follis

follis is is, m.: a pair of bellows; the bellows, 8.449.

follis, is, m. [cf. flo].

• Lit.
• • A A pair of bellows: formae, quas vos effici sine follibus et sine incudibus non putatis, Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 54; cf.: folle fabrili flando accenderunt, Liv. 38, 7, 12; Verg. G. 4, 171; id. A. 8, 449: Hor. S. 1, 4, 19; Pers. 5, 11.—
  • B A playing-ball inflated with wind, a windball: ego te follem pugillatorium faciam, et pendentem incursabo pugnis, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 16 (721): folle decet pueros ludere, folle senes, Mart. 14, 47, 2; 4, 19, 5; cf. folliculus, I. B.—
  • C A leathern money-bag: et tenso folle reverti Inde domum possis, Juv. 14, 281; so Dig. 35, 1, 82; Veg. Mil. 2, 20; Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23 (302).—
  • • 2 Transf., a small piece of money: centum folles aeris, Lampr. Heliog. 22: quinquaginta folles petere, Aug. Civ. D. 22, 8; id. adv. Crescent. 3, 29.—
  • D A cushion or pillow inflated with air, a wind-cushion, Lampr. Heliog. 25, 2.—
• II Transf., the stomach: devorata in follem ventris recondere, Macr. S. 7, 4.—Poet., puffed cheeks: tunc immensa cavi spirant (causidici) mendacia folles, Juv. 7, 111.

follis, is, m. (vgl. griech. θυλλίς, Sack, Beutel), ein lederner Schlauch, I) im allg.: pugilatorius, der mit der Faust fortgeschlagene Ball, der Schlagball, Plaut. rud. 721. – II) insbes.: 1) der Ballon, Windball, Mart. 7, 32, 7; 14, 45, 2 u. 47, 2. – 2) der Blasebalg, Cic. u.a.: vollst. follis fabrilis, Liv.: folles fabrorum, Vitr. – übtr., v. der Lunge, folles spirant mendacia, bringen Lügen vor, Iuven. 7, 111: u. v. Magen, follis ventris, Macr. sat. 7, 4, 17. – 3) ein lederner Geldsack, -Beutel, Plaut. aul. 302. Iuven. 13, 61 u. 14, 281. Greg. Tur. hist. Franc. 5, 4. p. 195, 16: denariûm folles quingenti, Corp. inscr. Lat. 2, 2046: decem folles, id est decem sacci, als eine Art Sparkasse der Soldaten, Veget. mil. 2, 20. – übtr., für ein Geldstück = ¹/₄ Unze, centum folles aeris, Lampr. Heliog. 22, 3. – 4) eine Art Luftkissen od. Polster, wie sic Heliogabalus seinen Gästen unterlegte, Lampr. Heliog. 25, 2.

follis [CL], ~ium, ~ius 1 bag, sack. b scrotum. in culleum, in ~em bobulinum, et aliter machina contexta et bitumina lita GlC I 224; branci ‥ et ~is sunt ‥ ad modum mamillarum vel amigdalarum in fine dentium Gilb. IV 176v. 2; per gule ~es in villissimum etiam olus ardentes attracti J. Godard Ep. 221; 1341 pro ij foliis plastr’ pro emend’ camine p[ar]ve cam[ere] juxta receptum xij d. KR Ac 470/10.  b testiculos ‥ a ~ibus suis erutos ‥ projecerunt Mir. Wulfst. II 16 p. 171; testiculi ‥ juvenis ab eisdem emulis a ~ibus suis eruti ‥ sunt restituti NLA II 528. 2 cod, husk, seed-pod, shell. carpit ador rarum bona pars follesque fabarum R. Cant. Malch. IV 37. 3 bellows; b (fig.); c (mus., w. ref. to organ); d (fig.). ~is, blaesbaelg GlC F 305; tu, [ferrarie], quid das nobis in officina tua, nisi ‥ sonitus ‥ flantium ~ium [AS: byliga] Ælf. Coll. 100; ~is, ‥ mantica fabrilis GlH F 625; Gir. TH II 36 (v. 2 flatus 2a); non per follem sed per flatum / hec moneta cuditur Walt. Wimb. Virgo 53; hic ~is, fou de forge Gl. AN Glasg. f. 20v; c1280 pro ij minimis foliis ad fabricam, iij s. vj d. KR Ac 485/22 m. 1; servienti ad folia et percussori Ib. m. 5; 1293 pro ij bordis pro tercio pari ~iorum faciendo Ib. 260/3 m. 2; 1324 pro j ~i ad petras mundandas (Ib. 469/8) Building in Eng. 339; 1330 in utensilibus reparandis cum unncto [sic] empto ad ~ia xx d. (MinAc 890/22) Arch. LXIV 156; vis tu quod Deus ignem non habeat in sua officina nec ~ios [ME: balies] nec malleos? AncrR 107; 1409 uxori ‥ Johannis G. ad les folles laboranti per ‥ septimanam xij d. Ac. Forge Durh. 520; 1435 (v. 1 domus 15b); 1519 pro ij tewerns pro domo fabrice pro ~ibus Fabr. York 98.  b sic uno verbulo de ~ibus imperiti gutturis ventum loquacitatis excutiam P. Blois Ep. 92. 291A; pronuba est luxurie provocatrix propter quod potest dici ~is diaboli Spec. Laic. 68.  c maxima millenis auscultans organs flabris / mulceat auditum ventosis follibus iste Aldh. VirgV 72; bisseni supra sociantur in ordine folles [organorum] Wulf. Swith. prol. 143; unde in ecclesia tot organs, tot cymbala? ad quid ‥ terribilis ille ~ium flatus? Ailr. Spec. Car. II 21. 571B; Bart. Angl. XIX 132 (v. fistula 2e); quociens organa trahuntur ter in una festivitate, dabit sacrista v d. ~es trahentibus Cust. Westm. 259; 1470 pro factura ij foliorum pro magnis organis Fabr. York 74; 1473 pro emendacione ~iorum organorum Ib. 82.  d follis eris hic / ac furibundus / stultiloquaxve / sive malignus Responsio 25; quicquid loquacitatis in ~ibus imperiti gutturis resonabat J. Sal. Pol. 665D; c1430 (v. efflare 2a). 4 inflated ball. hic folus, a bolle WW. 5 coin. ~es, dyneras Ælf. Sup. 18; 9‥ ~es, þa mœstan digneras WW.

