to
to
prep.
P. and V. πρός (acc.), ἐπί̆ (acc.).
Straight to . Ar. and P. εὐθύ (gen.), V. εὐθύς (gen.).
Into: P. and V. εἰς (acc.), ἐς (acc.).
Towards: P. and V. ἐπί̆ (gen.).
To (a person): P. and V. πρός (acc.), πᾰρά̆ (acc.), ὡς (acc.) (Eur. El. 409; Hec. 993).
To the sound of: P. and V. ὑ̆πό (gen.).
In addition to: P. and V. πρός (dat.), ἐπί̆ (dat.).
In comparison with: P. and V. πρός (acc.).
In preference to: P. and V. πρό (gen.), V. πρόσθε (gen.), πά̆ρος (gen.).
To and fro, up and down: P. and V. ἀ̆νω κά̆τω, ἄ̆νω τε καὶ κά̆τω.
Backwards and forwards: V. πά̆λιν τε καὶ πρόσω (Eur. Hec. 958).
On this side and on that: V. ἐκεῖσε κἀκεῖσε, κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο.
prep.
P. and V. πρός (acc.), ἐπί̆ (acc.).
Straight to . Ar. and P. εὐθύ (gen.), V. εὐθύς (gen.).
Into: P. and V. εἰς (acc.), ἐς (acc.).
Towards: P. and V. ἐπί̆ (gen.).
To (a person): P. and V. πρός (acc.), πᾰρά̆ (acc.), ὡς (acc.) (Eur. El. 409; Hec. 993).
To the sound of: P. and V. ὑ̆πό (gen.).
In addition to: P. and V. πρός (dat.), ἐπί̆ (dat.).
In comparison with: P. and V. πρός (acc.).
In preference to: P. and V. πρό (gen.), V. πρόσθε (gen.), πά̆ρος (gen.).
To and fro, up and down: P. and V. ἀ̆νω κά̆τω, ἄ̆νω τε καὶ κά̆τω.
Backwards and forwards: V. πά̆λιν τε καὶ πρόσω (Eur. Hec. 958).
On this side and on that: V. ἐκεῖσε κἀκεῖσε, κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο.
TO
Of place denoting direction or motion toward a point ad (or in)... versus; also (but regularly only with the names of towns) simply... versus (to denote proximate direction ἐπί κατά εἰς “toward”): in with an accusative (to denote straight direction or the attainment of a limit πρός up to): ad (to specify immediate proximity παρά or ὑπό immediately before or at): e.g. to go to Brundusium Brundusium versus ire: to come to Rome ad Romam venire (i.e. to the immediate neighborhood of Rome). The names of towns and villages as well as the substantive domus to the question “whither ” are put in the accusative without ad or in; but also with the names of small islands (very rarely of large ones as Sardinia Crete Sicily Britain) these prepositions may be omitted; e.g. to come to Rome Romam venire (to the city itself). But the preposition is expressed (1) when there is any antithesis [usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt: not always however; e.g. ab Ardea Romam venerunt Liv. 4 7]: (2) if an appellative as oppidum urbs locus stands in apposition [ad Cirtam oppidum Sall. Jug. 81]: (3) when only the neighborhood of a town or a part of it is meant: omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur (Caes. B.G. 7 76; Krüger 387). With domus the preposition is used when it means not “home ” “hottse ” as residence but as “building” or = “family;” and with rus = “particular estate.” To return home domum redire: to march to Cyprus Cyprum tendere.
To denote the limit at which motion ceases or ought to cease ad usque ad (of approximation to a certain point: ☞ ad usque is not classical): in usque in (of the general direction as far as the neighborhood of etc.): tenus (after its substantive; denoting the definite limit or point of termination). This is expressed also by fine (likewise after its substantive; as to the breast pectoris fine; Vid: Herzog Caes. B.G. 7 47). The preposition is very frequently omitted in Latin as having been already expressed in the verb; e.g. to go up to anyone aliquem aggredi. With the names of towns “as far as to” is expressed by usque without a preposition unless only the neighborhood of the town or proximity to it is to be denoted; e.g. usque Romam proficisci (whereas usque ad Romam would be as far as to the neighborhood of Rome). To the skin ad cutem: to the half to the third in dimidiam partem ad tertias (sc. partes; e.g. aquam decoquere): the water in one place came up to the middle at another scarcely to the knees alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat alibi genua vix superavit: to the other side of the Alps trans Alpes usque: to that point eo usque: to that place usque isthinc: to this point hucusque (as far as to this place; post-Augustan): hactenus (so far up to a definite point and no further especially in a speech; e.g. Nep. Att. 19 1).
