Zeus

Zeus

(Ζεύς), the greatest of the Olympian gods, and the father of gods and men, was a son of Cronos and Rhea, a brother of Poseidon, Hades (Pluto), Hestia, Demeter, Hera, and at the same time married to his sister Hera. When Zeus and his brothers distributed among themselves the government of the world by lot, Poseidon obtained the sea, Hades the lower world, and Zeus the heavens and the upper regions, but the earth became common to all (Hom. Il. 15.187, &c., 1.528, 2.111; Verg. A. 4.372). Later mythologers enumerate three Zeus in their genealogies two Arcadian ones and one Cretan; and tne first is said to be a son of Aether, the second of Coelus, and the third of Saturnus (Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3.21). This accounts for the fact that some writers use the name of the king of heaven who sends dew, rain, snow, thunder, and lightning for heaven itself in its physical sense. (Hor. Carm. 1.1.25 ; Verg. G. 2.419.)

According to the Homeric account Zeus, like the other Olympian gods, dwelt on Mount Olympus in Thessaly, which was believed to penetrate with its lofty summit into heaven itself (Il. 1.221, &c., 354, 609, 21.438). He is called the father of gods and men (1.514, 5.33; comp. Aeschyl. Sept. 512), the most high and powerful among the immortals, whom all others obey (Il. 19.258, 8.10, &c.). He is the highest ruler, who with his counsel manages every thing (1.175, 8.22), the founder of kingly power, of law and of order, whence Dice, Themis and Nemesis are his assistants (1.238, 2.205, 9.99, 16.387; comp. Hes. Op. et D. 36 ; Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 79). For the same reason he protects the assembly of the people (ἀγοραῖος, the meetings of the council (βουλαῖος), and as he presides over the whole state, so also over every house and family (ἑρκεῖος, Od. 22.335; comp. Ov. Ib. 285). He also watched over the sanctity of the oath (ὅρκιος), the law of hospitality (ξένιος), and protected suppliants (ἱκέσιος, Od. 9.270; comp. Paus. 5.24.2). He avenged those who were wronged, and punished those who had committed a crime, for he watched the doings and sufferings of all men (ἐπόψιος, Od. 13.213; comp. Apollon. 1.1123). He was further the original source of all prophetic power, front whom all prophetic signs and sounds proceeded (πανομφαῖος, Il. 8.250 ; comp. Aeschyl. Eum. 19 ; Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 69). Every thing good as well as bad comes from Zeus, and according to his own choice he assigns their good or evil lot to mortals (Od. 4.237, 6.188, 9.552, Il. 10.71, 17.632, &c.), and fate itself was subordinate to him. He is armed with thunder and lightning, and the shaking of his aegis produces storm and tempest (Il. 17.593) : a number of epithets of Zeus in the Homeric poems describe him as the thunderer, the gatherer of clouds, and the like. He was married to Hera, by whom he had two sons, Ares and Hephaestus, and one daughter, Hebe (Il. 1.585, 5.896, Od. 11.604). Hera sometimes acts as an independent divinity, she is ambitious and rebels against her lord, but she is nevertheless inferior to him, and is punished for her opposition (Il. 15.17, &c., 19.95, &c.) ; his amours with other goddesses or mortal women are not concealed from her, though they generally rouse her jealousy and revenge (Il. 14.317). During the Trojan war, Zeus, at the request of Thetis, favoured the Trojans, until Agamemnon made good the wrong he had done to Achilles. Zeus, no doubt, was originally a god of a portion of nature, whence the oak with its eatable fruit and the fertile doves were sacred to him at Dodona and in Arcadia (hence also rain, storms, and the seasons were regarded as his work, and hence the Cretan stories of milk, honey, and cornucopia) ; but in the Homeric poems, this primitive character of a personification of certain powers of nature is already effaced to some extent, and the god appears as a political and national divinity, as the king and father of men, as the founder and protector of all institutions hallowed by law, custom. or religion.

Hesiod (Theog. 116, &c.) also calls Zeus the son of Cronos and Rhea * As Rhea is sometimes identified with Ge, Zeus is also called a son of Ge. (Aeschyl. Suppl. 901.), and the brother of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Crones swallowed his children immediately after their birth, but when Rhea was near giving birth to Zeus, she applied to Uranus and Ge for advice as to how the child might be saved. Before the hour of birth came, Uranus and Ge sent Rhea to Lyetos in Crete, requesting her to bring up her child there. Rhea accordingly concealed her infant in a cave of Mount Aegaeon, and gave to Cronos a stone wrapped up in cloth, which he swallowed in the belief that it was his son. Other traditions state that Zeus was born and brought up on Mount Dicte or Ida (also the Trojan Ida), Ithome in Messenia, Thebes in Boeotia, Aegion in Achaia, or Olenos in Aetolia. According to the common account, however, Zeus grew up in Crete. In the meantime Cronos by a cunning device of Ge or Metis was made to bring up the children he had swallowed, and first of all the stone, which was afterwards set up by Zeus at Delphi. The young god now delivered the Cyclopes from the bonds with which they had been fettered by Cronos, and they in their gratitude provided him with thunder and lightning. On the advice of Ge. Zeus also liberated the hundred-armed Gigantes, Briareos, Cottus, and Gyes, that they might assist him in his fight against the Titans. (Apollod. 1.2. § 1; Hes. Theog. 617, &c.) The Titans were conquered and shut up in Tartarus (Theog. 717), where they were henceforth guarded by the Hecatoncheires. Thereupon Tartarus and Ge begot Typhoeus, who began a fearful struggle with Zeus, but was conquered. (Theog. 820, &c.) Zeus now obtained the dominion of the world, and chose Metis for his wife. (Theog. 881, &c.) When she was pregnant with Athena, he took the child out of her body and concealed it in his own, on the advice of Uranus and Ge, who told him that thereby he would retain the supremacy of the world. For Metis had given birth to a son, this son (so fate had ordained it) would have acquired the sovereignty. After this Zeus, by his second wife Themis. became the father of the Horae and Moerae; of the Charites by Eurynome, of Persephone by Demeter, of the Muses by Mnemosyne, of Apollo and Artemis by Leto, and of Hebe, Ares, and Eileithyia by Hera. Athena was born out of the head of Zeus; while Hera, on the other hand, gave birth to Hephaestus without the co-operation of Zeus. (Theog. 8866, &c.) The family of the Cronidae accordingly embraces the twelve great gods of Olympus, Zeus (the head of them all), Poseidon, Apollo, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, and Artemis. These twelve Olympian gods, who in some places were worshipped as a body, as at Athens (Thueyd. 6.54), were recognised not only by the Greeks, but were adopted also by the Romans, who, in particular, identified their Jupiter with the Greek Zeus.