follis, (12) is, m. , soufflet [pour le feu] : Cic. Nat. 1, 54 ; fabrilis Liv. 38, 7, 12, soufflet de forge || outre gonflée, ballon : Pl. Rud. 721 ; Mart. 14, 47, 2 || bourse de cuir : Juv. 14, 281 || le contenu dʼune bourse, bourse : Aug. Civ. 22, 8 || coussin à vent : Lampr. Hel. 2, 5, 2 || [fig.] ventris Macr. Sat. 7, 4, lʼestomac || poumons gonflés : Juv. 7, 111.

follis , is. m.
皮袋。風箱。皮彈。皮錢 褡。 Cavi spirant mendacia folles 保訟者以詐爲業。

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follis is, m

• FLA-, a pair of bellows: (formas) effici sine follibus: folle fabrili flando accenderunt, L.: ventosis follibus auras Accipiunt, V.: cavi (causidici) folles, puffed cheeks, Iu.—A leathern money-bag: tenso folle reverti, Iu.

FOLLIS

FOLLISdim. FOLLI´CULUS, an inflated ball of leather, no doubt originally the skin of a quadruped filled with air. The Roman games of ball (Marquardt reckons five of them) are described under PILAThe follis was the largest as well as the lightest and softest ball in use, as the pila was the hardest, the paganica being intermediate between the two (Mart. 14.45; cf. 7.32). According to Marquardt, the follis might be either filled with air (κενή) or lightly stuffed with feathers; but this is perhaps a wrong inference, as the plumea pondera follis (Mart. 4.19) may simply mean light as a feather; and it is only the paganica and pila which are expressly stated to have been so stuffed. We must not think, however, of the tightly-blown modern football; it was much more like a child's ball, so soft that it could hurt no one, and hence is recommended as a gentle exercise, fit for small boys and old men, but to which juvenes would not condescend (Mart. 14.47). The folliculus (τὸ φούλλικλον καλούμενον) is said to have been invented by one Atticus of Naples, a teacher of gymnastics (παιδοτρίβης), for the benefit of Pompeius Magnus (Athen. 1. p. 14 f). Augustus, who was rather delicate in health, took to it comparatively early in life, soon after the civil wars (Suet. Aug. 83). For the follis pugilatorius of Plautus (Rud. 3.4, 16), see CORYCUS(Becker-Göll, Gallus, 3.171 ff.; Marquardt, Privatl. 819; Guhl and Koner, ed. 5, p. 680.) The term follis is also applied to a leather purse or bag (Plaut. Aul. 2.4, 23; Juven. 13.61, 14.281-Z2); and the diminutive folliculus to the swollen capsule of a plant, the husk of a seed, or anything of similar appearance (Senec. Nat. Quaest. 5.18.3; Ep. 124.11; Tertull. de Res. Carn. 52).