In comparison of ad (in relation to): prae (in comparison of etc.). To us he is fortunate prae nobis beatus est: to esteem others as nothing to one’s self prae se alios pro nihilo ducere: Decimus is nothing to Persius Decimus nihil ad Persium: the earth is to the whole heaven but a point terra ad universi caeli complexum quasi puncti instar obtinet. Sometimes the by circumlocution si comparaveris cum etc. may be used; e.g. to him I am a child si me cum illo comparaveris infans sum.
As a sign of the infinitive “to” is usually expressed by the form of the Latin verb or construction of the sentence; e.g. canere dicere desiit or canendi dicendi finem fecit he ceased to etc.; me rogavit ne hoc facerem he begged me not to do this.
To denote design or intention; e.g. huc veni te salutatum te salutaturus ut te salutarem ad te salutandum tui salutandi causa: dedit mihi libros legendos: non vivimus ut edamus sed edimus ut vivamus (Sen.).
To denote possibility; e.g. hic est quod spectetur. hac ex re nullus percipi potest fructus: eo loco semper eum invenire videre potes.
To denote necessity or right; e.g. quid in hac re faciendum est? binae tibi scribendae sunt litterae: multa tibi debeo: ☞ “To ” as a sign of the infinitive after substantives is often rendered in Latin by the gerund in di; e.g. mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi (Cic. N.D. 2 67 108 an evil and impious custom to dispute): nemo potest non maxime laudare consilium tuum quod cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem (desire to contend Cic.): legendi semper occasio est audiendi non semper (Plin. Ep. 2 3 9 opportunity to read; to hear). ☞ Tempus est is followed either by the gerund or by the infinitive. ☞ After adjectives and adverbs when the object is defined by a verb especially after such as denote “possibility facility difficulty necessity duty inclination ” or the like we find in Latin the gerund or supine; e.g. nihil est dictu facilius: facile est intellectu or ad intelligendum: facile est ad credendum: studiosus audiendi discendi: cupidus bellandi.
Denoting a purpose or destination ad or a dative; e.g. aquam ad bibendum ad lavandum petere: sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spatii postulant: miseriis ferundis natum esse: ad metalla condemnare aliquem.
Denoting a final cause or end often by a dative or by in per; e.g. est mihi aliquid gloriae: honori utilitati emolumento esse: hoc mihi est detrimento. Also by e ex: e re mea: e republica. To that end ad eum finem (Tac.); eo consilio hac mente (Cic.).
Denoting change of property or quality usually by in; e.g. in pulverem in lapidem in aquam mutari verti. To come to nought ad irritum cadere revolvi: to turn to money vendere aliquid.
In addressing a letter fasciculus qui est “M' Curio” inscriptus (Cic. Att. 8 5; to M'. Curius).
After words denoting likeness or unlikeness a simple dative (after similis also a genitive); e.g. alicui similem esse.
Of place denoting direction or motion toward a point ad (or in)... versus; also (but regularly only with the names of towns) simply... versus (to denote proximate direction ἐπί κατά εἰς “toward”): in with an accusative (to denote straight direction or the attainment of a limit πρός up to): ad (to specify immediate proximity παρά or ὑπό immediately before or at): e.g. to go to Brundusium Brundusium versus ire: to come to Rome ad Romam venire (i.e. to the immediate neighborhood of Rome). The names of towns and villages as well as the substantive domus to the question “whither ” are put in the accusative without ad or in; but also with the names of small islands (very rarely of large ones as Sardinia Crete Sicily Britain) these prepositions may be omitted; e.g. to come to Rome Romam venire (to the city itself). But the preposition is expressed (1) when there is any antithesis [usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt: not always however; e.g. ab Ardea Romam venerunt Liv. 4 7]: (2) if an appellative as oppidum urbs locus stands in apposition [ad Cirtam oppidum Sall. Jug. 81]: (3) when only the neighborhood of a town or a part of it is meant: omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur (Caes. B.G. 7 76; Krüger 387). With domus the preposition is used when it means not “home ” “hottse ” as residence but as “building” or = “family;” and with rus = “particular estate.” To return home domum redire: to march to Cyprus Cyprum tendere.
