Philo
- An Academic philosopher of Athens, teacher of Cicero about A. U. C. 663, Cic. Brut. 89, 306; id. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 6, 17; id. Tusc. 2, 3, 9; 5, 37, 107; id. N. D. 1, 40, 113.—
- II A celebrated architect in Athens, Cic. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Vitr. 7 praef. § 12; cf. Sillig, Catal. Artif. s. h. v.—
- III A Greek physician, a native of Tarsus, the inventor of an eye-salve, Cels. 6, 6, 3.—Hence, adj.: Phĭlōnĭānus, a, um, of Philo: Philonianum antidotum, Marc. Emp. 20.—As subst.: Phĭlōnĭum, i, n., the same, Ser. Samm. 22, 396.—
- IV A Roman surname: Q. Publicius Philo, consul A. U. C. 439, Inscr. Grut. 291.
- 1. academisch filosoof in Athene (ca. 90 v. Chr.), leermeester v. Cicero;
- 2. beroemde architect in Athene (4e eeuw v. Chr.).
[Philon.]
1. A freedman of M. Caelius Rufus (Cic. Fam. 2.12, 8.8).
2. A freedman of Pompey, was distinguished by his energetic assistance of the Pompeian party in Spain, B. C. 45. (Bell. Hisp. 35; Cic. Att. 16.4.)
or Caese'nnius, impeached Sex. Clodius on account of the seditious proceedings of the latter after the death of the tribune, P. Clodius. Sex. Clodius was condemned (Ascon. in Cic. Mil. p. 55, ed. Orelli). [Vol. I. p. 775.]
consul B. C. 445, with M. Genucius Augurinus. For the events of this year see Augurinus, Genucius, No. 2.
or Pobli'lius. Respecting the orthography, see Publilia Gens. This family of the Publilii claimed descent front the celebrated Volero Publilius who was tribune of the plebs B. C. 472; and accordingly we find the two Philones, who were consular tribunes in B. C. 400 and 399 respectively, described as grandsons of Volero. [See below, Nos. 1 and 2.]
1. L. Publilius VOLER. N. Philo Volscus, L. F., consular tribune B. C. 400, is called by Livy a patrician, but this is certainly an error, since the family was without question plebeian. Livy likewise calls him simply L. Publilius Volscus, but we learn from the Capitoline Fasti that Philo was also one of his surnames. (Liv. 5.12; Fast. Capit.)
2. Volero Publilius VOLER. N. Philo, P. F., consular tribune, B. C. 399. (Liv. 5.13 ; Fast. Capit.)
3. Q. Publilius Philo, Q. F. Q. N., a distinguished general in the Samnite wars, and the author of one of the great reforms in the Roman constitution. He was consul B. C. 339, with Ti. Aemilius Mamercinus, and defeated the Latins, over whom he triumphed. In the same year he was appointed dictator by his colleague Aemilius Mamercinus, and, as such, proposed the celebrated Publiliae Leges, which abolished the power of the patrician assembly of the curiae, and elevated the plebeians to an equality with the patricians for all practical purposes. It would seem that great opposition was expected from the patricians, and that Philo was therefore raised to the dictatorship, that the proposed reforms might be carried with the authority of the highest magistracy in the state. As he could not have been appointed dictator without the sanction of the senate, it has been inferred by Niebuhr, with much probability, that the Publilian laws were brought forward with the approbation of the senate, which was opposed to the narrow-mindedness of the great body of the patricians. According to Livy (8.12) there were three Publilian laws. The first is said to have enacted "that plebiscita should bind all Quirites" (ut plebiscite omnes Quirites tenerent), which is to the same purpose as the subsequent lex Hortensia. Niebuhr, however, supposes that the effect of the lex Publilia was to render a senatusconsultum a sufficient confirmation of a plebiscitum, and to make the confirmation of the curiae unnecessary; and that the effect of the Lex Hortensia was to render unnecessary even the confirmation of the senate, and to give to the tributa comitia complete legislative force (comp. Dict. of Ant. s.v. Plebiscitum). The second law enacted, "ut legum, quae comitiis centuriatis ferrentur, ante initum suffragium patres auctores fierent." By patres Livy here means the curiae, that is, the assembly of the patricians; and accordingly this law enacted that the curiae should confirm (auctoresfieri ; comp. Dict. of Ant. s. v. Auctor) the results of the votes respecting all laws brought before the comitia centuriata, previous to the commencement of the voting : in other words, the veto of the curiae in the enactment of laws by the centuriae, was abolished. The third law enacted that one of the two censors should necessarily be a plebeian; and Niebuhr conjectures that there was also a fourth law, which applied the Licinian law to the praetorship as well as the consulship, and which provided that in each alternate year the praetor should be a plebeian. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. pp. 146, &c., 154, 418, &c.; Arnold, Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. p. 154, &c.)
In B. C. 337 Philo was the first plebeian praetor ; in B. C. 335 he was magister equitum to the dictator L. Aemilius Mamercinus; and in B. C. 332 he was censor with Sp. Postumius Albinus : during this censorship the Maecian and Scaptian tribes were added, and the Roman franchise was given to the Acerrani. (Liv. 8.15_17; Vell. 1.14.)
