Antiochus
Could not find Antiochum in Logeion dictionaries.
Antiochum Proper-name noun: masculine genitive plural, Proper-name noun: masculine accusative singular of Antiochus
- The name of several Syrian kings, among whom Antiochus Magnus was most distinguished, on account of his war with the Romans, Liv. 31, 14; 33, 13 sq. al.; Nep. Hann. 2, 7; Cic. de Or. 2, 18, 75; id. Verr. 1, 21; id. Sest. 27; id. Deiot. 13 al.—
- II The name of an Academic philosopher, a teacher of Cicero and Brutus, Cic. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 43, 132; id. N. D. 1, 3, 6; id. Brut. 91, 315.
- 1. naam v. Syrische koningen uit de dynastie der Seleuciden, o.a. Antiochus III de Grote, beschermheer v. Hannibal;
- 2. naam v.e. aantal koningen v. Commagene (N.-Syrië);
- 3. uit Ascalon afkomstige filosoof in Athene, leermeester v. Cicero; — adj. Antiochī(n)us, a, um.
(Ἀντιόχος). There are three mythical personages of this name, concerning whom nothing of any interest is related. (Diod. 4.37 ; Paus. 1.5.2, 10.10.1; Apollod. 2.4.5, &c.; Hyg. Fab. 170.) [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), of Aegae in Cilicia, a sophist, or as he himself pretended to be, a Cynic philosopher. He flourished about A. D. 200, during the reign of Severus and Caracalla. He belonged to a distinguished family, some members of which were afterwards raised to the consulship at Rome. He took no part in the political affairs of his native place, but with his large property, which was increased by the liberality of the emperors, he was enabled to support and relieve his fellow-citizens whenever it was needed. He used to spend his nights in the temple of Asclepius, partly on account of the dreams and the communications with the god in them, and partly on account of the conversation of other persons who likewise spent their nights there without being able to sleep. During the war of Caracalla against the Parthians he was at first of some service to the Roman army by his Cynic mode of life, but afterwards he deserted to the Parthians together with Tiridates.
Antiochus was one of the most distinguished rhetoricians of his time. He was a pupil of Dardanus, the Assyrian, and Dionysius, the Milesian. He used to speak extempore, and his declamations and orations were distinguished for their pathos, their richness in thought, and the precision of their style, which had nothing of the pomp and bombast of other rhetoricians. But he also acquired some reputation as a writer. Philostratus mentions an historical work of his (ἱστορία) which is praised for the elegance of its style, but what was the subject of this history is unknown. Phrynichus (p. 32) refers to a work of his called Ἀγορά. (Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2.4. 5.4; D. C. 77.19 ; Suidas, s.v. Eudoc. p. 58.) [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), of Alexandria, wrote a work on the Greek poets of the middle Attic comedy. (Athen. 11.482.) Fabricius thinks that he is, perhaps, the same man as the mythographer Antiochus, who wrote a work on mythical traditions arranged according to the places where they were current. (Ptolem. Hephaest. 5.9; Phot. Bibl. 190.) Some writers are inclined to consider the mythographer as the same with Antiochus of Aegae or Antiochus of Syracuse; but nothing certain can be said about the matter. [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), an Arcadian, was the envoy sent by his state to the Persian court in B. C. 367, when embassies went to Susa from most of the Grecian states. The Arcadians, probably through the influence of Pelopidas, the Theban ambassador, were treated as of less importance than the Eleans--an affront which Antiochus resented by refusing the presents of the king. (Xen. Hell. 7.1.33, &c.) Xenophon says, that Antiochus had conquered in the pancratium; and Pausanias informs us (6.3.4), that Antiochus, the pancratiast, was a native of Lepreum, and that he conquered in this contest once in the Olympic games, twice in the Nemean, and twice in the Isthmian. His statue was made by Nicodamus. Lepreum was claimed by the Arcadians as one of their towns, whence Xenophon calls Antiochus an Arcadian; but it is more usually reckoned as belonging to Elis.