To denote the limit at which motion ceases or ought to cease ad usque ad (of approximation to a certain point: ☞ ad usque is not classical): in usque in (of the general direction as far as the neighborhood of etc.): tenus (after its substantive; denoting the definite limit or point of termination). This is expressed also by fine (likewise after its substantive; as to the breast pectoris fine; Vid: Herzog Caes. B.G. 7 47). The preposition is very frequently omitted in Latin as having been already expressed in the verb; e.g. to go up to anyone aliquem aggredi. With the names of towns “as far as to” is expressed by usque without a preposition unless only the neighborhood of the town or proximity to it is to be denoted; e.g. usque Romam proficisci (whereas usque ad Romam would be as far as to the neighborhood of Rome). To the skin ad cutem: to the half to the third in dimidiam partem ad tertias (sc. partes; e.g. aquam decoquere): the water in one place came up to the middle at another scarcely to the knees alibi umbilico tenus aqua erat alibi genua vix superavit: to the other side of the Alps trans Alpes usque: to that point eo usque: to that place usque isthinc: to this point hucusque (as far as to this place; post-Augustan): hactenus (so far up to a definite point and no further especially in a speech; e.g. Nep. Att. 19 1).
In comparison of ad (in relation to): prae (in comparison of etc.). To us he is fortunate prae nobis beatus est: to esteem others as nothing to one’s self prae se alios pro nihilo ducere: Decimus is nothing to Persius Decimus nihil ad Persium: the earth is to the whole heaven but a point terra ad universi caeli complexum quasi puncti instar obtinet. Sometimes the by circumlocution si comparaveris cum etc. may be used; e.g. to him I am a child si me cum illo comparaveris infans sum.
As a sign of the infinitive “to” is usually expressed by the form of the Latin verb or construction of the sentence; e.g. canere dicere desiit or canendi dicendi finem fecit he ceased to etc.; me rogavit ne hoc facerem he begged me not to do this.
To denote design or intention; e.g. huc veni te salutatum te salutaturus ut te salutarem ad te salutandum tui salutandi causa: dedit mihi libros legendos: non vivimus ut edamus sed edimus ut vivamus (Sen.).
To denote possibility; e.g. hic est quod spectetur. hac ex re nullus percipi potest fructus: eo loco semper eum invenire videre potes.
To denote necessity or right; e.g. quid in hac re faciendum est? binae tibi scribendae sunt litterae: multa tibi debeo: ☞ “To ” as a sign of the infinitive after substantives is often rendered in Latin by the gerund in di; e.g. mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi (Cic. N.D. 2 67 108 an evil and impious custom to dispute): nemo potest non maxime laudare consilium tuum quod cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem (desire to contend Cic.): legendi semper occasio est audiendi non semper (Plin. Ep. 2 3 9 opportunity to read; to hear). ☞ Tempus est is followed either by the gerund or by the infinitive. ☞ After adjectives and adverbs when the object is defined by a verb especially after such as denote “possibility facility difficulty necessity duty inclination ” or the like we find in Latin the gerund or supine; e.g. nihil est dictu facilius: facile est intellectu or ad intelligendum: facile est ad credendum: studiosus audiendi discendi: cupidus bellandi.
Denoting a purpose or destination ad or a dative; e.g. aquam ad bibendum ad lavandum petere: sex dies ad eam rem conficiendam spatii postulant: miseriis ferundis natum esse: ad metalla condemnare aliquem.
Denoting a final cause or end often by a dative or by in per; e.g. est mihi aliquid gloriae: honori utilitati emolumento esse: hoc mihi est detrimento. Also by e ex: e re mea: e republica. To that end ad eum finem (Tac.); eo consilio hac mente (Cic.).
Denoting change of property or quality usually by in; e.g. in pulverem in lapidem in aquam mutari verti. To come to nought ad irritum cadere revolvi: to turn to money vendere aliquid.
In addressing a letter fasciculus qui est “M' Curio” inscriptus (Cic. Att. 8 5; to M'. Curius).
