Heracleides

(Ἡρακλείδης), Heraclides.

1. A citizen of Mylasa in Caria, who commanded the Carian Greeks in their successful resistance to the arms of Persia after the revolt of Aristagoras, B. C. 498. The Persian troops fell into an ambuscade which had been prepared for them, and were cut to pieces, together with their generals, Daurises, Amorges, and Sisimaces. (Hdt. 5.121.)

2. A Syracusan, son of Lysimachus, was one of the three generals appointed by the Syracusans, after the first defeat they suffered from the Athenians on their arrival in Sicily, B. C. 415. His colleagues were Hermocrates and Sicanus, and they were invested with full powers, the late defeat being justly ascribed by Hermocrates to the too great number of the generals, and their want of sufficient control over their troops. (Thuc. 6.73; Diod. 13.4.) They were deposed from their command in the following summer, on account of their failure in preventing the progress of the Athenian works. Of the three generals appointed in their place, one was also named Heracleides. (Thuc. 6.103.)

3. A Syracusan, son of Aristogenes, was one of the commanders of the Syracusan squadron sent to co-operate with the Lacedaemonians and their allies. He joined Tissaphernes at Ephesus just in time to take part in the defeat of the Athenians under Thrasyllus, B. C. 409. (Xen. Hell. 1.2.8, &c.)

4. A Syracusan, who held the chief command of the mercenary forces under the younger Dionysius. (Diod. 16.6; Plut. Dio 32.) We have little information as to the causes which led to his exile from Syracuse, but it may be inferred, from an expression of Plutarch (Plut. Dio 12), that he was suspected of conspiring with Dion and others to overthrow the tyrant: and it seems clear that he must have fled from Syracuse either at the same time with Dion and Megacles, or shortly afterwards. Having joined the other exiles in the Peloponnesus, he co-operated with Dion in his prepaations for the overthrow of Dionysius, and the liberation of Syracuse, but did not accompany him when he actually sailed, having remained beind in the Peloponnesus in order to assemble a larger force both of ships and soldiers. According to Diodorus, his departure was for some time retarded by adverse weather; but Plutarch (whose account is throughout unfavourable to Heracleides) ascribes the delay to his jealousy of Dion. It is certain, however, that he eventually joined the latter at Syracuse, with a force of 20 triremes and 1,500 heavy-armed troops. He was received with acclamations by the Syracusans, who immediately proclaimed him commander-in-chief of their naval forces, an appointment which was resented by Dion as an infringement of the supreme authority already entrusted to himself; but the people having revoked their decree, he himself reinstated Heracleides of his own authority. (Diod. 16.6, 16; Plut. Dio 32, 33.) Dionysius was at this time shut up in the island citadel of Ortygia, and mainly dependent for his supplies upon the command of the sea. Philistus now approached to his relief with a fleet of 60 triremes, but he was encountered by Heracleides with a force about equal to his own; and after an obstinate combat, totally defeated. Philistus himself fell into the hands of the Syracusans, by whom he was put to death; and Dionysius, now almost despairing of success, soon after quitted Syracuse, leaving Apollocrates in charge of the citadel (B. C. 356). The distinguished part which Heracleides had borne in these successes led him to contest with Dion thee position of leader in those that remained to be achieved, and his pretensions were supported by a large party among the Syracusans themselves, who are said to have entertained less jealousy of his seeking to possess himself of the sovereign power than they felt in regard to Dion. (Diod. 16.17; Plut. Dion, 43.) Unfortunately our knowledge of the subsequent intrigues and dissensions between the two leaders is almost wholly derived from Plutarch; and his manifest partiality to Dion renders his statements concerning his rival liable to much suspicion. Heracleidess a at first triumphant; twenty-five generals, of whom he was one, were appointed to take the command, and Dion retired in disgust, accompanied by the mercenary troops in his pay, to Leontini. But the mismanagement of the new generals, and the advantages gained by Hypsius, who had arrived in the citadel with a large reinforcement, soon compelled the Syracusans to have recourse once more to Dion. Heracleides had been disabled by a wound; but he not only joined in sending messages to Dion, imploring his assistance, but inmediately on his arrival placed himself in his power, and sued for forgiveness. This was readily granted by Dion, who was reinstated in his position of general autocrator, on the proposal of Heracleides himself, and in return bestowed upon the latter once more the sole command by sea. Yet the reconciliation was fir from sincere: Heracleides, if we may believe the accounts of his enemies, withdrew, with the fleet under his command, to Messana, and even entered into negotiations with Dionysius: but he was again induced to submit to Dion, who (contrary, it is said, to the advice of all his friends) spared his life, and restored him to favour. But when the departure of Apollocrates had left Dion sole master of Syracase (B. C. 354), he no longer hesitated to remove his rival, whom he justly regarded as the chief obstaele to his ambitios designs; designs; and under pretence that Heraelei des was again intriguing against him, he caused him to be put to death in his own house by a band of armed men. But the popularity of Heracleides was so great, and the grief and indignation of the Syracusans, on learning his death, broke forth with so much violence, that Dion was compelled to honour him with a splendid funeral, and to make a public oration in extenuation of his crime. (Plut. Dio 35_53; Diod. 16.16_20; Corn. Nep. Dion, 5, 6.)