(Ἀντίοχος), of Ascalon, the founder, as he is called, of the fifth Academy, was a friend of Lucullus the antagonist of Mithridates, and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (B. C. 79); but he had a school at Alexandria also, as well as in Syria, where he seems to have ended his life. (Plut. Cic. 100.4, Lucull. 100.42; Cic. Ac. 2.19.) He was a philosopher of considerable reputation in his time, for Strabo in describing Ascalon, mentions his birth there as a mark of distinction for the city (Strab. xiv. p.759), and Cicero frequently speaks of him in affectionate and respectful terms as the best and wisest of the Academics, and the most polished and acute philosopher of his age. (Cic. Ac. 2.35, Brut. 91.)
He studied under the stoic Mnesarchus, but his principal teacher was Philo, who succeeded Plato, Arcesilas, and Carneades, as the founder of the fourth Academy. Works Sosus
Antiochus is, however, better known as the adversary than the disciple of Philo; and Cicero mentions a treatise called Sosus (Cic. Ac. 4.4), written by him against his master, in which he refutes the scepticism of the Academics. Canonica
Another of his works, called Canonica, is quoted by Sextus Empiricus, and appears to have been a treatise on logic. (Sext. Emp. 7.201, see not. in loc.) Philosophical Views
The sceptical tendency of the Academic philosophy before Antiochus, probably had its origin in Plato's successful attempts to lead his disciples to abstract reasoning as the right method of discovering truth, and not to trust too much to the impressions of the senses. Cicero even ranks Plato himself with those philosophers who held, that there was no such thing as certainty in any kind of knowledge (Acad. 2.23); as if his depreciation of the senses as trustworthy organs of perception, and of the kind of knowledge which they convey, invalidated also the conclusions of the reason. There is, however, no doubt that later philosophers, either by insisting too exclusively on the uncertainty of the senses (in order like Arcesilas to exaggerate by comparison the value of speculative truth), or like Carneades and Philo, by extending the same fallibility to the reason likewise, had gradually fallen into a degree of scepticism that seemed to strike at the root of all truth, theoretical and practical. It was, therefore, the chief object of Antiochus, besides inculcating particular doctrines in moral philosophy, to examine the grounds of our knowledge, and our capacities for discovering truth; though no complete judgment can be formed of his success, as the book in which Cicero gave the fullest representation of his opinions has been lost. (Cic. Fam. 9.8.)
He professed to be reviving the doctrines of the old Academy, or of Plato's school, when he maintained, in opposition to Philo and Carneades, that the intellect had in itself a test by which it could distinguish truth from falsehood; or in the language of the Academics, discern between the images arising from actual objects and those conceptions that had no corresponding reality. (Cic. Ac. 2.18.) For the argument of the sceptics was, that if two notions were so exactly similar as that they could not be distinguished, neither of them could be said to be known with more certainty than the other; and that every true notion was liable to have a false one of this kind attached to it : therefore nothing could be certainly known. (Id. 13.) This reasoning was obviously overthrown by the assertion, that the mind contained within itself the standard of truth and falsehood ; and was also met more generally by the argument that all such reasoning refutes itself, since it proceeds upon principles assumed to be true, and then concludes that there can be no certain ground for any assumption at all. (Id. 34.) In like manner Antiochus seems to have taken the side of the Stoics in defending the senses from the charge of utter fallaciousness brought against them by the Academics. (Id. 32.)