In surveying the different local traditions about Zeus, it would seem that originally there were several, at least three, divinities which in their respective countries were supreme, but which in the course of time became united in the minds of the people into one great national divinity. We may accordingly speak of an Arcadian, Dodonaean, Cretan, and a national Hellenic Zeus.

Zeus

1. The Arcadian Zeus (Ζεὺς Λυκαῖος) was born, according to the legends of the country, in Arcadia, either on Mount Parrhasion (Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 7, 10), or in a district of Mount Lycaeon, which was called Cretea. (Paus. 8.38.1 ; Callim. l.100.14.) He was brought up there by the nymphs Theisoa, Neda, and Hagno; the first of these gave her name to an Arcadian town, the second to a river, and the third to a well. (Paus. 8.38.2, &c., 47.2; comp. Callim. l.100.33.) Lycaon, a son of Pelasgus, who built the first and most ancient town of Lycosura, called Zeus Lycaeus, and erected a temple and instituted the festival of the Lyceia in honour of him; he further offered to him bloody sacrifices, and among others his own son, in consequence of which he was metamorphosed into a wolf (λύκος; Paus. 8.2.1, 38.1; Callim. l.100.4 ; Ov. Met. 1.218.) No one was allowed to enter the sanctuary of Zeus Lycaeus on Mount Lycaeon, and there was a belief that, if any one entered it, he died within twelve months after, and that in it neither human beings nor animals cast a shadow. (Paus. 8.38.5; comp. Schol. ad Call. Jov. 13.) Those who entered it intentionally were stoned to death, unless they escaped by flight; and those who had got in by accident were sent to Eleutherae. (Plut. Quaest. Gr. 39.) On the highest summit of Lycaeon, there was an altar of Zeus, in front of which, towards the east, there were two pillars bearing golden eagles. The sacrifices offered there were kept secret. (Paus. 8.38.5; Callim. l.100.68.)

Zeus

2. The Dodonaean Zeus (Ζεὺς Δωδωναῖος or Πελασγικός) possessed the most ancient oracle in Greece, at Dodona in Epeirus, near mount Tomarus (Tmarus or Tomurus), from which he derived his name. (Hom. Il. 2.750, 16.233; Hdt. 2.52 ; Paus. 1.17.5; Strab. v. p.338, vi. p. 504; Verg. Ecl. 8.44.) At Dodona Zeus was mainly a prophetic god, and the oaktree was sacred to him ; but there too he was said to have been reared by if the Dodonaean nymphs (Hyades; Schol. ad Hom. Il. 18.486; Hygin. Fab. 182 ; Ov. Fast. 6.711, Met. 3.314). Respecting the Dodonaean oracle of Zeus, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. Oraculnm.

Zeus

3. The Cretan Zeus (Ζεὺς Δικταῖος or Κρηταγενής). We have already given the account of him which is contained in the Theogony of Hesiod. He is the god, to whom Rhea, concealed from Cronos, gave birth in a cave of mount Dicte, and whom she entrusted to the Curetes and the nymphs Adrasteia and Ida, the daughters of Melisseus. They fed him with milk of the goat Amaltheia, and the bees of the mountain provided him with honey. (Apollod. 1.1.6; Callim. l.c. ; Diod. 5.70; comp. Ath. 9.375; Ov. Fast. 5.115.) Crete is called the island or nurse of the great Zeus, and his worship there appears to have been very ancient. (Verg. A. 3.104; Dionys. Perieg. 501.) Among the places in the island which were particularly sacred to the god, we must mention the district about mount Ida, especially Cnosus, which was said to have been built by the Curetes, and where Minos had ruled and conversed with Zeus (Hom. Od. 19.172; Plat. de Leg. 1.1; Diod. 5.70; Strab. x. p.730; Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3.21); Gortyn, where the god, in the form of a bull, landed when he had carried off Europa from Phoenicia, and where he was worshipped under the surname of Hecatombaeus (Hesych. s. v.) ; further the towns about mount Dicte, as Lyetos (Hes. Theog. 477), Praesos, Hierapytna, Biennos, Eleuthernae and Oaxus. (Comp. Hoeck, Creta, i. p. 160, &c., 339, &c.)

Zeus

4. The national Hellenic Zeus, near whose temple at Olympia in Elis, the great national panegyris was celebrated every fifth year. There too Zeus was regarded as the father and king of gods and men, and as the supreme god of the Hellenic nation, His statue there was executed by Pheidias, a few years before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the majestic and sublime idea for this statue having been suggested to the artist by the words of Homer, Hom. Il. 1.527. (Comp. Hygin. Fab. 223.) According to the traditions of Elis, Cronos was the first ruler of the country, and in the golden age there was a temple dedicated to him at Olympia. Rhea, it is further said, entrusted the infant Zeus to the Idaean Dactyls, who were also called Curetes, and had come from mount Ida in Crete to Elis. Heracles, one of them, contended with his brother Dactyls in a footrace, and adorned the victor with a wreath of olive. In this manner he is said to have founded the Olympian games, and Zeus to have contended with Cronos for the kingdom of Elis. (Paus. 5.7.4.)

