Siris
- The name of a branch of the Nile in Ethiopia, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 54; Prisc. Perieg. 212.—
- II A river in Italy, Plin. 3, 11, 15, § 97.—
- III A name for Heraclea in Magna Graecia, Plin. 3, 11, 15, § 97.
SIRIS(Σῖρις: Eth. Σιρίτης, but also Σιρῖνος;Sirites), an ancient city of Magna Graecia, situated at the mouth of the river of the same name flowing into the Tarentine gulf, and now called the Sinno. There is no doubt that Siris was a Greek colony, and that at one time it attained to a great amount of wealth and prosperity; but its history is extremely obscure and uncertain; Its first origin was generally ascribed to a Trojan colony; and, as a proof of this, an ancient statue of Minerva was shown there which claimed to be the true Trojan Palladium (Strab. 6. p. 264; Lycophr. Alex. 978--985). Whatever may have been the origin of this legend, there seems no doubt that Siris was originally a city of the Chones, the native Oenotrian inhabitants of this part of Italy (Strab. l. c.). A legend found in the Etymologicon (s. v. Σίρις), according to which the city derived its name from a daughter of Morges, king of the Siculi, evidently points in the same direction, as the Morgetes also were an Oenotrian tribe. From these first settlers it was wrested, as we are told, by a body of Ionian colonists from Colophon, who had fled from their native city to avoid the dominion of the Lydians. (Strab. l. c.;Athenae. 12. p. 523.) The period of this emigration is very uncertain; but it appears probable that it must have taken place not long after the capture of the city by Gyges, king of Lydia, about 700--690 B.C. Archilochus, writing about 660 B.C.,alludes to the fertility and beauty of the district on the banks of the Siris; and though the fragment preserved to us by Athenaeus does not expressly notice the existence of the cityof that name, yet it would appear from the expressions of Athenaeus that the poet certainly did mention it; and the fact of this colony having been so lately established there was doubtless the cause of his allusion to it (Archil. ap. Athen. 12. p. 523). On the other hand, it seems clear from the account of the settlement at Metapontum (Strab. 6. p. 265), that the territory of Siris was at that time still unoccupied by any Greek colony. We may therefore probably place the date of the Ionian settlement at Siris between 690 and 660 B.C. We are told that the Ionic colonists gave to the city the name of Polieum (Πολίειον, Strab. 6. p. 264; Steph. B. s. v. Σῖρις); but the appellation of Siris, which it derived from the river, and which seems to have been often given to the whole district (ἡ Σῖρις, used as equivalent to ἡ Σιρῖτις), evidently prevailed, and is the only one met with in common use. Of the history of Siris we know literally nothing, except the general fact of its prosperity, and that its citizens indulged in habits of luxury and effeminacy that rivalled those of their neighbours the Sybarites. (Athen. 12. p. 523.) It may be received as an additional proof of their opulence, that Damasus, a citizen of Siris, is noticed by Herodotus among the suitors for the daughter of Cleisthenes of Sicyon, about 580--560 B.C.,on which occasion Siris and Sybaris among the cities of Italy alone furnished claimants. (Hdt. 6.127.) This was probably about the period that Siris was at the height of its prosperity. But an Ionian city, existing as it did in the midst of the powerful Achaean colonies, must naturally have been an object of jealousy to its neighbours; and hence we are told that the Metapontines, Sybarites, and Crotoniats formed a league against Siris; and the war that ensued ended in the capture of the city, which appears to have been followed by the expulsion of the inhabitants (Justin. 20.2). The date of the destruction of Siris cannot be fixed with any approach to certainty: it was probably after550 B.C.,and certainly preceded the till of its rival Sybaris in B.C. 510. Its ruin appears to have been complete, for we meet with no subsequent mention of the city, and the territory is spoken of as open to colonisation at the time of the Persian War, B.C. 480. (Hdt. 8.62.)