It is evident that in such discussions the same questions were examined which had formerly been more thoroughly sifted by Plato and Aristotle, in analyzing the nature of science and treating of the different kinds of truth, according as they were objects of pure intellectual apprehension, or only of probable and uncertain knowledge (τὸ ἐπιστητόν and τὸ δοξαστόν): and as the result was an attempt to revive the dialectic art which the Academics despised, so the notices extant of Antiochus' moral teaching seem to shew, that without yielding to the paradoxes of the Stoics, or the latitudinarianism of the Academics, he held in the main doctrines nearly coinciding with those of Aristotle : as, that happiness consists essentially in a virtuous life, yet is not independent of external things. (Id. 42, de Fin. 5.25, Tusc. Quaest. 5.8.) So he denied the Stoic doctrine, that all crimes were equal (Acad. 2.43), but agreed with them in holding, that all the emotions ought to be suppressed. On the whole, therefore, though Cicero inclines to rank him among the Stoics (id. 43), it appears that he considered himself an eclectic philosopher, and attempted to unite the doctrines of the Stoics and Peripatetics, so as to revive the old Academy. (Sext. Empir. 1.235.) [C.E.P]
(Ἀντίοχος), an Astronomer of uncertain date. Works Ἀποτελεσματικά
His work Ἀποτελεσματικά still exists in MS. in various libraries, and has not yet been printed. (Fabr. Bibl. Gr. iv. p. 151.) Introduction to the Tetrabiblus of Ptolemaeus
There is an introduction to the Tetrabiblus of Ptolemaeus. Editions
The original text with a Latin translation by H. Wolf was published at Basel, 1559, fol., as the work of an anonymous writer. T. Gale (ad Iambl. de Myst. p. 364) claims this introduction as the work of Antiochus, whose name, however, occurs in the work itself. (P. 194.) [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), an Athenian, was left by Alcibiades at Notium in command of the Athenian fleet, B. C. 407, with strict injunctions not to fight with Lysander. Antiochus was the master of Alcibiades' own ship, and his personal friend; he was a skilful seaman, but arrogant and heedless of consequences. His intimacy with Alcibiades had first arisen upon an occasion mentioned by Plutarch (Plut. Alc. 10), who tells us, that Alcibiades in one of his first appearances in the popular assembly allowed a tame quail to escape from under his cloak, which occurrence suspended the business of the assembly, till it was caught by Antiochus and given to Alcibiades.
Antiochus gave no heed to the injunctions of Alcibiades, and provoked Lysander to an engagement, in which fifteen Athenian ships were lost, and Antiochus himself was slain. This defeat was one of the main causes that led to the second banishment of Alcibiades. (Xen. Hell. 1.5.11, &c.; Diod. 13.71; Phit. Alcib. 35.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Commagene, a small country between the Euphrates and mount Taurus, the capital of which was Samosata. It formerly formed part of the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucidae, but probably became an independent principality during the civil wars of Antiochus Grypus and his brother. It has been supposed by some, that Antiochus Asiaticus, the last king of Syria, is the same as Antiochus, the first king of Commagene; but there are no good. reasons for this opinion. (Clinton, F.H. iii. p. 343.) This king is first mentioned about B. C. 69, in the campaign of Lucullus against Tigranes. (Dio Cass. Frag. 35.2.)
After Pompey had deposed Antiochus Asiaticus, the last king of Syria, B. C. 65, he marched against Antiochus of Commagene, with whom he shortly afterwards concluded a peace. (B. C. 64.) Pompey added to his dominions Seleuceia and the conquests he had made in Mesopotamia. (Appian, App. Mith. 106, 114.) When Cicero was governor of Cilicia (B. C. 51), he received from Antiochus intelligence of the movements of the Parthians. (Cic. Fam. 15.1, 3, 4.) In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey (B. C. 49), Antiochus assisted the latter with troops. (Caesar, Caes. Civ. 3.5; Appian, App. BC 2.49.) In B. C. 38, Ventidius, the legate of M. Antonius, after conquering the Parthians, marched against Antiochus, attracted by the great treasures which this king possessed; and Antonius, arriving at the army just as the war was commencing, took it into his own hands, and laid siege to Samosata. He was, however, unable to take the place, and was glad to retire after making peace with Antiochus. (D. C. 49.20_22; Plut. Ant. 34.) A daughter of Antiochus married Orodes, king of Parthia. (D. C. 49.23.) We do not know the exact period of the death of Antiochus, but he must have died before B. C. 31, as his successor Mithridates is mentioned as king of Commagene in that year. (Plut. Ant. 61.