Under the later empire, follis was the name of a small debased coin (see As, last paragraph). In the absence of a better currency, large sums had to be paid in this coinage, which for the purpose was done up in bags, also called folles, analogous to the purses of piastres still used in reckoning in the East. The number of coins. that went to a bag was probably 500, and its worth 1/12 of a solidus, or less than 1s 1 1/2 d. From this the follis became, under Constantine and his successors, a money of account, which was used in reckoning gold and silver as well as copper (Euseb. H. E. 10.6.1; Cod. Theod. 6.2, 8; 6.4, 21). The silver unit in Constantine's system was the miliarense, representing the value of 1/1000 of a pound of gold, now coined into 72 gold solidi. The follis of silver contained 125 miliarensia, 1/8 of a pound of gold, or 9 solidi. So debased was the coinage at this time, and so high the premium on gold, that the denarius, the unit of copper, had dwindled to 1/6000 of a gold coin, the solidus, worth no more than the English mark or about 13s. 4d.; while in the impoverished last days of the Western Empire as many as 7200 denarii went to a solidus (Novella of Valentinian III., A.D. 445, tit. 14.1). One of the compulsory presents to the emperor, exacted from senators, was also called follis (Marquardt, Staatsverw. 3.236 n.). Many points about the mode of reckoning by folles still remain obscure: the above facts may be regarded as tolerably well established. (Mommsen, Münzw. p. 839; Hultsch, Metrol. pp. 251, 252; and especially Marquardt, Staatsverw. iii. pp. 42-47).

Two inflated skins, constituting a pair of bellows, and having valves adjusted to the natural apertures at one part for admitting the air, and a pipe inserted into another part for its emission, were an essential piece of furniture in every forge and foundry (Il. 18.372, 409, 470; Verg. A. 8.449). The Greek word is usually φῦσαι from Homer downward, poetically πρηστῆρες, Apollon. 4.775: the ζώπυρα of Ephorus (ap. Strab. 7. p. 303), sometimes translated bellows (as by L. and S., ed. 7), are more probably some sort of tinder, touchwood, or kindlers, Lat. fomes, though Photius and Suidas likewise explain ζωπύρια or--εῖα by φῦσαι. According to the nature and extent of the work to be done the bellows were made of the hides of oxen (taurinis follibus, Verg. G. 4.171), or of goats (hircinis, Hor. Sat. 1.4, 19), and other smaller animals. The Homeric bellows were small, and used in large numbers; there was one to every melting-pot or crucible (Il. 18.470). So in Herodotus (Hdt. 1.68) δύο φῦσαι are not a pair of bellows, but, as the context shows, two distinct pairs, each sending forth a separate blast. The nozzle of the bellows was called ἀκροφύσιον or ἀκροστόμιον (Thucyd. 4.100; Eust. on Il. l. c.). In bellows made after the fashion of those exhibited in the lamp here introduced from Bartoli (Ant. Lucerne, 3.21), we may imagine the skin to have been placed between the two boards so as to produce a machine like that which we now employ.

[J.Y] [W.W]

Follis

dim. follicŭlus. (1) An inflated ball of leather, no doubt originally the skin of a quadruped filled with air. The Roman games of ball, of which Marquardt reckons five, are described under Pila. The follis was the largest as well as the lightest and softest ball in use, as the pila was the hardest, the paganica being intermediate between the two (Mart.xiv. 45; cf. vii. 32). According to Marquardt, the follis might be either filled with air (κενή), or lightly stuffed with feathers; but this is perhaps a wrong inference, as the plumea pondera follis (Mart. iv. 19) may simply mean “light as a feather”; and it is only the paganica and pila which are expressly stated to have been so stuffed. It was not the same, however, as the tightly-blown modern football; it was much more like a child's ball, so soft that it could hurt no one, and hence is recommended as a gentle exercise, fit for small boys and old men, but to which iuvenes would not condescend (Mart. xiv. 47). The folliculus (τὸ φούλλικλον καλούμενον) is said to have been invented by one Atticus of Naples, a teacher of gymnastics (παιδοτρίβης), for the benefit of Pompeius Magnus (Athen. i. p. 14 foll.). Augustus, who was rather delicate in health, took to it comparatively early in life, soon after the Civil Wars (Suet. Aug. 83). For the follis pugilatorius of Plautus (Rud. iii. 4, 16), see corycus. (Becker-Göll, Gallus, iii. 171 foll.).

(2) An air-cushion or mattress (Lamprid. Elagab. 25).

(3) A pair of bellows (φῦσα), consisting of two boards, with an air-valve (parma), united by a skin of ox or cow hide, so as to form a machine similar to what we now use, as shown in the annexed figure, from a terra-cotta lamp (Cic. N. D. i. 20; Pers.v. 11). Bellows, also made of goat's skin (folles hircini), are mentioned by Horace (Sat. i. 4, 19).

(4) Under the later Empire, follis was the name of a small debased coin. In the absence of a better currency, large sums had to be paid in this coinage, which for the purpose was done up in bags, also called folles, analogous to the “purses of piastres” still used in reckoning in the East. The number of coins that went to a bag was probably 500, and its worth 1/12 of a solidus, or about $0.25. From this the follis became, under Constantine and his successors, a “money of account,” which was used in reckoning gold and silver as well as copper (Euseb. H. E. x. 6. 1; Cod. Theod. vi. 2, 8).