The Greek and Latin poets give to Zeus an immense number of epithets and surnames, which are derived partly from the places where he was worshipped, and partly from his powers and functions. He was worshipped throughout Greece and her colonies, so that it would be useless and almost impossible to enumerate all the places. The eagle, the oak, and the summits of mountains were sacred to him, and his sacrifices generally consisted of goats, bulls and cows. (Hom. Il. 2.403; Aristot. Ethic. 5.10, 9.2; Verg. A. 3.21, 9.627.) His usual attributes are, the sceptre, eagle, thunderbolt, and a figure of Victory in his hand, and sometimes also a cornucopia. The Olympian Zeus sometimes wears a wreath of olive, and the Dodonaean Zeus a wreath of oak leaves. In works of art Zeus is generally represented as the omnipotent father and king of gods and men, according to the idea which had been embodied in the statue of the Olympian Zeus by Pheidias. (Müller, Anc. Art and its Rem. §§ 349-351.) [L.S]

Zeus

(Ζεύς). The supreme god in the Greek mythology; according to the common legend, the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea, hence called Cronides. According to a myth indigenous to Crete, he was the youngest son, and Rhea, in dread of Cronus, who had swallowed all his previous children, bore him secretly in a cave of the island, where he was suckled by the goat Amalthea (q.v.), while the Curetes (q.v.) drowned the cries of the child by the clash of their weapons; but Rhea outwitted Cronus by giving him a stone to swallow instead. When he was grown up, Zeus married Metis (q.v.), who, by means of a charm, compelled Cronus to disgorge the children he had swallowed. When, with the help of his brothers and sisters, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Heré, he had overthrown Cronus and the Titans, the world was divided into three parts, Zeus obtaining heaven, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the lower world; the earth and Olympus being appointed for the common possession of all the three. But the king of the gods is Zeus, whose power, as Homer says, is greater than that of all the other gods together.

Next to him, but in a subordinate position, stands, as queen of the gods, his sister and consort Heré, the mother of Ares, Hephaestus, and Hebé, who was regarded as preëminently his rightful wife. Not incompatible with this, however, was the idea that the marriage with Heré was the earliest of a series of marriages with other goddesses—first, according to Hesiod, with Metis, whom he swallowed, in order to bring forth Athené from his own head; then with Themis, the mother of the Hours and the Fates; afterwards with Eurynomé, the mother of the Graces; Demeter, the mother of Persephoné; Mnemosyné, the mother of the Muses; and Leto, the mother of Apollo and Artemis. The fact that still later, in Dodona, Dioné, the mother of Aphrodité, was also honoured as the wife of Zeus shows the origin of the legend. Originally different wives of Zeus were recognized in the different local cults. When the legend of the marriage with Heré had become the predominant one, an attempt was made to harmonize the different versions of the story by the supposition of successive marriages. In the same way the loves of Zeus with half-divine, half-mortal women, of whom Alcmené, the mother of Heracles, was said to be the last, were originally rural legends, which derived the descent of indigenous divinities, like Hermes and Dionysus, or of heroes and noble families, from the highest god; and not until they had become the common property of the whole Greek people, which was practically the case as early as the time of Homer, could the love affairs of the greatest of the gods become the theme of those mythical stories which are so repugnant to modern taste.

The very name of Zeus (Skt. dyaus, “the bright sky”) identifies him as the god of the sky and its phenomena. As such he was everywhere worshipped on the highest mountains, on whose summits he was considered to be enthroned. Of all places the Thessalian mountain Olympus (q.v.), even in the earliest ages, met with the most general recognition as the abode of Zeus and of the gods who were associated with him. From Zeus come all changes in the sky or the winds; he is the gatherer of the clouds, which dispense the fertilizing rain, while he is also the thunderer, and the hurler of the irresistible lightning. As by the shaking of his aegis (q.v.) he causes sudden storm and tempest to break forth, so he calms the elements again, brightens the sky, and sends forth favouring winds. The changes of the seasons also proceed from him as the father of the Hours.

As the supreme lord of heaven, he was worshipped under the name of Olympian Zeus in many parts of Greece, but especially in Olympia, where the Olympian Games (q.v.) were celebrated in his honour. The cult of Zeus at the ancient seat of the oracle at Dodona recognized his character as dispenser of the fertilizing dew. Among the numerous mountaincults in the Peloponnesus, the oldest and most original was that of the Lycaean Zeus, on Mount Lycaeus in Arcadia, where human beings were actually sacrificed to him in propitiation. (See Lycaea.) In Attica, again, many festivals refer to the god as a personification of the powers of nature. Various rites of purification and expiation were observed in his honour as the god of wrath (Μαιμάκτης), in the month Maemacterion (Nov. -Dec.), at the beginning of the winter storms; while towards the end of winter he was worshipped as the gracious god (Μειλίχιος) at the festival of the Diasia (q.v.). Among the islands, Rhodes and Crete were the principal seats of the worship of the sky-god; not only his birth but also his death was there celebrated, and even his grave was shown, in accordance with the widely spread notion that the annual death of Nature in winter was the death of the god. In Asia, the summit of Mount Ida in the Troad was especially and beyond all other places sacred to Zeus.