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Commagene, succeeded Mithridates I., and was summoned to Rome by Augustus and executed in B. C. 29, because he had caused the assassination of an ambassador, whom his brother had sent to Rome. Augustus gave the kingdom to Mithridates II., who was then a boy, because his father had been murdered by the king. (D. C. 52.43, 54.9.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Commagene, seems to have succeeded Mithridates II. We know nothing more of him than that he died in A. D. 17. (Tac. Ann. 2.42.) Upon his death, Commagene became a Roman province (Tac. Ann. 2.56), and remained so till A. D. 38, when Antiochus Epiphanes was appointed king by Caligula.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Commagene, surnamed EPIPHANES (Ἐπιφανής), was apparently a son of Antiochus III., and received his paternal dominion from Caligula in A. D. 38, with a part of Cilicia bordering on the seacoast in addition. Caligula also gave him the whole amount of the revenues of Commagene during the twenty years that it had been a Roman province. (D. C. 59.8; Suet. Cal. 16.) He lived on most intimate terms with Caligula, and he and Herod Agrippa are spoken of as the instructors of the emperor in the art of tyranny. (D. C. 59.24.) This friendship, however, was not of very long continuance, for he was subsequently deposed by Caligula and did not obtain his kingdom again till the accession of Claudius in A. D. 41. (D. C. 60.8.) In A. D. 43 his son, also called Antiochus Epiphanes, was betrothed to Drusilla, the daughter of Agrippa. (J. AJ 19.9.1.) In A. D. 53 Antiochus put down an insurrection of some barbarous tribes in Cilicia, called Clitae. (Tac. Ann. 12.55.) In A. D. 55 he received orders from Nero to levy troops to make war against the Parthians, and in the year 59 he served under Corbulo against Tiridates, brother of the Parthian king Voloeses. (13.7, 37.) In consequence of his services in this war, he obtained in the year 61 part of Armenia. (14.26.) He espoused the side of Vespasian, when he was proclaimed emperor in A. D. 70; and he is then spoken of as the richest of the tributary kings. (Tac. Hist. 2.81.) In the same year he sent forces, commanded by his son Antiochus, to assist Titus in the siege of Jerusalem. (Joseph. Bell. Jud. 5.11.3; Tac. Hist. 5.1.) Two years afterwards, A. D. 72, he was accused by Paetus, the governor of Syria, of conspiring with the Parthians against the Romans, and was in consequence deprived of his kingdom, after a reign of thirty-four years from his first appointment by Caligula. He first retired to Lacedaemon, and then to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life with his sons Antiochus and Callinicus, and was treated with great respect. (Joseph. B. J. 7.7.) There are several coins of this king extant, from which we learn, that the name of his wife was lotape. In the one annexed he is called ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΣ. On the reverse a scorpion is represented, surrounded with the foliage of the laurel, and inscribed ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΩΝ. (Eckhel, iii. p. 255, &c.; comp. Clinton, F. H. iii. p. 343, &c.)
(Ἀντίοχος), an Epigrammatic poet, one of whose epigrams is extant in the Greek Anthology. (11.412.) [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος Ἱέραξ), so called from his grasping and ambitious character, was the younger son of Antiochus II., king of Syria. On the death of his father in B. C. 246, Antiochus waged war upon his brother Seleucus Callinicus, in order to obtain Asia Minor for himself as an independent kingdom. This war lasted for many years, but Antiochus was at length entirely defeated, chiefly through the efforts of Attalus, king of Pergamus, who drove him out of Asia Minor. Antiochus subsequently fled to Egypt, where he was killed by robbers in B. C. 227. He married a daughter of Zielas, king of Bithynia. (Just. 27.2, 3; Polyaen. 4.17; Plut. Mor. p. 489a.; Euseb. Chron. Arm. pp. 346, 347 ; Clinton, F. H. iii. pp. 311, 312, 413.) Apollo is represented on the reverse of the annexed coin. (Eckhel, iii. p. 219.)