After words denoting likeness or unlikeness a simple dative (after similis also a genitive); e.g. alicui similem esse.
to:
A. In space:
I. Direction towards without motion:
1. ad (antith. to ab): (part of Gaul) lies to the north, vergit ad septentriones, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: the part which looked to the strait, pars quae ad fretum spectaret, Cic. Verr. 5, 66, 169: sometimes specto is used with acc. without the prep.: Acarnania lies to the west, Acarnania solem occidentem spectat, Liv. 33, 17. Fig.: he looks to his own glory rather than the safety of the state, ad suam magis gloriam spectat quam ad salutem rei publicae, Cic. Sest. 16, 37: v.TO REGARD . Joined with versus: that part of the Esquiliae which looks to the vicus patricius, ea pars Esquiliarum quae jacet ad vicum patricium v., Fest.: Varr.
2. in (with acc. antith. to ex): the Belgae lie to the north west, Belgae spectant in septentriones et occidentem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1.
3. versus (looking towards); looking to the temple of Quirinus, v. aedem Quirini, Liv. 8, 20.
4. sometimes adversus (-versus, or -sum): v.OPPOSITE TO .
5. ergā (looking towards, rare): Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 52.
6. expr. by adv. of direction, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: looking this way and that, huc atque illuc intuens, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 184. Fig.: to what do all these words tend? quorsum haec omnis spectat oratio? id. Phil. 7, 9, 26.
II. Direction towards with motion (with or without the idea of arrival):
1. ad: (i.) without the idea of arrival: the hills and plains seem flying to the ships, fugere ad puppes colles campique videntur, Lucr. 4, 390: with versus: he bids Labienus direct his march to the ocean, Labienum ad oceanum v. proficisci jubet, Caes. B. G. 6, 33: v.TOWARDS . (ii.) with the idea of arrival: since the time I came to Rome, ut veni ad urbem, Cic. Fam. 16, 12, 2: with usque (all the way): he came up to the enemy's camp, u. ad castra hostium accessit, Caes. B. G. 1, 51. Fig.: to be scourged to death, virgis ad necem caedi, Cic. Verr. 3, 29, 70: usque ad necem deverberasse, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 13: he unroofed the temple to the half, aedem ad dimidiam partem detexit, Liv. 42, 3. The whole space traversed is indicated by the words dependent on ab and ad: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87. To my, thy, etc., house: ad me, te, etc.: let us go to my house, eamus ad me, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64: sometimes domum is expr.: domum ad me (al. lect. meos) literas mittam, Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10: so with a proper name: crowds thronged to the house of Afranius, magni domum concursus ad Afranium fiebant, Caes. B. C. 1, 53. The repetition of ad to denote motion to a place, and to a person there present, is occasionally found: the soldiers being summoned to the meeting before the tribunes, vocatis militibus ad concilium ad tribunos, Liv. 5, 47: abi ad forum ad herum, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100. Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum, aedem: we had reached Vesta's (temple), ventum erat ad Vestae, Hor. S. 1, 9, 35: ad Opis, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 17. In answer to the question Whither? names of towns and small islands (rarely of large ones), domus in the sense of home, and rus in the sense of to the country, are put in the acc. without a prep.: I am in doubt whether to go to Venusia, dubito an Venusiam tendam, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 3: the poets use this constr. with names of countries and subs. generally: he came to Italy, Italiam venit, Virg. Aen. 1, 2. The poets use both constr. with names of towns: ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, Prop. 3, 21, 1: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas, Ov. H. 2, 83. Ad is sometimes used with the name of a town in prose: I went to Capua, profectus sum ad Capuam, Cic. de Sen. 4, 10. The prep. is also expr. (i.) when there is an antithesis: they sailed from Dianium to Sinope, usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigarunt, Cic. Verr. 1, 34, 87: this rule is however not always observed: they came from Ardea to Rome, ab Ardea Romam venerunt, Liv. 4, 7. (ii.) if urbs, oppidum, etc., is added in apposition: the consul arrived in the town of Cirta, consul pervenit ad Cirtam oppidum, Sall. J. 81. (iii.) when the neighbourhood of a town or part of it is meant: all the Gauls march to (the neighbourhood of) Alesia, omnes Galli ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, Caes. B. G. 7, 76: v. Lat. Gram. § 259. With words compounded with ad, which denote going, bringing, etc., near, instead of repeating the prep., the noun is put in the dat. or acc., though chiefly in the post-Aug. period, and in the poets: to approach the rocks, accedere scopulos, Virg. Aen. 1, 201: v. TO APPROACH , ACCOST , etc.: v. the constr. of such verbs as adeo, in Lat.-Eng. Dict.