Upon that occasion we learn incidentally that the Athenians considered themselves as having a claim of old standing to the vacant district of the Sirites, and even at one time thought of removing thither with their wives and families. (Herod. l. c.) The origin of this claim is unknown; but it seems pretty clear that it was taken up by the Athenian colonists who established themselves at Thurii in B.C. 443, and became the occasion of hostilities between them and the Tarentines. These were at length terminated by a compromise, and it was agreed to found in common a fresh colony in the disputed territory. This appears to have been at first established on the site of the ancient city, but was soon after transferred to a spot 3 miles distant, where the new colony received the name of Heracleia, and soon rose to be a flourishing city. (Strab. 6. p. 264; Diod. 12.36.) [HERACLEIAAccording to Strabo, Siris still continued to exist as the port or naval station of Heracleia; but no other mention of it is found, and it is not clear whether Strabo himself meant to speak of it as still subsisting in his day. No remains of it are extant, and the exact site does not appear to have been determined. But it may be placed on the left bank of the river Siris (now called the Sinno), at or near its mouth; a position which well accords with the distance of 24 stadia (3 miles) from Heracleia, the remains of which are visible at Policoro, near the river Agri, the ancient Aciris. [HERACLEIA]
The river Siris is mentioned by Lycophron ( Alex. 982), as well as by Archilochus in a passage already cited ( ap. Athen. 12. p. 523); but the former author calls it Σίνις, and its modern name of Sinnowould seem to be derived from an ancient period; for we find mention in the Tabula of a station 4 miles from Heracleia, the name of which is written Semnum, probably a corruption for Ad Simnum or Sinnum. The Siris and Aciris are mentioned in conjunction by Pliny as well as by Strabo, and are two of the most considerable streams in Lucania. (Plin. Nat. 3.11. s. 15; Strab. 6. p. 264.) The name of the former river is noticed also in connection with the first great battle between Pyrrhus and the Romans, B.C. 280, which was fought upon its banks (Plut. Pyrrh. 16). It has been absurdly confounded by Florus and Orosius with the Liris in Campania. (Flor. 1.18.7; Oros. 4.1.)
The fertile district of the Siritis (ἡ Σιρῖτιςor Σειρῖτις) is a portion of the level tract or strip of plain which borders the gulf of Tarentum from the neighbourhood of Rocca Imperialeto the mouth of the Bradano. This plain stretches inland from the mouth of the Sinnoto the foot of the hill on which stands the modern city of Tursi, about 8 miles from the sea. It is a tract of extraordinary natural fertility, but is now greatly neglected, and, in common with all this coast, desolated by malaria.
[E.H.B]SIRIS, SIRAE, SERRHAE (Σίρις, Hdt. 8.115; Sirae, Liv. 45.4; Σέρραι, Hierocl.: Eth. Σιροπαίονεις, Hdt. 5.15; Steph. B.: Serrés), a town of Macedonia, standing in the widest part of the great Strymonic plain on the last slopes of the range of mountains which bound it to the NE. Xerxes left a part of his sick here, when retreating to the Hellespont (Herod. l. c.): and P. Aemilius Paulus, after his victory at Pydna, received at this town, which is ascribed to Odorantice, a deputation from Perseus, who had retired to Samothrace. (Liv. l. c.) Little is known of Serrhae, which was the usual form of the name in the 5th century (though from two inscriptions found at Serrésit appears that Sirrha, or Sirrhae, was the more ancient orthography, and that which obtained at least until the division of the empire), until the great spread of the Servian kingdom. Stephen Dushan in the 14th century seized on this. large and flourishing city, and assumed the imperial crown here, where he established a court on the Roman or Byzantine model, with the title of Emperor of Romania, Sclavonia, and Albania. (Niceph. Greg. p. 467.) After his death a partition of his dominions took place. but the Greeks have never. since been able to recover their former preponderance in the provinces of the Strymonic valley. Sultan Murad took this town from the Servians, and when Sigismund, king of Hungary, was about to invade the Ottoman dominions, Bayezid (Bajazet Ilderim) summoned the Christian princes who were his vassals to his camp at Serrhae, previous to his victory at Nicopolis, A.D. 1396. (J. von Hammer, Gesch. des Osman. Reiches, vol. i. pp. 193, 246, 600.)
Besides the Macedonian inscriptions of the Roman empire found by Leake ( Inscr. 126) and Cousinéry, the only other vestige of the ancient town is a piece of Hellenic wall faced with large quadrangular blocks, but composed within of small stones and mortar forming a mass of extreme solidity. Servian remains are more common. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 200--210.)
[E.B.J](1) Now Sinno; a river in Lucania flowing into the Tarentine Gulf.
(2) Now Torre di Senna, an ancient Greek town in Lucania at the mouth of the preceding river.
- between Sybaris and Tarentum, threat of Athenians to emigrate thither: Hdt. 8.62
- disabled Persians left there by Xerxes: Hdt. 8.115