5. A Syracusan, who, together with Sosistratus, obtained the chief direction of affairs in his native city, shortly before the elevation of Agathocles in B. C. 317. Diodorus tells us (19.3) that they were both men who had attained to power by every species of treachery and crime; but the details to which he refers as having been given in the preceding book, are lost. (See Wesseling, ad l.c.) We find them both mentioned as the leaders of an expedition sent by the Syracusans against Crotona and Rhegium in Italy, in which Agathocues also took part; but it is not clear how far Heracleides was connected with the subsequent events which terminated in the temporary elevation of Sosistratus to the supreme power. [Sosistratus] (Diod. 19.3, 4.)

6. Uncle of Agathocles, apparently distinct from the preceding. (Diod. 19.2.)

7. Son of Agathocles. He accompanied his father on his memorable expedition to Africa, and appears to have been regarded by him with especial favour, as when Agathoeles, at length despairing of success in Africa, and unable to carry off his army, determined to secure his own safety by secret flight, he selected Heracleides for his companion, leaving his eldest son, Archagathus, to his fate. The latter, however, obtained information of his intention, and communicated it to the soldiery, who thereupon arrested both Agathocles and Heracleides: but they were afterwards induced to set the tyrant himself at liberty, of which he immediately availed himself to make his escape to Sicily, and the soldiers, enraged at his desertion, put to death both Heracleides and Archagathus, B. C. 307. (Diod. 20.68, 69; Just. 22.5, 8.)

8. Tyrant or ruler of Leontini at the time when Pyrrhus landed in Sicily, B. C. 278. He was one of the first to offer submission to that monarch. (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. xxii. p. 296.)

9. Son of Antiochus, an officer of cavalry in the service of Alexander the Great, is mentioned in the first campaign of that monarch against the Triballi, and again at the battle of Arbela. (Arr. Anab. 1.2, 3.11.)

10. Son of Argaeus, was sent by Alexander, shortly before his death, to construct ships on the Caspian Sea, with a view to a voyage of discovery, similar to that of Nearchus in the Erythraean Sea. (Arr. Anab. 7.16.)

11. An officer appointed by Demetrius Polioreetes to command the garrison which he left at Athens, apparently in B. C. 290. An attempt was made by the Athenians to possess themselves of the fortress in his charge (whether this was the Museum or the Peiraeeus does not appear, but probably the former) by a secret negotiation with Hierocles, a Carian leader of mercenaries; but the pian was betrayed by Hierocles to his commanding officer, and Heracleides caused the Athenians to be admitted into the fort, to the number of 420 men, when they were surrounded by his troops, and cut to pieces (Polyaen. 5.17.1.)