2. in (with acc., to or into). (i.) without the idea of arrival: with versus: he moves his camp to the district of the Arverni, castra movet in Arvernos v., Caes. B. G. 7, 8, fin.: v.TOWARDS . (ii.) with the idea of arrival: I will go to the Piraeus, ibo in Piraeum, Plaut. Bac. 2, 3, 2: to send ambassadors to the Ubii, legatos in Ubios mittere, Caes. B. G. 4, 11. Joined with ad: you fly for refuge to God as to an altar, tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum, Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25: when we had gone to law before the praetor, quum ad praetorem in jus adissemus, id. Verr. 4, 65 147. For constr. with names of towns, in answer to the question Whither? v. under ad (8): to have gone to Tarquinii, the most flourishing town in Etruria, se contulisse Tarquinios in urbem Etruriae florentissimam, Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34. For constr. of words compounded with in, v. such words as infero in Lat.-Eng. Dict.: to set fire to the temples, templis ignes inferre, Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 22. Fig.: to boil down to one-half, decoquere in dimidiam partem, Col. 12, 24, 1: with usque: u. in quartam partem, id. 12, 12, 3: hence, denoting a change: rivers change to leaves, vortunt se fluvii in frondes, Lucr. 2, 880.
3. versus (as prep., towards): to march to Massilia, Massiliam v. iter facere, Caes. B. C. 3, 36: for constr. as adv. with ad, etc., v. supr.
4. adversus (-vorsus, or -sum) (as prep.): who is this coming to me? quis est haec quae me adversum incedit? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 18: v.TOWARDS , AGAINST : for adv. constr. v. supr.
5. usque (adv., all the way, with prep., or acc. of motion): to go from the upper sea to Rome, a mari supero u. Romam proficisci, Cic. Clu. 68, 192: v. under ad, supr.
6. tĕnus (reaching to, always placed after its case, constr. with gen., or more usu. abl.): its dewlap hangs down to its legs, crurum t. laquearia pendent, Virg. G. 3. 53: his kingdom extends to Taurus, Tauro t. regnat, Cic. Deiot. 13, 36: he plunged his sword to the hilt in his side, lateri capulo t. abdidit ensem, Virg. Aen. 2, 553: hac tenus as adv.: to this point, hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta, ib. 6. 62.
7. fīne (or -i, abl. used as adv., rare): projecting from the wall up to the breast. de muro pectoris f. prominentes, Caes. B. G. 7, 47.
8. The question Whither? is answered by advs. of motion, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: they hastened to the point with all speed, huc magno cursu contenderunt, Caes. B. G. 3, 19: with ad: to come to you here, huc ad vos venire, Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15: with in: to this city, huc in urbem, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100: with gen.: she removed to this neighbourhood, huc viciniae commigravit, id. Andr. 1, 1, 43: to and fro, huc illuc, huc atque illuc, etc.: also, huc et illo, Sen.: huc et huc, Hor. Epod. 4, 9. Fig.: I have brought affairs to this point, rem huc deduxi, Cic. Cat. 2. 2, 4: to this must be added a certain sweetness, huc accedat oportet suavitas quaedam, id. Am. 18, 66: sometimes accedit, etc., is used without the adv.: add to this death, acc. mors, id. Fin. 1. 18. 60: to proceed to such a pitch, huc usque proficisci. Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 20: they came to such extremity of want, eo inopiae venere, Tac. Agr 28: to this point (thus far) I could write with prudence, hactenus fuit quod caute a me scribi posset, Cic. Att. 11, 4, 2: his wishes had extended to this, hactenus voluerat. Tac. A. 12, 42, fin.: v.SO FAR .
B. In time:
1. ad: with or without usque: to that time I was honest and virtuous, ad id frugi usque et probus fui, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 50: Sophocles wrote tragedies to the end of his life, Sophocles ad summam aetatem tragoedias fecit, Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5: (the employment of a past tense shows that the action has ceased, otherwise the present would be used): to this time, ad id, Liv. 3, 22; ad id locorum. id. 9, 45.