In B. C. 327 Philo was consul a second time, with L. Cornelius Lentulus. He was sent against Palaepolis in southern Italy, to which he laid siege ; but as he was unable to take the town before the expiration of his year of office, his imperium was prolonged, with the title of proconsul, by means of a senatusconsultum and a plebiscitum : this is the first instance in Roman history in which a person was invested with proconsular power. Philo succeeded in taking Palaepolis in the following year, B. C. 326, in consequence of the treachery of two of its chief citizens, Charilaus and Nymphius, who enticed the Samnite garrison out of the town, and opened the gates to the Romans. Philo obtained a triumph on his return to Rome. (Liv. 8.22-26.)
In B. C. 320 Philo was consul a third time, with L. Papirius Cursor. They were elected to the consulship as being two of the most distinguished generals of their time, in consequence of the great defeat which the Romans had sustained in the previous yearnear Caudium. Both consuls marched into Samnium. Papirius, who had laid siege to Luceria, was shut up in his fortified camp by the Samnite army, which had come to the relief of Luceria, and was reduced to great extremities. He was, however, relieved from his difficulties by the advance of the other army under Philo, who defeated the Samnites and took their camp. (Liv. 9.7, 13_15; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 224, &c., who points out various improbabilities in Livy's account.)
In B. C. 315 Philo was consul a fourth time, with L. Papirius Cursor (Fast. Capit.; Diod. 19.66). The consuls of this year are not mentioned by Livy, who simply says (9.22) that the new consuls remained at Rome, and that the war was conducted by the dictator Q. Fabius.
1. L. Veturius Post. N. Philo, L. F., was consul B. C. 220, with C. Lutatius Catulus, two years before the commencement of the second Punic war. The two consuls are stated to have advanced as far as the Alps, and to have gained many people for the Romans without fighting; but we have no particulars of their expedition. In the second year of the Punic war, B. C. 217, Philo was appointed dictator for the purpose of holding the comitia, and in B. C. 210 he was censor with P. Licinius Crassus Dives, and died while he held this office. (Zonar. 8.20, p. 405a.; Liv. 22.33, 27.6).
2. L. Veturius Philo, L. F. L. N., was curule aedile B. C. 210, and praetor B. C. 209, when he obtained the jurisdictio peregrina, and likewise Cisalpine Gaul as his province. He remained in Gaul as propraetor during the following year, B. C. 208, and next year, B. C. 207, he served under Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator, and was sent to Rome along with Q. Caecilius Metells to convey the joyful news of the defeat and death of Hasdrubal. It was mainly owing to his services in this war that he was elected consul in B. C. 207, with Q. Caecilius Metellus, who had shared with him in the glories of the campaign. The two consuls received Bruttii as their province, in order to prosecute the war against Hannibal; but their year of office passed by without any important occurrence, and Philo returned to Rome to hold the comitia, while his colleague remained in Bruttii. In B. C. 205 Philo was magister equitum to his former colleague Metellus, who was nominated dictator for the purpose ot holding the comitia. Finally he accompanied Scipio to Africa, and after the battle of Zama, B. C. 202, was sent to Rome to announce the glorious news of the defeat of Hannibal. (Liv. 27.6, 7, 22, 28.9_11, 38, 29.11, 30.38, 40; Cic. Brut. 14.)
PHILO'CHARES, a distinguished painter, as is evident from the way in which he is mentioned by Pliny, who says that Augustus fixed in the walls of his Curia two pictures, the one an encaustic by Nicias, the other a painting by Philochares, representing a father and his youthful son, in so admirable a manner, that the family likeness was perfectly preserved, though the difference of age was clearly marked; over the heads of the figures was an eagle, with a serpent in its claws. The picture bore an inscription by the artist himself, declaring that it was his painting : at least, so we understand the words, "Philochares hoc suum opus esse testatus est." The figures also seem to have had their names inscribed near them : for Pliny remarks on this example of the wondrous power of art, that Glaucion and his son Aristippus, persons otherwise utterly obscure, should be gazed upon for so many ages by the Roman senate and people. It is worthy of notice that the other picture in the Curia was also inscribed with the artist's name -- "Nicius scripsit se inussisse." (Plin. Nat. 35.4. s. 10.)
The modern writers on art suppose that this Philochares was the same person as the brother of Aeschines, of whose artistic performances Demosthenes speaks contemptuously, but whom Ulpian ranks with the most distinguished painters. If so, he was alive in B. C. 343, at the time when Demosthenes refers to him. (Demosth. de Fals. Legat. p. 329e. § 237, Bekker; Ulpian, ad Demosth. p. 386. c.; Sillig. s.v. Hirt, Gesch. d. bild. Künste, p. 261.) [P.S]
(Φίλων). (1) A sculptor; the son of Antipater. He flourished in the time of Alexander the Great. Among his works was the statue of Hephaestion, and that of Zeus Ourios, at the entrance of the Bosporus ( Verr. iv. 58, 129). The dedicatory verses inscribed on the pedestal of the latter are now in the British Museum (quoted on p. 40 of Demosth. Adv. Leptinem, ed. Sandys). Pliny (xxxiv. 91) mentions him as one of the sculptors who made athletas et armatos et venatores sacrificantesque.
