Cleonymus
(Κλεώνυμος).
1. An Athenian, who is frequently attacked by Aristophanes as a pestilent demagogue, of burly stature, gluttonous, perjured, and cowardly. (Aristoph. Ach. 88, 809, Eq. 953, 1290, 1369, Nub. 352, 399, 663, &c., Vesp. 19, 592, 822, Pax, 438, 656, 1261, Av. 289, 1475; comp. Ael. VH 1.27.)
2. A Spartan, son of Sphodrias, was much beloved by Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus. When Sphodrias was brought to trial for his incursion into Attica in B. C. 378, the tears of Cleonymus prevailed on the prince to intercede with Agesilaus on his behalf. The king, to gratify his son, used all his influence to save the accused, who was accordingly acquitted. Cleonymus was extremely grateful, and assured Archidamus that he would do his best to give him no cause to be ashamed of their friendship. He kept his promise well, acting ever up to the Spartan standard of virtue, and fell at Leuctra, B. C. 371, bravely fighting in the foremost ranks. (Xen. Hell. 5.4. §§ 25-33; Plut. Ages. 25, 28.)
3. The younger son of Cleomenes II., king of Sparta, and uncle of Areus I., was excluded from the throne on his father's death, B. C. 309, in consequence of the general dislike inspired by his violent and tyrannical temper. In B. C. 303, the Tarentines, being at war with the Romans and Lucanians, asked aid of Sparta, and requested that the command of the required succours might be given to Cleonymus. The request was granted, and Cleonymus crossed over to Italy with a considerable force, the mere display of which is said to have frightened the Lucanians into peace. Diodorus, who mentions this, says nothing of the effect of the Spartan expedition on the Romans, though it is pretty certain that they also concluded a treaty at this time with the Tarentines. (See Arnold, Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. p. 315.) According to some of the Roman annalists, Cleonymus was defeated and driven back to his ships by the consul, M. Aemilius; while others of them related that, Junius Bubulcus the dictator being sent against him, he withdrew from Italy to avoid a conflict. After this, abandoning a notion he had formed of freeing the Sicilians from the tyranny of Agathocles, he sailed up the Adriatic and made a piratical descent on the country of the Veneti; but he was defeated by the Patavians and obliged to sail away. He then seized and garrisoned Corcyra, from which he seems to have been soon expelled by Demetrius Poliorcetes. While, however, he still held it, he was recalled to Italy by intelligence of the revolt of the Tarentines and others whom he had reduced: but he was beaten off from the coast, and returned to Corcyra. Henceforth we hear no more of him till B. C. 272, when he invited Pyrrhus to attempt the conquest of Sparta. [Acrotatus; Chelidonis.] (Diod. 20.104, 105; Liv. 10.2; Strab. vi. p.280; Paus. 3.6; Plut. Agis 3, Pyrrh. 26, &c.) [E.E]
- claims throne of Sparta: Paus. 3.6.2
- turns traitor: Paus. 3.6.2ff.
- persuades Pyrrhus to invade Peloponnese: Paus. 1.13.4, Paus. 3.6.3
- destroys Zarax: Paus. 3.24.1