2. in (with acc., till): they stood in battle array to a late hour, in multum diei in acie constiterunt, Liv. 27, 2: they learned these things to old age, usque in senectutem didicerunt haec, Quint. 12, 11, 20: to live from day to day (regardless of the future), in diem vivere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33: so = daily, Liv. 22, 39.
3. expr. by advs., quoad, quousque, etc.: v.UNTIL , etc.: up to this time the outposts were quiet, hactenus quietae stationes fuere, Liv. 7, 26.
C. In other relations:
I. Of number: ad: (i.) denoting an approximation: men to the number of (i. e. about) 2300 were slain, ad duo milia et trecenti occisi, Liv. 10, 17. (ii.) denoting the limit reached: to the last farthing, ad assem, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27: they all agree to a man (all together), omnes ad unum idem sentiunt, Cic. Am. 23, 86: so, ad unum, Cic.: Caes. (iii.) denoting addition: in addition to the traitors of Falerii and Pyrrhus a third example should be added, ad Faleriorum Pyrrhive proditores tertium exemplum esset, Liv. 24, 45: to crown all, ad omnia, id. 35, 32.
II. Of conduct, etc., towards:
1. in (with acc.): dutiful to his parents, pius in parentes, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90: indulgence to our children, in liberos nostros indulgentia, id. de Or. 2, 40, 168: sometimes with abl. (in the case of): such was he to Priam his foe, talis in hoste fuit Priamo, Virg. Aen. 2, 541.
2. adversus (-um): the greater justice to others, summa adversus alios justitia, Liv. 3, 33: pleasing to you, gratum adversum te, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 15.
3. ergā: the divine goodness to mankind, divina bonitas e. homines, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60: unbroken fidelity to the Roman people, perpetua e. populum Romanum fides, Caes. B. G. 5, 54.
III. Generally of relation:
1. ad: (i.) of letters, books, etc.: addressedor dedicated to any one: he wrote to me from Egypt, ad me ex Aegypto literas misit, Cic. Lig. 3, 7: (literas dare alicui = to intrust a letter to any one's hands as messenger: v. infr.) M. Tulli Ciceronis ad M. Brutum Orator. (ii.) of adaptation or intention for: a place suitable to land at, locus ad egrediendum idoneus, Caes. B. G. 4, 23: a thing difficult to believe, difficilis res ad credendum, Lucr. 2, 1027: man is born to reason, homo ad intelligendum natus, Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40: an opportunity to act, occasio ad rem gerendam, Liv. 37, 26. (iii.) of a standard, according to: they adapt themselves to their will and pleasure, ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt, Cic. Or. 8, 24. (iv.) concerning, affecting: I found it was nothing to Pamphilus, comperiebam nihil ad Pamphilum quicquam attinere, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 64: as to the provinces, quod ad provincias attinet, Liv. 42, 10: your feelings in regard to the marriage, animus tuus ad nuptias, Ter. Andr. 2, 3, 4.
2. in (with acc.): (i.) of adaptation or intention, aim, etc., for: a Greek verse to this effect, Graecus in eam sententiam versus, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25: what is useful to the purpose, quae in rem sunt, Liv. 26, 44. (ii.) in adverbial expr.: to a greater extent, in majus, Sall. J. 73: changed to barbarism, in barbarum corruptum, Tac. A. 6, 42: v. Lat.-Eng. Dict.IN (B., III.). Instead of prep. the idea of to, denoting aim, purpose, etc., is expr. in various ways. (i.) after verbs of giving and the like, by dat.: he gives to him his daughter in marriage, ei filiam in matrimonium dat, Caes. B. G. 1, 3. (ii.) after verbs compounded with ad, by dat. or acc.: his mind was constant to no fortune, nulli fortunae adhaerebat animus, Liv. 41, 20: to speak kindly to the man, hominem blande alloqui, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 22. (iii.) with idea of advantage, etc., by dat.: usui esse, Caes. B. G. 5, 1 (so, ex usu, ib. 1, 50): est utilitati, emolumento, detrimento, etc. (iv.) by subj. in final or consecutive sense: I came to greet you, veni ut te salutarem: they sent men to carry the news, miserunt qui nuntiarent: here is something to see, hic est quod spectetur: worthy to com-*mand, dignus qui imperet: v. Lat. Gram., § 449, seqq. (v.) as the sign of inf. by inf.: to love, amare: to err is human, humanum est errare: so, after verbs of beginning, ceasing, desiring, ordering, forbidding, etc.: he ceased to sing, canere desiit: he bade him to approach, accedere jussit (in such cases it is necessary to refer to Lat.