12. A native of Tarentum, and one of the chief counsellors of Philip V. king of Macedonia. He is said to have been by profession an architect, and having in this capacity been entrusted with some repairs of the walls of Tarentum (at that time in the hands of Hannibal), he was accused of intending to betray the city to the Romans. In consequence of this charge he fled from Tarentum, and took refuge in the Roman camp, but was soon suspected of having opened secret negotiations with Hannibal and the Carthaginian garrison. After this double treachery he thought it prudent to quit Italy, and repaired to the court of Philip, where, by his ability and cunning, he made himself at first useful to the king as a convenient tool for carrying into execution the most nefarious schemes, and ultimately rose to a high place in his favour and confidence. He is said to have especially gained these by the address with which, pretending to have been ill-used and driven into banishment by Philip, he ingratiated himself with the Rhodians, and succeeded in setting fire to their arsenal, and burning great part of their fleet. It is not difficult to believe that a man who had risen to power by such arts as these should have abused it when attained: and we are told that he made use of his influence with the king to get rid of all those that were opposed to his views, and even induced him to put to death five of the leading members of his council of state at once. But by these and other such measures he rendered Philip so obnoxious to his subjects, that the king at length found himself obliged to yield to the popular clamour, displaced Heracleides, whom he had not long before employed in the command of his fleet, and threw him into prison, B. C. 199. Whether he was subsequently put to death we are not informed. (Plb. 13.4, 5; Diod. Exc. Vales. xxviii. pp. 572, 573; Polyaen. 5.17.2; Liv. 31.16, 33, 32.5.)

13. Of Gyrton in Thessaly, commanded the Thessalian cavalry in the army of Philip at the battle of Cynoscephalae. (Plb. 18.5.)

14. Of Byzantium, was sent as ambassador by Antiochus the Great to the two Scipios immediately after they had crossed the Hellespont, B. C. 190. He was instructed to offer, in the king's name, the cession of Lampsacus, Smyrna, and some other cities of Ionia and Aeolia, and the payment of half the expenses of the war; but these offers were sternly rejected by the Romans: and Heracleides, having in vain sought to gain over Scipio Africanus by a private negotiation, returned to Antiechus to report the failure of his mission. (Plb. 21.10_12; Liv. 37.34_36; Dioed. xxix. Exc. Leg. p. 620; Appian, App. Syr. 29.)

15. One of the three ambassadors sent by Antiochus Epiphanes to Rome to support his claims on Coele-Syria against Ptolemy Philometor, and defend his conduct in waging war upon him, B. C. 169. The same three ambassadors seem to have been sent again after Antiochus had been interrupted in his career of conquest by the mission of Popillius, and compelled to raise the siege of Alexandria. (Plb. 27.17, 28.1, 18.) It is not improbable that this Heracleides is the same who is spoken of by Appian (App. Syr. 45) as one of the favourites of Antiochus Epiphanes, by whom he was appointed to superintend the finances of his whole kingdom. After the death of Antiochus, and the establishment of Demetrius Soter upon the throne (B. C. 162), Heracleides was driven into exile by the new sovereign. In order to revenge himself, he gave his support to, if he did not originate, the imposture of Alexander Balas, who set up a claim to the throne of Syria, pretending to be a son of Antiochus Epiphanes. Heracleides repaired, together with the pretender and Laodice, daughter of Antiochus, to Rome, where, by the lavish distribution of his great wealth, and the influence of his popular manners and address, he succeeded in obtaining an ambiguous promise of support from the Roman senate. Of this he immediately availed himself to raise a force of mercenarytroops for the invasion of Syria, and effected a landing, together with Alexander, at Ephesus. (Appian, App. Syr. 47; Plb. 33.14, 16.) What became of him after this we know not, as his name is not mentioned during the struggle that ensued between Alexander and Demetrius, nor after the elevations of the former to the throne of Syria.

