who had obtained the situation by killing his predecessor, on which account the priests went always armed. (Strab., Paus., ll. cc.;Suet. Cal. 35.) The same custom is alluded to by Ovid ( Art Amat. 1.260) and by Statius ( Silv. 3.1. 55). Like most celebrated sanctuaries, it acquired great wealth, and was in consequence one of those on which Augustus levied contributions during the war with L. Antonius, B.C. 41. (Appian. B.C. 5.24.) No vestiges of the temple remain; but it appears to have been situated on the east side of the lake, where there grew up around it a village or small town called NEMUS,of which the modern village of Nemiis probably the successor. The lake has no visible outlet, but its waters are carried off by an artificial emissary, probably of very ancient construction. (Abeken, M. I. p. 167.) Among the sources which supplied it was a fountain sacred to Egeria, whose worship here appears to have been established at least as early as at Rome. (Strab. l. c.;Verg. A. 7.763; Ov. Fast. 3.261, Met. 15.488, 547; Val. Flacc..) So beautiful a situation could not fail to be sought by Roman nobles as a place of retirement, and we hear that J. Caesar commenced a villa here, but afterwards abandoned it in a fit of caprice. (Suet. Jul. 46.) Some foundations still visible beneath the waters of the lake have been thought to be those of this villa. (Nibby, vol. 2. p. 396.) Vitellius, too, is mentioned as dawdling away his time in Nemore Aricino,when he should have been preparing for defence. (Tac. Hist. 3.36.)
The Vallis Aricina appears to have been in ancient times as remarkable for its fertility as at the present day: it was particularly adapted for the growth of vegetables. (Plin. Nat. 19.6. s. 33, 8. s. 41; Columell. 10.139; Mart. 13.19.)
The name of MONS ARTEMISIUShas been applied by several writers (Gell, Nibby, &c.) to the summit of the Alban hills, which rises immediately above the lake of Nemi, and is now called Monte Ariano;but there is no foundation for the ancient appellation assigned to it. Strabo (pp. 239, 240) uses Ἀρτεμίσιονof the temple or sanctuary itself, and the word ὄροςin the latter passage is an interpolation. (See Groskurd and Kramer, ad loc.）
For the description of the situation and existing remains both of Aricia and Nemus, see Gell ( Topogr. of Rome, pp. 103--107, 324--327) and Nibby ( Dintorni di Roma, vol. i. pp. 254, 255, vol. ii. pp. 395--397.)
[E.H.B]Now Riccia; an ancient town of Latium at the foot of the Alban Mount, on the Appian Way, sixteen miles from Rome. It was subdued by the Romans, with the other Latin towns, in B.C. 338, and received the Roman franchise. In its neighbourhood were the celebrated grove and temple of Diana Aricina, on the borders of the Lacus Nemorensis. Diana was worshipped here with barbarous customs; her priest, called Rex Nemorensis, was always a runaway slave, who obtained his office by killing his predecessor in single combat.
This custom is very strikingly alluded to by Macaulay in the following lines: “From where the witch's fortress O'erhangs the dark-blue seas, From the still, glassy lake that sleeps Beneath Aricia's trees— Those trees in whose dim shadow The ghastly priest doth reign, The priest who slew the slayer, And shall himself be slain.” —Battle of Lake Regillus.
An ancient Latin town on the Via Appia at the 16th milestone. It lies on a spur at the juncture of the outer slopes of the craters of Lago d'Albano and Lago di Nemi facing SW over Valle Ariccia, the remains of a lesser crater. From a very early period it was one of the most important and most powerful of the Latin towns, and from an early period it led these in war against Rome (Livy 1.50-51). It was finally subdued in the Latin war of 338 B.C. from which time it enjoyed civitas sine suffragio (Livy 8.13). It later was given full citizenship and was inscribed in the tribus Horatia. Its highest magistrate was called dictator even in the time of the Empire; it also had two quaestors, two aediles, and an ordo decurionum called senatus. It had the distinction of being the birthplace of P. Clodius and Atia, the mother of Augustus, as well as many Roman magistrates (Cic. Phil. 3.15-16).
The remains of the town itself spread on either side of the old Via Appia, climbing to a triangular height at the NE, the arx of the town, and spreading out on a broad front on the edge of Valle Ariccia. Three periods of construction in the remains of fortifications have been distinguished: the earliest embracing only the arx; the middle one, an extension of this into lower ground to the S; the last, a further extension to enclose what one may think of as the lower city. There the Appia seems to have been the main street, and an arched gate spanned it at the SE, so these fortifications are not likely to be earlier than Hellenistic, but they seem to be towerless, so the arch may have been inserted later. Little remains of the earlier fortifications.