As he presides over the gods and the whole of nature, so also is he the ruler of men, who all stand in need of his help, and to whom, according to Homer, he weighs out their destinies on golden scales, and distributes good and evil out of the two jars which stand in his palace, filled the one with good and the other with evil gifts. But his natural attributes are goodness and love; hence Homer calls him “the father of gods and men.” He gives to all things a good beginning and a good end: he is the saviour in all distress. To Zeus the Saviour (Σωτήρ) it was customary to drink the third cup at a meal, and in Athens to sacrifice on the last day of the year. From him comes everything good, noble, and strong, and also bodily vigour and valour, which were exhibited in his honour, particularly at the Olympian and Nemean Games. He is also the giver of victory; indeed, the goddess of victory (see Niké), and her brothers and sister, Force, Might, and Strife (Βία, Κράτος, Ζῆλος), are his constant companions. From him, as ruler of the world, proceed those universal laws which regulate the course of all things, and he knows and sees everything, the future as well as the past. Hence all revelation comes in the first instance from him. At times he himself announces to mortals his hidden counsels by manifold signs, thunder and lightning and other portents in the sky; by birds, especially the eagle, which was sacred to him; by prophetic voices (see Mantiké) and special oracles. (See Ammon; Dodona; Oracula.) At times he makes use of other deities for this purpose, chiefly of his son Apollo, through whose mouth he speaks at Delphi in particular. Thus the course of the world is ordained by him; he is the author and preserver of all order in the life of men. In conjunction with Themis, Diké, and Nemesis, he watches over justice and truth, the foundations of human society; in particular he is the special god who guards the sanctity of the oath; he is also the avenger of perjury, the keeper of boundaries and of property, the defender of the laws of hospitality and the rights of the suppliant. But nevertheless to him who has offended against the laws of human life, Zeus, as the supreme god of atonement, offers the power of expiating his guilt by rites of purification. As he presides over the family and community of the gods, so also he is the chief patron of the family and of all communal life. In the former relation he was especially worshipped in all branches of the family as protector of house and home (Ἑρκεῖος), and defender of the domestic hearth (Ἐφέστιος): in the latter, as the shield of the State, e. g. in Athens at the Diipolia (q.v.); as director of the popular assembly and of the council; as the god of covenants; as the source of kingship, whose symbol, the sceptre, was traced back to him. From him also proceed both national and personal freedom; hence a sanctuary was dedicated at Athens by freedmen to Zeus the Liberator (Ἐλευθέριος); and after the battle of Plataea a thanksgiving festival, Eleutheria (q.v.), was instituted by the allied Greeks, which was still celebrated by the Plataeans in Roman times, and attended by deputies from the other States.

Zeus is to the Greeks—as Iupiter (q.v.), who in his principal characteristics exactly corresponds to him, is to the Romans—the essence of all divine power. No deity received such widespread worship; all the others were, in the popular belief, subordinated to him at a greater or less distance. The active operations of most of the gods appear only as an outcome of his being, particularly those of his children, among whom the nearest to him are Athené and Apollo, his favourites, who often seem to be joined with their father in the highest union.

The eagle and the oak were sacred to Zeus; the eagle, together with the sceptre and the lightning, is also one of his customary attributes. The most famous statue of Zeus in antiquity was that executed by Phidias in gold and ivory for the temple at Olympia. It represented the enthroned Olympian god with a divine expression of the highest dignity, and at the same time with the benevolent mildness of the deity who graciously listens to prayer. The figure of the seated god was about forty feet high; and since the base was as high as twelve feet, the statue almost touched with its crown the roof of the temple, so as to call forth in the spectator the feeling that no earthly dwelling would be adequate for such a divinity. The bearded head was ornamented with a wreath of olive leaves, the victor's prize at Olympia. The upper part of the body, made of ivory, was naked, the lower part was wrapped in a golden mantle falling from the hips to the feet, which, adorned with golden sandals, rested on a footstool. Beside this lay golden lions. The right hand bore the goddess of victory, the left the sceptre, surmounted by an eagle. Like the base, and the whole space around, the seat of the throne was decorated with various works of art. It was supported by figures of the goddess of victory; and on the back of the throne, which rose above the head of the god, were represented the hovering forms of the Hours and the Graces. This statue was the model for most of the later representatives of Zeus. Among those that are extant the well-known bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Ocriculum in Umbria), and now in the Vatican Museum, is supposed to be an imitation of the great work of Phidias. In the most direct relation to the latter stand the figures of Zeus on the coins of Elis (see Elis, p. 587). Among the standing statues of Zeus the most famous was the bronze colossus, forty cubits (or sixty feet) high, by Lysippus at Tarentum. See Colossus. On the general relation of Zeus to the mythological system of the Greeks, see Preller, Griechische Mythologie (last ed. rev. by Robert, Berlin, 1887); and Welcker, Griechische Götterlehre (1857-63).