16. Of Maronea, a Greek who had attached himself to the service of the Thracian chief Seuthes and was residing with him at the time that Xenophon and the remains of the Ten Thousand arrived in Thrace after their memorable retreat, B. C. 300. Heracleides was entrusted with the charge of disposing of the booty that had been acquired by the Greeks and Thracians in common, but kept back for his own use a considerable part of the money produced by the sale of it. This fraudulent conduct, together with the calumnious insinuations which he directed against Xenophon, when the latter urged with vigour the just claims of his troops, became the chief cause of the dissensions that arose between Scuthes and his Greek mercenaries. (Xen. Anab. 7.3, 4, 5, 6.)

17. Of Aenus in Thrace, joined with his brother Python in the assassination of Cotys, king of Thrace, B. C. 358, for which piece of good service, though prompted by private revenge, they were rewarded by the Athenians with the right of citizenship, and with crowns of gold. (Dem. c. Aristocr. p. 659, ed. Reiske; Arist. Pol. 5.10 ) According to Plutarch (ad v. Coloten. 32), they had both been disciples of Plato. [E.H.B]

(Ἡρακλείδης).

1. Of Cumae. Works A History of Persia (Περσικά)

He was the author of a history of Persia (Περσικά), a portion of which bore the special title of παρασκευαστικά, and, to judge from the quotations from it, contained an account of the mode of life of the kings of Persia. (Athen. 4.145, xii. p. 117 ; comp. ii. p. 48.) According to Diogenes Laertius (5.94), the Persica consisted of five books.

2. An historian who, according to Suidas, was a native of Oxyrhinchis in Egypt, while Diogenes Laertius (5.94) calls him a Callatian, or Alexandrian. He lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philopator. Works ἱστορίαι

Heracleides wrote a great work, entitled ἱστορίαι, of which the thirty-seventh book is quoted (Athen. 3.98, xiii. p. 578). διαδοχή

another, under the title διαδοχή, in six books (Diog. Laert. l.c.), which was probably of the same kind, if not identical with his ἐπιτομὴ τῶν Σωτίωνος διαδοχῶν. (D. L. 5.79.) Abridgement of the Biographical Work of Satyrus

He further made an abridgement of the biographical work of Satyrus (D. L. 8.40, 9.25). Λεμβυτυκὸς λόγος

Heracleides wrote a work called Λεμβυτυκὸς λόγος, from which he received the nickname of ὁ Λέμβος. (D. L. 5.94; Phot. Bibl. Cod. 213.) Issues with names

He is often called, after his father, Heracleides, the son of Serapion, and, under this name, Suidas attributes to him also philosophical works. It is not impossible that he may be the same as the Heracleides who is mentioned by Eutocius, in his commentary on Archimedes, as the author of a life of that great mathematician.

3. Of Odessus, in Thrace, a Greek historian mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Ὀδησσός).

4. Of Magnesia, is known only as the author of a history of Mithridates (Μιθριδατικά), which is lost. (D. L. 5.94.)

5. A Greek grammarian of Alexandria (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 237), who is perhaps the same as the one whom Ammonius (De Differ. Verb. s. v. σταφυλή) mentions as a contemporary of his. Works

The same name is often mentioned by Eustathius, and in the Venetian scholia on the Iliad, in connection with grammatical works on Homer, and Ammonius (s. v. νῦν) attributes to one Heracleides a work entitled Περὶ καθολικῆς προσώδίας.

6. A Greek rhetorician of Lydia, who lived in the second century of our era. He was a disciple of Herodes Atticus, and taught rhetoric at Smyrna with great success, so that the town was greatly benefited by him, on account of the great conflux of students from all parts of Asia Minor. He died at the age of eighty, leaving a country-house in the neighbourhood of Smyrna, which he had built with the money he had earned, and which he called Rhetorica. Works

He owed his success not so much to his talent as to his indefatigable industry; and once, when he had composed an ἐγκώμιον πόνου, and showed it to his rival Ptolemaeus, the latter struck out the π in po/nou, and, returning it to Heracleides, said, "There, you may read your own encomium" (ἐγκώμιον ὄου). He also published a purified edition of the orations of Nicetes, forgetting, as his biographer says, that he was putting the armour of a pigmy on a colossus. Further Information

Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2.26, comp. 1.19.