-Eng. Dict. to ascertain what verbs take the inf., subj. with ut, etc.): it is time to attempt, tempus est conari, Liv. 6, 18 (constr. also with ut, etc.). (vi.) with gerund, supine, fut. partic., etc.: a desire to contend, certandi cupiditas: he gave me books to read, dedit mihi libros legendos: born to endure sorrow, miseriis natus ferendis: what are we to do? quid faciendum est? I came to greet you, veni te salutatum, or, te salutaturus, or, salutandi causâ: he said that he should vote for his condemnation, dixit sua illum sententia condemnatum iri: nothing is easier to say, nihil est dictu facilius: I am ashamed to say it, pudet dictu. (vii.) by adv., expr., eo, adeo, etc.: I speak to the end that, eo dico ne, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 62 (so, eo consilio, etc.): to that end was I born, eo natus sum, Sall. J. 24: to such an extent did these words fail of effect, adeo haec dicta nihil moverunt quemquam, Liv. 3, 2. (viii.) the idea is contained in a word employed: let him see to that himself, viderit ipse, Cic. Att. 12, 21, 1, fin.
IV. Esp. in comparison:
1. ad: Thales was a very trifler to this man in wisdom, ad sapientiam hujus Thales nimius nugator fuit, Plaut. Cap. 2, 2, 25: nothing to Persius, nihil ad Persium, Cic. Or. 2, 6.
2. prae: all perfumes are bilge water to yours, omnium odor unguentum p. tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5.
3. after verbs of comparison cum is used or dat.: v.TO COMPARE . Similis takes gen. or dat.: other words denoting likeness, equality, etc., usually take dat.: v. LIKE , EQUAL , etc.
A. In space:
I. Direction towards without motion:
1. ad (antith. to ab): (part of Gaul) lies to the north, vergit ad septentriones, Caes. B. G. 1, 1: the part which looked to the strait, pars quae ad fretum spectaret, Cic. Verr. 5, 66, 169: sometimes specto is used with acc. without the prep.: Acarnania lies to the west, Acarnania solem occidentem spectat, Liv. 33, 17. Fig.: he looks to his own glory rather than the safety of the state, ad suam magis gloriam spectat quam ad salutem rei publicae, Cic. Sest. 16, 37: v.
2. in (with acc. antith. to ex): the Belgae lie to the north west, Belgae spectant in septentriones et occidentem solem, Caes. B. G. 1, 1.
3. versus (looking towards); looking to the temple of Quirinus, v. aedem Quirini, Liv. 8, 20.
4. sometimes adversus (-versus, or -sum): v.
5. ergā (looking towards, rare): Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 52.
6. expr. by adv. of direction, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: looking this way and that, huc atque illuc intuens, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 184. Fig.: to what do all these words tend? quorsum haec omnis spectat oratio? id. Phil. 7, 9, 26.
II. Direction towards with motion (with or without the idea of arrival):
1. ad: (i.) without the idea of arrival: the hills and plains seem flying to the ships, fugere ad puppes colles campique videntur, Lucr. 4, 390: with versus: he bids Labienus direct his march to the ocean, Labienum ad oceanum v. proficisci jubet, Caes. B. G. 6, 33: v.
2. in (with acc., to or into). (i.) without the idea of arrival: with versus: he moves his camp to the district of the Arverni, castra movet in Arvernos v., Caes. B. G. 7, 8, fin.: v.
3. versus (as prep., towards): to march to Massilia, Massiliam v. iter facere, Caes. B. C. 3, 36: for constr. as adv. with ad, etc., v. supr.
4. adversus (-vorsus, or -sum) (as prep.): who is this coming to me? quis est haec quae me adversum incedit? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 18: v.
5. usque (adv., all the way, with prep., or acc. of motion): to go from the upper sea to Rome, a mari supero u. Romam proficisci, Cic. Clu. 68, 192: v. under ad, supr.