Among the remains of buildings, only a temple has been more than cursorily examined. This reminds one of the Temple of Gabii but is on a smaller scale, the interior of the cella measuring only 7.70 by 13.15 m. It was a temple with Vitruvian alae; there were four columns across the front and four down each flank; and it stood on a platform 1.75 m high that has largely disappeared. There is no indication of the god of this temple; it is commonly called the Tempio dell' Orto di Mezzo or Tempio di Diana. In 1927 a votive deposit containing an abundance of material, including large statues and busts of terracotta of superior workmanship, was discovered. The divinities here were clearly Ceres and Proserpina.
The most impressive remains lie outside the walls, a viaduct of large rusticated ashlar facing a concrete core that carried the Via Appia across a valley just SE of the town. Canina, who saw it in better state at the beginning of the 19th c., measured it as 231.25 m long, 13.2 m in its greatest height, 8.22 m wide at the level of the pavement. There is a slight batter to each face, and it is pierced at three points by arched tunnels. A building inscription found nearby proves it Augustan in date.
Within the town's territory lay two important sanctuaries, the lucus Ferentinae and the nemus aricinum of Diana in associaton with Egeria and Virbius. The former was a grove surrounding a spring at the foot of the Alban Mount where the Latins assembled in council to award imperium. This was the custom from the time of the destruction of Alba to the consulate of P. Decius Mus, 340 B.C. (Livy 1.50-51; Festus 276L s.v. praetor). It has never been located.
The nemus aricinum lay NE of the Lago di Nemi looking out over the water the poets called “speculum Dianae.” Here a natural shelf was improved by terracing to make a rectangular platform with a surface area of 45,000 square m. Around the E corner runs a retaining wall, the only conspicuous remains today, a series of half-domed semicircular niches faced with opus incertum. The temple itself was not centered on the platform but set back toward the N corner, raised on a podium (overall dimensions: 30 m x 15.9 m). It is reported that Doric capitals were found, but in most other features the temple is not clear. In the vicinity were found a way flanked with bases, colonnades, and a great many structures of unknown purpose. Just outside the precinct to the NW was found a theater of the Imperial period and other remains suggestive of baths.
The whole area has been the object of antiquarian researches since the early 17th c. at least, and in the 18th and 19th c. considerable quantities of antiquities were removed. Most of the material was votive, of the Hellenistic and Imperial periods. Some small portions of the temple's decorations in terracotta and gilt bronze were recovered; from the paucity of the terracottas (antefixes only) it would appear that most of the decoration was carried out in bronze.
The nemus, like the lucus Ferentinae and the Sanctuary of Jupiter Latiaris, seems to have been the shrine of a Latin amphictyony. The extraordinary character and initiation of the rex nemorensis with its overtones of human sacrifice, the mystery cult of Virbius with its theme of resurrection, and the theatrical festival in which women carried torches in procession to the nemus are well known and explain the enormous popularity of the cult in antiquity, but the unsolved problems connected with it are numerous, and the site today is so intensely cultivated that a visitor can see little and form no idea of the whole.
It was known as early as the 15th c. that under the waters of the lake near its edge lay the remains of two large ships (see Shipwrecks).
Considerable collections of material from Aricia and the nemus are in the Museo delle Terme, the British Museum, the museum of Nottingham, and the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek in Copenhagen.
BIBLIOGRAPHYL. Morpurgo, MonAnt 13 (1903) 297-392; id., NSc (1931) 237-305; G. Florescu, EphDac 3 (1925) 1-57; R. Paribeni, NSc (1930) 370-80, pls. 16-17; F. Poulsen, ActaA 12 (1941) 1-52, pls. 1-3I; G. Ucelli, Le navi di Nemi (1950) MPI; A. Alföldi, AJA 64 (1960) 137-44, pls. 31-34; S. Haynes, RömMitt 67 (1960) 34-45, pls. 12-19; P. J. Riis, ActaA 37 (1966) 67-75.
L. RICHARDSON, JR- priesthood of Artemis at A. open only to runaway slaves and gained by victory in single combat: Paus. 2.27.4
- story told about Hippolytus by people of: Paus. 2.27.4