7. A comic poet. [Heracleitus.]

8. Of Sinope: under this name we possess a Greek epigram in the Greek Anthology (7.329). It is not improbable that two other epigrams (7.281, 465) are likewise his productions, though his native place is not mentioned there. He seems to have been a poet of some celebrity, as Diogenes Laertius (5.94) mentions him as ἐπιγραμμάτων ποιητὴς λιγυρός. Diogenes Laertius (l.c.) mentions fourteen persons of this name. [L.S]

(Ἡρακλείδης), son of Euthyphron or Euphron, born at Heracleia, in Pontus, and said by Suidas to have been descended from Damis, one of those who originally led the colony from Thebes to Heracleia. He was a person of considerable wealth, and migrated to Athens, where he became a pupil of Plato, and Suidas says that, during Plato's absence in Sicily, his school was left under the care of Heracleides. He paid attention also to the Pythagorean system, and afterwards attended the instructions of Speusippus, and finally of Aristotle. He appears to have been a vain and luxurious man, and so fat, that the Athenians punned on his surname, Ποντικός, and turned it into Πομπικός. Works

Diogenes Laertius (5.186, &c.) gives a long list of his writings, from which it appears that he wrote upon philosophy, mathematics, music, history, politics, grammar, and poetry; but unfortunately almost all these works are lost. περὶ Πολιτειῶν

There has come down to us a small work, under the name of Heracleides, entitled περὶ Πολιτειῶν which is perhaps an exatract from the περὶ Νόμων καὶ τῶν Συγγενῶν τούτοις mentioned by Diogenes, though others conjecture that it is the work of another person. Editions

It was first printed with Aelian's Variae Historiae, at Rome in 1545, afterwards at Geneva, 1593, edited by Cragius, but the best editions are by Köler, with an introduction, notes, and a German translation, Halle, 1804, and by Coraes, in his edition of Aelian, Paris, 1805, 8vo. Ἀλληγορίαι Ὁμηρικαί

Another extant work, Ἀλληγορίαι Ὁμηρικαί, which also bears the name of Heracleides, was certainly not written by him. Editions

This was first printed with a Latin translation by Gesner, Basel, 1544, and afterwards with a German trans lation by Schulthess, Zürich, 1779. Tragedies

We further read in Diogenes (on the authority of Aristoxenus, surnamed ὁ μουσικός, also a scholar of Aristotle), that " Heracleides made tragedies, and put the name of Thespis to them." This sentence has given ccasion to a learned disquisition by Bentley (Phalaris, p. 239), to prove that the fragments attributed to Thespis are really cited from these counterfeit tragedies of Heracleides. The genuineness of one fragment he disproves by showing that it contains a sentiment belonging strictly to Plato, and which therefore may naturally be attributed to Heracleides. Other Anecdotes

Some childish stories are told about Heracleides keeping a pet serpent, and ordering one of his friends to conceal his body after his death, and place the serpent on the bed, that it might be supposed that he had been taken to the company of the gods. It is also said, that he killed a man who had usurped the tyranny in Heracleia, and there are other traditions about him, scarcely worth relating. Another Heracleides Ponticus

There was also another Heracleides Ponticus of the same town of Heracleia, a grammarian, who lived at Rome in the reign of the emperor Claudius. The titles of many of his works are mentioned by Diogenes and Suidas. Further Information

Vossius, de Histor. Graec. p. 78, &c. Köler, Fragmenta de Rebus publicis, Hal. Sax. 1804; Roulez, Commentatio de Vita et Scriptis Heraclidue Pontic., Lovanii, 1828; Deswert, Dissertatio de Heraclide Pont., Lovanii, 1830. [G.E.L.C]

artists.