(2) An Athenian architect who built for Demetrius Phalereus, about B.C. 318, the portico to the great temple at Eleusis. It had twelve Doric columns in front, and its dimensions were 183 feet by 37 1/2 feet. Under the administration of Lycurgus, he constructed an armamentarium or arsenal at Zea in the Piraeus, containing tackle, etc., for 1000 ships (Pliny , Pliny H. N. vii. 125). It was destroyed by Sulla , but apparently rebuilt, since it is described by Valerius Maximus (viii. 12, 2) as still existing. An inscription in the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum (ii. 1054) contains the contract for the work, with full details of its structure and fittings.
(3) Of Byzantium; a celebrated mechanician. He wrote, in the second century B.C., a work on mechanics, of which only one book, on the construction of engines of war, and portions of two others, on siege-warfare, are extant. Edited by Köchly and Rüstow (1853). See Seven Wonders of the World.
(4) Of Larissa; an Academic philosopher, a pupil of Clitomachus. He came to Rome in B.C. 88, being one of a number of eminent Greeks who fled from Athens on the approach of its siege during the Mithridatic War. He was a man of versatile genius, and a perfect master of the theory and practice of oratory. Cicero had scarcely heard him before all inclination for Epicureanism was swept from his mind, and he surrendered himself wholly to the brilliant Academic (Brutus. 306). One of his works, twice mentioned, though not by any definite title (Acad. i. 13, ii. 11), supplied Cicero with his historic account of the New Academy (Academica, ed. Reid, pp. 2, 52).
(5) Called Iudaeus, “the Jew.” Born of a priestly family at Alexandria, about B.C. 25, he carefully studied the different branches of Greek culture, and, in particular, acquired a knowledge of the Platonic philosophy, while in no way abandoning the study of the Scriptures or the creed of his nation. In A.D. 39 he went to Rome as an emissary to the emperor Caligula in the interest of his fellow-countrymen, whose religious feelings were offended by a decree ordering them to place the statue of the deified emperor in their synagogues. This embassy, which led to no result, is described by him in a work which is still extant, though in an incomplete form. Philo is the chief representative of the Graeco-Judaic philosophy. He wrote numerous Greek works in a style modelled on that of Plato. These are remarkable for moral earnestness, passionate enthusiasm, and vigour of thought. They include allegorical expositions of portions of the Scriptures, as well as works of ethical, historical, or political purport. Several of his works only survive in Armenian versions. His philosophy, especially his theology, is an endeavour to reconcile Platonism with Judaism. Eng. trans. by Yonge, 4 vols. (1854-55).
(6) Byblius Philo or Herennius Byblius. A Roman grammarian, born at Byblus in Phoenicia. His life extended from about the time of Nero to that of Hadrian (A.D. 61-141). A considerable fragment of his translation of the alleged Phoenician writer Sanchuniathon (q.v.) is preserved in the first book of the Praeparatio Evangelica of Eusebius ; and he also wrote a work Περὶ Πόλεων, much used by the later grammarians, especially Hesychius and Stephanus of Byzantium.
(7) Q. Publilius. A distinguished Roman general in the Samnite Wars, and the author of one of the great reforms in the Roman constitution. He was consul in B.C. 339, with Ti. Aemilius Mamercinus, and defeated the Latins, over whom he triumphed. In the same year he was appointed dictator by his colleague Aemilius Mamercinus, and, as such, proposed the celebrated Publiliae Leges, which abolished the power of the patrician assembly of the curiae, and elevated the plebeians to an equality with the patricians for all practical purposes. (See Publiliae Leges.) In 337 Philo was the first plebeian praetor, and in 332 he was censor with Sp. Postumius Albinus. In 327 he was consul a second time, and carried on war in the south of Italy. He was continued in the command for the following year with the title of proconsul, the first instance in Roman history in which a person was invested with proconsular power. He took Palaepolis in 326. In 320 he was consul a third time, with L. Papirius Cursor, and carried on the war with success against the Samnites (Livy, viii. 15-26; ix. 7-15).
(8) L. Veturius. (1) L., consul B.C. 220, with C. Lutatius Catulus; dictator 217 for the purpose of holding the Comitia; and censor 210 with P. Licinius Crassus Dives, and died while holding this office.
(2) L., praetor B.C. 209, with Cisalpine Gaul as his province. In 207 he served under Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator in the campaign against Hasdrubal. In 206 he was consul with Q. Caecilius Metellus, and in conjunction with his colleague carried on the war against Hannibal in Bruttium. He accompanied Scipio to Africa, and after the battle of Zama (B.C. 202) was sent to Rome to announce the news of Hannibal's defeat (Livy, xxviii. 9-11; xxx. 38-40).
- a Corcyraean, Olympic victor: Paus. 6.9.9, Paus. 6.14.13