Zeus Zeus, the supreme god

• Paus. 8.36.5
• son of Cronus and Rhea: Apollod. 1.1.4
• child of Cronus and Rhea, saved from his father's maw by ruse of Rhea: Paus. 8.8.2, Paus. 8.36.3, Paus. 9.2.7, Paus. 9.41.6, Paus. 10.24.6
• born in a cave of Dicte in Crete: Apollod. 1.1.4
• born and brought up in Messenia on Mount Lycaeus: Paus. 4.33.1, Paus. 8.36.3, Paus. 8.38.2
• at birth washed in Gortynius river: Paus. 8.28.2
• fed by nymphs: Apollod. 1.1.4
• guarded by Curetes: Apollod. 1.1.4, Apollod. 1.1.7
• entrusted for safety at birth to Idaean Dactyls or Curetes by Rhea: Paus. 4.33.1, Paus. 5.7.6
• makes war on the Titans: Apollod. 1.1.7, Apollod. 1.2.1
• releases the Cyclopes from Tartarus and receives thunder and lightning from them: Apollod. 1.2.1
• smites the giants with a thunderbolt: Apollod. 1.6.1, Apollod. 1.6.2
• shuts up the Titans in Tartarus: Apollod. 1.2.1
• wrestles at Olympia with Cronus for kingdom: Paus. 5.7.10, Paus. 8.2.2
• casts lots with his brothers Poseidon and Pluto for the sovereignty: Apollod. 1.2.1
• allotted the dominion of the sky: Apollod. 1.2.1
• reigns in the three realms of nature -- sky, earth, and sea: Paus. 2.24.4
• and Poseidon rivals for the hand of Thetis: Apollod. 3.13.4
• ordains oaths by the water of Styx: Apollod. 1.2.2
• Hermes servant of Zeus: Paus. 8.32.4
• prayed to for rain: Paus. 1.24.3, Paus. 2.29.8
• jar of blessings and jar of woes at his side: Paus. 8.24.14
• in love with maiden Hera: Paus. 2.17.4
• changes himself into a cuckoo: Paus. 2.17.4, Paus. 2.36.1
• reconciled to Hera by stratagem: Paus. 9.3.1ff.
• marries Hera: Apollod. 1.2.6
• on his marriage receives the apples of the Hesperides from Earth: Apollod. 2.5.11
• and Hera refer their dispute to Tiresias as arbiter: Apollod. 3.10.167
• grants Tiresias the art of soothsaying: Apollod. 3.10.167
• hangs Hera from Olympus: Apollod. 1.3.5, Apollod. 2.6.4
• casts Hephaestus out of heaven: Apollod. 1.3.5
• his intrigues with Callisto: Paus. 1.25.1, Paus. 8.3.6, with Carme: Paus. 2.30.3, with Io: Paus. 1.25.1, with Lamia: Paus. 10.12.1, with Niobe: Paus. 2.22.5, with Pluto: Paus. 2.22.3, with Semele: Paus. 3.24.3, with Taygete: Paus. 3.1.2, with Thebe: Paus. 5.22.6
• his offspring: Apollod. 1.2.6, Apollod. 1.3.1
• father of Aethlius: Paus. 5.1.3, of Agdistis: Paus. 7.17.10, of Argus: Paus. 2.22.5, Paus. 2.26.2, of Britomartis: Paus. 2.30.3, of Dionysus: Paus. 3.24.3, of Graces: Paus. 9.35.5, of Helen: Paus. 1.33.7, of Lacedaemon: Paus. 3.1.2, of Megareus: Paus. 1.40.1, of younger Muses: Paus. 9.29.4, of Opportunity: Paus. 5.14.9, of Pirithous: Paus. 5.10.8, of the Seasons: Paus. 5.11.7, of Tantalus: Paus. 2.22.3
• father of Hellen by Pyrrha: Apollod. 1.7.2, Apollod. 1.7.3
• of Aethlius by Protogenia: Apollod. 1.7.3
• father of Castor and Pollux by Leda: Apollod. 1.8.2, Apollod. 1.9.17
• has intercourse with Metis: Apollod. 1.3.5
• swallows the pregnant Metis: Apollod. 1.3.5, Apollod. 1.3.6
• Athena born from his head: Apollod. 1.3.6, Paus. 1.24.2
• makes love to Asteria: Apollod. 1.3.6
• father of Pan by Hybris: Apollod. 1.4.1
• father of Tityus by Elare: Apollod. 1.4.1, Apollod. 1.4.1
• father of Iasion and Dardanus by Electra: Apollod. 1.4.5
• carries off Aegina, daughter of Asopus: Apollod. 1.9.2, Paus. 2.5.1, Paus. 2.29.2
• carries off Aegina and has a son Aeacus by her: Apollod. 3.12.5, Apollod. 3.12.6
• hurls thunderbolts at Asopus: Apollod. 3.12.6
• seduces Io and turns her into a white cow: Apollod. 2.1.3
• orders Hermes to steal Io: Apollod. 2.1.3
• father of Argus and Pelasgus by Niobe: Apollod. 1.9.28, Apollod. 2.1.1, Apollod. 3.7.7
• in shape of stream of gold impregnates Danae: Apollod. 2.4.1
• his prediction concerning the descendant of Perseus: Apollod. 2.4.5
• in likeness of Amphitryo lies with Alcmena: Paus. 5.18.3
• in likeness of Amphitryon begets Herakles on Alcmena: Apollod. 2.4.7, Apollod. 2.4.8
• father of Rhadamanthys: Apollod. 2.4.11
• Prometheus offers himself to Zeus to be immortal instead of Chiron: Apollod. 2.5.4, Apollod. 2.5.11, Apollod. 1.3.51