a Jurist, who was at the head of the commission appointed to compile the Theodosian Code. He was praefectus praetorio and consul. In the 33rd Novell of Theodosius the Younger (A. D. 444), he is spoken of as a person deceased, illustris memoriae Antiochus. He is confounded by Jac. Godefroi, in the Prolegomena of his edition of the Theodosian Code ( 1.5) with two other persons of the same name; Antiochus, mentioned by Marcellinus as living in the year 448, and Antiochus, the eunuch, who was praepositus sancti cubiculi. This error was pointed out by Ritter in the 6th volume of his edition of the Theodosian Code, p. 6. [J.T.G]
(Ἀντίοχος), of Laodicea, a sceptic philosopher, and a disciple of Zeuxis, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius. (9.106,116.) [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), a Monk of the monastery of St. Saba, near Jerusalem, flourished at the time of the taking of Jerusalem by the Persians. (A. D. 614.) Works πανδέκτης τῆς ἁγίας γραφῆς, an epitome of the Christian faith
He wrote, besides other works of little importance, one entitled πανδέκτης τῆς ἁγίας γραφῆς, an epitome of the Christian faith, as contained in scripture, in 130 chapters. Editions
This work was first published in Latin by Tilman, Paris, 1543, 8vo., reprinted in the Bibliotheca Patrum, Paris, 1579; Colon. 1618; Lugd. 1677.
The original Greek was first published by Fronto Ducaeus, in the Auctarii Bibl. Par. Paris, 1624, reprinted in Morell's Bibl. Pair. Paris, 1644. A considerable fragment of it is printed in Fabricius' Bibl. Graec. x. p. 501. [P.S]
[Paccius Antiochus.]
(Ἀντίοχος Φιλομήτωρ) is supposed by some persons to have been a physician, or druggist, who must have lived in or before the second century after Christ; he is the inventor of an antidote against poisonous reptiles, &c., of which the prescription is embodied in a short Greek elegiac poem. The poem is inserted by Galen in one of his works (De Antid. 2.14, 17, vol. xiv. pp. 185, 201), but nothing is known of the history of the author. Others suppose that a physician of this name is not the author either of the poem or the antidote, but that they are connected in some way with the Theriaca which Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was in the habit of using, and the prescription for which he dedicated in verse to Aesculapius (Plin. H. N. xx. cap. ult.) or Apollo. (Plin. Valer. De Re Med. 4.38.) (See Cagnati Variae Observat. 2.25, p. 174, ed. Rom. 1587.) [W.A.G]
(Ἀντίοχος).
1. A Physician, who appears to have lived at Rome in the second century after Christ. Galen gives a precise account (De Sanit. Tuenda, 5.5, vol. vi. p. 332) of the food he used to eat and the way in which he lived; and tells us that, by paying attention to his diet, &c., he was able to dispense with the use of medicines, and when upwards of eighty years old used to visit his patients on foot. Aetius (tetrab. i. serm. 3.100.114. p. 132) and Paulus Aegineta (7.8, p. 290) quote a prescription which may perhaps belong to this physician, but he is probably not the person mentioned by Galen under the name " Antiochus Philometor."
2. The name of two physicians, saints and martyrs, the first of whom was born of an equestrian family in Mauritania. After devoting some years to the study of sacred and profane literature, he finally embraced the medical profession, not for the sake of gain, but merely that he might be useful to mankind. He spent some time in Asia Minor, where he exercised his profession gratuitously, and used to endeavour to convert his patients to Christianity. He then went to Sardinia during the persecution against the Christians under Hadrian, about A. D. 120, where he is said to have been cruelly tortured, and at last miraculously delivered by being taken up into heaven. His memory is celebrated by the Romish church on the 13th of December.
3. The other was born at Sebaste in Armenia, and was put to death during the persecution under Diocletian, A. D. 303-311. He is said to have been tortured, and thrown to the wild beasts, and, when these refused to touch him, at last beheaded; it is added that milk, instead of blood, issued from his neck, upon which the executioner immediately professed himself to be a Christian, and accordingly suffered martyrdom with him. His memory is celebrated by the Greek and Romish churches on the 15th of July. (Marlyrologium Romanum ; Bzovius, Nomenclator Sanctorum Professione Medicorum; Acta Sanctorum, Jul. 15, vol. iv. p. 25; Clementis, Menologium Graecorum, vol. iii. p. 168; Fabricius, Biblioth. Graeca, vol. xiii. p. 64, ed. vet.) [W.A.G]
(Ἀντίοχος), bishop of Ptolemais in Palestine, was a Syrian by birth. At the beginning of the 5th century after Christ, he went to Constantinople, where his eloquent preaching attracted such attention, that he was called by some another Chrysostom. He afterwards took part warmly with the enemies of Chrysostom, and died not later than 408 A. D. Besides many sermons, he left a large work "against Avarice," which is lost. (Gennad. 20; Theodoret. Dial. ii. ; Phot. Bibl. 288; Act. Concil. Ephes. iii. p. 118, Labbe; Catal. Codd. Vindobon. pt. i. p. 116, No. 58.) [P.S]
(Ἀντιόχος), an Athenian Sculptor, whose name is inscribed on his statue of Athene in the Villa Ludovisi at Rome. (Winckelmann's Werke, 4.375, 6.252, ed. 1829.) [P.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), the father of Seleucus Nicator, the king of Syria, and the grandfather of Antiochus Soter, was one of Philip's generals. (Justin, 15.4.) A genealogical table of his descendants is given under Seleucidae.