6. tĕnus (reaching to, always placed after its case, constr. with gen., or more usu. abl.): its dewlap hangs down to its legs, crurum t. laquearia pendent, Virg. G. 3. 53: his kingdom extends to Taurus, Tauro t. regnat, Cic. Deiot. 13, 36: he plunged his sword to the hilt in his side, lateri capulo t. abdidit ensem, Virg. Aen. 2, 553: hac tenus as adv.: to this point, hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta, ib. 6. 62.
7. fīne (or -i, abl. used as adv., rare): projecting from the wall up to the breast. de muro pectoris f. prominentes, Caes. B. G. 7, 47.
8. The question Whither? is answered by advs. of motion, huc, illuc, eo, etc.: they hastened to the point with all speed, huc magno cursu contenderunt, Caes. B. G. 3, 19: with ad: to come to you here, huc ad vos venire, Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15: with in: to this city, huc in urbem, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 100: with gen.: she removed to this neighbourhood, huc viciniae commigravit, id. Andr. 1, 1, 43: to and fro, huc illuc, huc atque illuc, etc.: also, huc et illo, Sen.: huc et huc, Hor. Epod. 4, 9. Fig.: I have brought affairs to this point, rem huc deduxi, Cic. Cat. 2. 2, 4: to this must be added a certain sweetness, huc accedat oportet suavitas quaedam, id. Am. 18, 66: sometimes accedit, etc., is used without the adv.: add to this death, acc. mors, id. Fin. 1. 18. 60: to proceed to such a pitch, huc usque proficisci. Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 20: they came to such extremity of want, eo inopiae venere, Tac. Agr 28: to this point (thus far) I could write with prudence, hactenus fuit quod caute a me scribi posset, Cic. Att. 11, 4, 2: his wishes had extended to this, hactenus voluerat. Tac. A. 12, 42, fin.: v.
B. In time:
1. ad: with or without usque: to that time I was honest and virtuous, ad id frugi usque et probus fui, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 50: Sophocles wrote tragedies to the end of his life, Sophocles ad summam aetatem tragoedias fecit, Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5: (the employment of a past tense shows that the action has ceased, otherwise the present would be used): to this time, ad id, Liv. 3, 22; ad id locorum. id. 9, 45.
2. in (with acc., till): they stood in battle array to a late hour, in multum diei in acie constiterunt, Liv. 27, 2: they learned these things to old age, usque in senectutem didicerunt haec, Quint. 12, 11, 20: to live from day to day (regardless of the future), in diem vivere, Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33: so = daily, Liv. 22, 39.
3. expr. by advs., quoad, quousque, etc.: v.
C. In other relations:
I. Of number: ad: (i.) denoting an approximation: men to the number of (
II. Of conduct, etc., towards:
1. in (with acc.): dutiful to his parents, pius in parentes, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 90: indulgence to our children, in liberos nostros indulgentia, id. de Or. 2, 40, 168: sometimes with abl. (in the case of): such was he to Priam his foe, talis in hoste fuit Priamo, Virg. Aen. 2, 541.
2. adversus (-um): the greater justice to others, summa adversus alios justitia, Liv. 3, 33: pleasing to you, gratum adversum te, Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 15.
3. ergā: the divine goodness to mankind, divina bonitas e. homines, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60: unbroken fidelity to the Roman people, perpetua e. populum Romanum fides, Caes. B. G. 5, 54.
III. Generally of relation:
1. ad: (i.) of letters, books, etc.: addressed
2. in (with acc.): (i.) of adaptation or intention, aim, etc., for: a Greek verse to this effect, Graecus in eam sententiam versus, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25: what is useful to the purpose, quae in rem sunt, Liv. 26, 44. (ii.) in adverbial expr.: to a greater extent, in majus, Sall. J. 73: changed to barbarism, in barbarum corruptum, Tac. A. 6, 42: v. Lat.-Eng. Dict.
IV. Esp. in comparison:
1. ad: Thales was a very trifler to this man in wisdom, ad sapientiam hujus Thales nimius nugator fuit, Plaut. Cap. 2, 2, 25: nothing to Persius, nihil ad Persium, Cic. Or. 2, 6.
2. prae: all perfumes are bilge water to yours, omnium odor unguentum p. tuo nautea est, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 5.
3. after verbs of comparison cum is used or dat.: v.