• Europa ferried by bull for: Apollod. 2.5.6
• parts Apollo and Herakles: Apollod. 2.6.2
• rescues wounded Herakles: Apollod. 2.6.4
• Cenaean, altar of: Apollod. 2.7.7
• Paternal, altars of: Apollod. 2.8.3
• as a bull, carries Europa to Crete: Apollod. 3.1.1
• begets Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthys by Europa: Apollod. 3.1.1
• grants Sarpedon to live for three generations: Apollod. 3.1.2
• father of Atymnius by Cassiepea: Apollod. 3.1.2
• Atabyrian, altar of: Apollod. 3.1.4
• gives Harmonia in marriage to Cadmus : Apollod. 3.4.2
• gives necklace to Europa: Apollod. 3.4.2
• loves Semele: Apollod. 3.4.2
• visits her with thunder and lightning: Apollod. 3.4.3
• sews up the abortive infant Dionysus in his thigh: Apollod. 3.4.3
• gives birth to Dionysus in due time and entrusts him to Hermes: Apollod. 3.4.3
• turns Dionysus into a kid: Apollod. 3.4.3
• father of Amphion and Zethus by Antiope: Apollod. 3.5.5, Apollod. 3.5.5, Apollod. 1.1.2
• Niobe prays to: Apollod. 3.5.6
• kills Capaneus with a thunderbolt: Apollod. 3.10.167
• cleaves the earth by a thunderbolt: Apollod. 3.12.21
• makes Amphiaraus immortal: Apollod. 3.12.21
• consorts with Callirrhoe and grants that her sons should be suddenly full grown: Apollod. 3.10.185
• in disguise visits Lycaon and his sons, is tempted by them with human sacrifices, and blasts them by thunderbolts: Apollod. 3.12.31, Apollod. 3.12.33
• in the likeness of Artemis or Apollo forces Callisto, turns her into a bear, then into the constellation called the Bear: Apollod. 3.12.35, Apollod. 3.12.37
• gives her child Arcas to Maia to bring up: Apollod. 3.12.37
• Melanion and Atalanta have intercourse in a precinct of: Apollod. vol. 2.401
• consorts with the daughters of Atlas: Apollod. 3.10.1
• father of Hermes by Maia: Apollod. 3.10.1
• orders Hermes to restore the stolen kine to Apollo: Apollod. 3.10.2
• father of Lacedaemon by Taygete: Apollod. 3.10.2
• smites Aesculapius with a thunderbolt to prevent men from learning the healing art: Apollod. 3.10.3
• Cyclopes forge thunderbolts for: Apollod. 3.10.3
• orders Apollo to serve a man for a year as expiation for the slaughter of the Cyclopes: Apollod. 3.10.3, Apollod. 3.10.4
• as a swan consorts with Leda and begets Pollux and Helen: Apollod. 3.10.5
• according to others, he got Helen on Nemesis: Apollod. 3.10.7
• smites Idas with a thunderbolt: Apollod. 3.11.2
• raises Pollux to heaven: Apollod. 3.11.2
• allows Castor and Pollux to be among gods and mortals on alternate days: Apollod. 3.11.2
• Ganymede carried off to be cup-bearer to Zeus: Paus. 5.24.5
• carries off Ganymede on an eagle and makes him cupbearer to the gods: Apollod. 3.12.2
• gives the Palladium as a sign to Ilus: Apollod. 3.12.3
• interposes the aegis between Athena and Pallas: Apollod. 3.12.3
• throws the Palladium into the Ilian country: Apollod. 3.12.3
• father of Asopus by Eurynome: Apollod. 3.12.5
• helps Pluto to carry off Persephone: Apollod. 1.4.5
• culls a magic simple: Apollod. 1.6.1
• inspires Porphyrion with lust for Hera: Apollod. 1.6.1
• his combat with Typhon: Apollod. 1.6.3, Apollod. 1.6.3
• his sinews cut by Typhon and restored by Hermes and Aegipan: Apollod. 1.6.3, Apollod. 1.6.3
• casts Etna on Typhon: Apollod. 1.6.3
• orders Hephaestus to nail Prometheus to the Caucasus: Apollod. 1.7.1
• resolves to destroy the men of the Bronze Age and causes the great flood: Apollod. 1.7.1, Apollod. 1.7.2
• Deucalion sacrifices to Zeus, God of Escape: Apollod. 1.7.2
• sends Hermes to Deucalion: Apollod. 1.7.2
• bids Deucalion throw stones over his head: Apollod. 1.7.2
• turns Ceyx and Alcyone into birds for their presumption: Apollod. 1.7.4
• claim of Ceyx to be: Apollod. 1.7.4
• gives Endymion his choice: Apollod. 1.7.5
• parts Apollo and Idas: Apollod. 1.7.7
• makes Oeneus fall in love with his own daughter: Apollod. 1.8.3
• Phrixus ordered to be sacrificed to: Apollod. 1.8.6
• Zeus, God of Escape, the ram with the golden fleece sacrificed to: Apollod. 1.9.1