1. A sculptor of Ephesus, the son of Agasias. His name is inscriled, with that of Harmatius, on the restored statue of Ares in the Royal Museum at Paris. It cannot be said with certainty whether his father, Agasias, was the celebrated Ephesian sculptor of that name, but it seems probable that he was. (Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst. § 175, n. 3.372, n. 5; Clarac, Description des Antiques du Musée Royal, No. 411, p. 173.)

2. A Macedonian painter, who was at first merely a painter of ships, but afterwards acquired some distinction as a painter in encaustic. He lived in the time of Perseus, after whose fall he went to Athens, B. C. 168. (Plin. Nat. 35.11. s. 40. §§ 30, 42.)

3. A Phocian sculptor, of whom nothing more is known. (D. L. 5.94.)

4. An architect, in the time of Trajan, who is known by two inscriptions found in Egypt. (Muratori, p. 478, 3; Letronne, Recucil des Inscript. Grecq. et Latin. de vEgypte, vol. i. p. 426.) [P.S]

(Ἡρακλείδης), the name of several ancient Greek physicians.

1. The sixteenth in descent from Aesculapius, the son of Hippocrates I., who lived probably in the fifth century B. C. He married Phaeniarete, or, according to others, Praxithea, by whom he had tvo sons, Sosander and Hippocrates II., the most famous of that name. (Jo. Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 680, ed. vet.; Poeti Epist. ad Artax., and Sorani Vita Hippocr. in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 770, 850; Suid. s. v. Ἱπποκάτης; Steph. Byz. s. v. Κῶς).

2. A physician of Tarentum (hence commonly called Tarentinus), a pupil of Mantias (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. 2.1, vol. xiii. p. 462), who lived probably in the third or second century B. C., somewhat later than Apollonius the Empiric and Glaucias. (Cels. De Med. i. Praef. p. 5.) He belonged to the sect of the Empirici (Cels. l.c.; Galen, De Meth. Med. 2.7, vol. x. p. 142), and wrote some works on Materia Medica, which are very frequently quoted by Galen, but of which only a few fragments remain. Galen speaks of him in high terms of praise, saying that he was an author who could be entirely depended on, as he wrote in his works only what he had himself found from his own experience to be correct. (De Compos. Medicame. sec. Gen. 4.7, vol. xiii. p. 717.) He was also one of the first persons who wrote a commentary on all the works in the Hippocratic Collection. (Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. " De Humor." i. Prooem. 24, vol. xvi. pp. 1, 196.) He is several times quoted by Caelius Aurelianus and other ancient authors. A further account of his lost works, and his medical opinions so far as they can be found out, may be found in two essays by C. G. Kühn, inserted in the second volume of his Opuscula Academica Medica et Philologica, Lips. 2 vols. 8vo. 1827, 1828.

3. A physician, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (5.94) as one of the followers of Hicesius, the head of the Erasistratean school of medicine at Smyrna, who must therefore probably have lived in the first century B. C.

4. Surnamed Erythraeus, a physician of Erythrae in Ionia, who was a pupil of Chrysermus (Galen, De Differ. Puls. 4.10, vol. viii. p. 743), a fellow-pupil of Apollonius, and a contemporary of Strabo in the first century B. C. (Strab. 14.1, p. 182, ed. Tauchn.) Galen calls hims the most distinguished of all the pupils of Chysermus (l.c.), and mentions a work written by him, Περ ὶτῆς Ἡροφίλου Αἱρέσεως, De Herophili Secta (Ibid. p. 746), consisting of at least seven books. He wrote a commentary on the sixth book of Hippocrates, De Morbis Vulgaribus (Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. "Epid. VI." i. Praef. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 793), but neither this nor any of his writings are still extant. [W.A.G]