• Salmoneus's mimickry of: Apollod. 1.9.5, Apollod. 1.9.5
• kills Salmoneus by a thunderbolt: Apollod. 1.9.5, Apollod. 1.9.5
• kills Salmoneus by a thunderbolt: Apollod. 1.9.5
• angry with the Argonauts for the murder of Apsyrtus: Apollod. 1.9.23, Apollod. 1.9.24
• orders Athena and Hermes to purify the Danaids: Apollod. 2.1.5
• turns vixen and dog to stone: Apollod. 2.4.7
• turns ants into men for Aeacus: Apollod. 3.12.6
• changes the nymphs at Nysa into the Hyades: Apollod. 3.4.3
• angry with Actaeon for wooing Semele: Apollod. 3.4.3
• instigates Actaeon's dogs to devour him: Apollod. 3.4.4
• sends Cadmus and Harmonia to the Elysian Fields: Apollod. 3.5.4
• appoints arbiters between Poseidon and Athena in the dispute for the possession of Attica: Apollod. 3.14.1, Apollod. 3.14.1
• decides the dispute between Aphrodite and Persephone about Adonis: Apollod. 3.14.4
• Minos prays for vengeance on Athens to: Apollod. 3.15.8
• makes a cloud in the likeness of Hera and lays it beside Ixion: Apollod. E.1.20
• binds Ixion to a wheel: Apollod. E.1.20
• compact of Theseus and Pirithous to marry daughters of: Apollod. E.1.22
• sends Hermes to Atreus with a message: Apollod. E.2.10
• sons of Thyestes slaughtered by Atreus on an altar of: Apollod. E.2.13
• wills that Europe and Asia should be embroiled: Apollod. E.2.15
• wills that Hermes should carry Helen to Egypt: Apollod. E.3.3
• sign of the serpent and the sparrows given at Aulis by: Apollod. E.3.13
• Zeus of the Courtyard, Priam slain at the altar of: Apollod. E.5.21
• asked by Athena to send a storm on the Greeks: Apollod. E.6.4
• appoints Aeolus keeper of the winds: Apollod. E.7.8
• the Sun reports the slaughter of his kine to: Apollod. E.7.21
• strikes Odysseus with a thunderbolt: Apollod. E.7.21
• strangers sacrificed to, by Busiris: Apollod. 2.5.11, Apollod. 2.5.11
• gives Phidias a sign of his approbation: Paus. 5.11.9
• sends oracle to Athenians from Dodona: Paus. 7.25.1
• Lycurgus the Spartan dear to Zeus, in an oracle, etc.: Hdt. 1.65, Hdt. 1.89, Hdt. 1.131, Hdt. 1.174, Hdt. 1.207, Hdt. 2.13, Hdt. 2.116, Hdt. 2.136, Hdt. 2.146, Hdt. 3.124, Hdt. 6.67, Hdt. 7.56, Hdt. 7.61, Hdt. 7.141, Hdt. 7.221, Hdt. 8.77, Hdt. 9.122
• colonnade of Zeus: Paus. 10.21.6, games: Paus. 2.24.2
• precinct of Lycaean Zeus within which neither man nor beast casts a shadow: Paus. 8.38.6
• priests: Paus. 1.24.4, Paus. 2.15.3, Paus. 4.33.2, Paus. 5.15.10, Paus. 8.38.4
• sacrifices to: Paus. 1.16.1, Paus. 1.24.4, Paus. 1.28.10, Paus. 2.15.3, Paus. 5.13.10, Paus. 5.14.1, 4, Paus. 6.8.2, Paus. 8.2.3, Paus. 8.38.7, Paus. 9.39.5
• shield dedicated to: Paus. 10.21.5
• stone called Zeus Cappotas: Paus. 3.22.1
• represented beardless: Paus. 5.24.6, as a child: Paus. 7.24.4, with three eyes: Paus. 2.24.3ff.
• Altars-Paus. 1.24.4, Paus. 1.26.5, Paus. 1.31.4, Paus. 1.32.2, Paus. 1.34.3, Paus. 1.37.4, Paus. 2.19.8, Paus. 2.21.2, Paus. 2.25.10, Paus. 2.32.7, Paus. 2.34.6, Paus. 3.13.6, Paus. 3.25.1, Paus. 5.5.1, Paus. 5.13.8-11, Paus. 5.14.6, 7, 8, 10, Paus. 5.15.4, 5, Paus. 5.24.1, Paus. 6.24.3, Paus. 7.24.5, Paus. 8.2.3, Paus. 8.26.6, Paus. 8.38.7, Paus. 8.48.6, Paus. 8.53.11, Paus. 9.2.5, 7
• Images and other representations in art-Paus. 1.1.3, Paus. 1.2.5, Paus. 1.3.2, Paus. 1.17.2, Paus. 1.18.6, 7, Paus. 1.24.4, Paus. 1.32.2, Paus. 1.40.4, Paus. 1.43.6, Paus. 2.2.8, Paus. 2.4.5, Paus. 2.9.6, Paus. 2.17.3, Paus. 2.20.1ff., Paus. 2.22.2, Paus. 2.24.3, Paus. 2.27.2, Paus. 3.11.11, Paus. 3.12.11, Paus. 3.17.6, Paus. 3.18.10, Paus. 3.19.3, Paus. 3.21.4, Paus. 3.26.6, Paus. 4.31.6, Paus. 4.33.2, Paus. 4.34.6, Paus. 5.2.3, Paus. 5.10.2, 6, Paus. 5.11.1-10, Paus. 5.17.1, Paus. 5.20.2, Paus. 5.21.2-4, 6, 8, 15, 17, Paus. 5.22.1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, Paus. 5.23.1, 4, Paus. 5.24.9, 11, Paus. 5.25.1, Paus. 6.7.2, Paus. 6.10.6, Paus. 6.19.7, 12, Paus. 6.23.4, Paus. 7.20.3, Paus. 7.23.9, 10, Paus. 7.24.2, 4, Paus. 7.26.4, Paus. 8.14.7, Paus. 8.31.4, Paus. 8.37.1, Paus. 8.46.2, Paus. 8.47.3, Paus. 9.2.5, 7, Paus. 9.19.3, Paus. 9.25.4, Paus. 9.26.7, Paus. 9.34.1, 5, Paus. 9.39.4, Paus. 9.41.6, Paus. 10.5.2, Paus. 10.9.7, Paus. 10.13.6, Paus. 10.24.4
• Temples and sanctuaries-Paus. 1.1.4, Paus. 1.4.5, Paus. 1.17.5, Paus. 1.18.6-8, 9, Paus. 1.40.4, 6, Paus. 1.44.9, Paus. 2.4.5, Paus. 2.15.2, Paus. 2.20.3, Paus. 2.24.3, Paus. 2.30.3, 4, Paus. 2.31.10, Paus. 2.36.2, Paus. 3.9.2, Paus. 3.10.6, Paus. 3.11.9, Paus. 3.12.9, Paus. 3.13.8, Paus. 3.14.5, Paus. 3.19.7, Paus. 4.33.1, Paus. 5.5.5, Paus. 5.10.2-Paus. 5.11.10, Paus. 5.12.8, Paus. 7.20.3, Paus. 7.23.9, Paus. 7.24.2, Paus. 7.26.4, Paus. 8.9.2, Paus. 8.12.1, Paus. 8.30.2, 8, 10, Paus. 8.31.4, Paus. 9.19.3, Paus. 9.25.4, Paus. 9.34.5, Paus. 9.39.4, Paus. 10.28.6
• connected with some particular place or function (Zeus Lacedaemon, Zeus Catharsius, etc.): Hdt. 1.44, Hdt. 1.171, Hdt. 2.55, Hdt. 2.178, Hdt. 3.142, Hdt. 4.203, Hdt. 5.46, Hdt. 5.66, Hdt. 5.119, Hdt. 6.56, Hdt. 6.68, Hdt. 7.141, Hdt. 7.197, Hdt. 9.7, Hdt. 9.81
• Titles-Ambulian: Paus. 3.13.6
• Anchesmian: Paus. 1.32.2, Apesantian: Paus. 2.15.3
• Aqueous: Paus. 1.13.3
• Averter of Flies: Paus. 5.14.1
• Averter of ills: Paus. 1.32.2
• Bountiful: Paus. 8.9.2
• Capitolian: Paus. 2.4.5
• Cappotas: Paus. 3.22.1
• Charmon: Paus. 8.12.1
• Cithaeronian: Paus. 9.2.4
• Clarian: Paus. 8.53.9
• Contriver: Paus. 2.22.2
• Counsellor: Paus. 1.3.5
• of the Courtyard: Paus. 4.17.4, Paus. 5.14.7, Paus. 8.46.2, cf.Paus. 2.24.3
• Croceatian: Paus. 3.21.4
• Descender: Paus. 5.14.10
• Dusty: Paus. 1.40.6
• of the Fair Wind: Paus. 3.13.8
• of Freedom: Paus. 1.3.2, Paus. 9.2.5, 7, Paus. 10.21.5, 6
• Friendly: Paus. 8.31.4
• Full-grown: Paus. 8.48.6
• God of Acquisition: Paus. 1.31.4
• God of Flight: Paus. 2.21.2, Paus. 3.17.9
• God of Oaths: Paus. 5.24.9
• Gracious: Paus. 1.37.4, Paus. 2.9.6, Paus. 2.20.1, 2
• Guide of Fate: Paus. 5.15.5, Paus. 8.37.1, Paus. 10.24.4
• Heliconian: Paus. 7.24.5
• Highest: Paus. 2.2.8, Paus. 5.15.5, Paus. 9.8.5
• Homagyrian: Paus. 7.24.2
• Hospitable: Paus. 3.11.11
• Hurler: Paus. 1.44.9
• Hymettian: Paus. 1.32.2
• Hypsistus: Paus. 9.8.5
• Ithomatian or of Ithome: Paus. 3.26.7, Paus. 4.3.9, Paus. 4.12.7, Paus. 4.13.1, Paus. 4.20.4, Paus. 4.24.7, Paus. 4.27.6, Paus. 4.33.1
• King: Paus. 9.39.4, 5
• Laoetas: Paus. 5.24.1
• Laphystian: Paus. 1.24.2, Paus. 9.34.5
• Larisian: Paus. 2.24.3
• Lecheates: Paus. 8.26.6
• Leucaeus: Paus. 5.5.5
• Lycaean: Paus. 4.22.7, Paus. 6.8.2, Paus. 8.2.1, 3, Paus. 8.30.2, 8, Paus. 8.38.4, 6, 7, Paus. 8.53.11
• Market: Paus. 3.11.9, Paus. 5.15.4, Paus. 9.25.4
• Messapian: Paus. 3.20.3
• Nemean: Paus. 2.15.2, Paus. 2.20.3, Paus. 2.24.2, Paus. 4.27.6
• Olympian: Paus. 1.18.6, 8, Paus. 2.5.5, Paus. 2.27.2, Paus. 3.9.2, Paus. 3.12.11, Paus. 3.14.5, Paus. 4.31.6, Paus. 5.13.8, Paus. 5.14.4, 8, Paus. 7.20.3, Paus. 10.28.6, cf.Paus. 5.10.1-Paus. 5.11.11
• Orderer: Paus. 3.17.4
• Panhellenian: Paus. 1.18.9, Paus. 1.44.9, Paus. 2.29.8, Paus. 2.30.3
• Parnethian: Paus. 1.32.2
• Paternal: Paus. 2.24.3
• Polieus: Paus. 1.24.4, Paus. 1.28.10
• Purifying: Paus. 5.14.8
• Rainy: Paus. 2.19.8, Paus. 9.39.4
• Saviour: Paus. 2.20.6, Paus. 2.31.10, Paus. 3.23.10, Paus. 4.31.6, Paus. 4.34.6, Paus. 5.5.1, Paus. 7.23.9, Paus. 8.9.2, Paus. 8.30.10, Paus. 9.26.7
• Saviour, Herakles sacrifices to: Apollod. 2.5.1, Apollod. 2.4.12
• Scotitas: Paus. 3.10.6
• Showery: Paus. 1.32.2
• Sign-giving: Paus. 1.32.2
• Strong: Paus. 2.32.7, Paus. 2.34.6
• Subterranean: Paus. 2.2.8, Paus. 2.24.4, Paus. 5.14.8
• Supreme: Paus. 1.26.5, Paus. 3.17.6, Paus. 8.2.3, Paus. 8.14.7, Paus. 9.19.3
• Thunderbolt: Paus. 5.14.7
• Tropaean: Paus. 3.12.9
• Underground: Paus. 2.24.4(see Subterranean)
• Warlike: Paus. 5.14.6
• Wealthy: Paus. 3.19.7
• identified with foreign deities: Hdt. 1.46, Hdt. 1.131, Hdt. 1.181-183, Hdt. 2.18, Hdt. 2.32, Hdt. 2.29, Hdt. 2.42, Hdt. 2.54, Hdt. 2.55, Hdt. 2.56, Hdt. 2.74, Hdt. 2.83, Hdt. 2.143, Hdt. 3.158, Hdt. 4.5, Hdt. 4.59, Hdt. 4.127, Hdt. 4.180, Hdt. 4.181, Hdt. 7.40