(Ἀντίοχος), of Syracuse, a son of Xenophanes, is called by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Ant. Rom. 1.12) a very ancient historian. He lived about the year B. C. 423, and was thus a contemporary of Thucydides and the Peloponnesian war. (Joseph. c. Apion. 1.3.) Respecting his life nothing is known, but his historical works were held in very high esteem by the ancients on account of their accuracy. (Dionys. A. R. 1.73.) Works
His two works were: 1. A history of Sicily
In nine books, from the reign of king Cocalus, i. e. from the earliest times down to the year B. C. 424 or 425. (Diod. 12.71.) It is referred to by Pausanias (10.11.3), Clemens of Alexandria (Protrept. p. 22), and Theodoret. (P. 115.). 2. A history of Italy
This is very frequently referred to by Strabo (v. p.242, vi. pp. 252, 254, 255, 257, 262, 264, 265, 278), by Dionysius (ll. cc., and 1.22, 35; comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Βρέττιος ; Hesych. s. v. Χώνρην; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 14, &c. Editions
The fragments of Antiochus are contained in C. et T. Müller, Fragm. Histor. Graec. Paris, 1841, pp. 181-184. [L.S]
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed SOTER (Σωτήρ), was the son of Seleucus Nicator and a Persian lady, Apama. The marriage of his father with Apama was one of those marriages which Alexander celebrated at Susa in B. C. 325, when he gave Persian wives to his generals. This would fix the birth of Antiochus about B. C. 324. He was present with his father at the battle of Ipsus in B. C. 301, which secured for Seleucus the government of Asia. It is related of Antiochus, that he fell sick through love of Stratonice, the young wife of his father, and the daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and that when his father learnt the cause of his illness through his physician Erasistratus, he resigned Stratonice to him, and gave him the government of Upper Asia with the title of king. On the murder of his father in Macedonia in B. C. 280, Antiochus succeeded to the whole of his dominions, and prosecuted his claims to the throne of Macedonia against Antigonus Gonatas, but eventually allowed the latter to retain possession of Macedonia on his marrying Phila, the daughter of Seleucus and Stratonice. The rest of Antiochus' reign was chiefly occupied in wars with the Gauls, who had invaded Asia Minor. By the help of his elephants he gained a victory over the Gauls, and received in consequence the surname of Soter (Σωτήρ). He was afterwards defeated by Eumenes near Sardis, and was subsequently killed in a second battle with the Gauls (B. C. 261), after a reign of nineteen years. By his wife Stratonice Antiochus had three children : Antiochus Theos, who succeeded him; Apama, married to Magas; and Stratonice, married to Demetrius II. of Macedonia. (Appian, App. Syr. 59_65; Justin, 17.2; Plut. Demetr. 38, 39; Strab. xiii. p.623; Paus. 1.7; Julian, Misopog. p. 348a. b. ; Lucian, Zeuxis, 8; Aelian, Ael. NA 6.44; Plin. Nat. 8.42.) Apollo is represented on the reverse of the annexed coin. (Eckhel. iii. p. 215.)
(Ἀντρίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed THEOS (Θεός), a surname which he derived from the Milesians whom he delivered from their tyrant, Timarchus, succeeded his father in B. C. 261. Soon after his accession he became involved in war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, which lasted for many years and greatly weakened the Syrian kingdom. Taking advantage of this weakness, Arsaces was able to establish the Parthian empire in B. C. 250; and his example was shortly afterwards followed by Theodotus, the governor of Bactria, who revolted from Antiochus and made Bactria an independent kingdom. The loss of these provinces induced Antiochus to sue for peace, which was granted (B. C. 250) on condition of his putting away his former wife Laodice and marrying Berenice, a daughter of Ptolemy. This connexion between Syria and Egypt is referred to in the book of Daniel (11.6), where by the king of the south we are to understand Egypt, and by the king of the north, Syria, On the death of Ptolemy two years afterwards Antiochus recalled Laodice, but she could not forgive the insult that had been shewn her, and, still mistrusting Antiochus, caused him to be murdered as well as Berenice and her son. Antiochus was killed in B. C. 246, after a reign of fifteen years. By Laodice he had four children, Seleucus Callinicus, who succeeded him, Antiochus Hierax, a daughter, Stratonice, married to Mithridates, and another daughter married to Ariarathes. Phylarchus related (Athen. 10.438), that Antiochus was much given to wine. (Appian, App. Syr. 65 ; Athen. 2.45; Justin, 27.1; Polyaen. 8.50; V. Max. 9.14.1, extern.; Hieronym. ad Dan. 100.11.) On the reverse of the coin annexed, Hercules is represented with his club in his hand. (Eckhel, iii. p. 218.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed the Great (Μέγας), was the son of Seleucus Callinicus, and succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Seleucus Ceraunus, B. C. 223, when he was only in his fifteenth year. His first cousin Achaeus, who might easily have assumed the royal power, was of great use to Antiochus at the commencement of his reign, and recovered for the Syrian monarchy all the provinces in Asia Minor, which Attalus, king of Pergamus, had appropriated to himself. But Antiochus was not so fortunate in his eastern dominions. Molo and Alexander, two brothers, who had been appointed to the government of Media and Persis respectively, revolted and defeated the armies sent against them. They were, however, put down in a second campaign, conducted by Antiochus in person, who also added to his dominions the province of Media Atropatene. (B. C. 220.)
On his return from his eastern provinces, Antiochus commenced war against Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt, in order to obtain Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, which he maintained belonged to the Syrian kingdom. At first he was completely successful. In B. C. 218, he gained possession of the chief towns of Phoenicia, but in the following year (B. C. 217), he was defeated in a great battle fought at Raphia near Gaza, and concluded in consequence a peace with Ptolemy, by which he ceded the provinces in dispute. He was the more anxious to make peace with Ptolemy, as he wished to direct all his forces against Achaeus, who had revolted in Asia Minor. In one campaign he deprived Achaeus of his conquests, and put him to death when he fell into his hands in B. C. 214, after sustaining a siege of two years in Sardis. [Achaeus, p. 18a.]
Antiochus seems now to have formed the design of regaining the eastern provinces of Asia, which had revolted during the reign of Antiochus II. He accordingly marched against Arsaces III., king of Parthia, and Euthydemus, king of Bactria, and carried on the war for some years. Although Antiochus met upon the whole with great success, he found it hopeless to effect the subjugation of these kingdoms, and accordingly concluded a peace with them, in which he recognized their independence. With the assistance of Euthydemus he marched into India, and renewed the alliance of the Syrian kings with that country; and he obtained from Sophagasenus, the chief of the Indian kings, a large supply of elephants. He at length returned to Syria after an absence of seven years (B. C. 212-205), which may be regarded as the most flourishing period of his reign. It appears that the title of Great was conferred upon him during this time.
In the year that Antiochus returned to Syria (B. C. 205), Ptolemy Philopator died, leaving as his successor Ptolemy Epiphanes, then a child of five years old. Availing himself of the weakness of the Egyptian government, Antiochus entered into an agreement with Philip, king of Macedonia, to divide between them the dominions of Ptolemy. As Philip became engaged soon afterwards in a war with the Romans, he was unable to send forces against Egypt; but Antiochus prosecuted this war vigorously in Palestine and Coele-Syria, and at length obtained complete possession of these provinces by his victory over the Egyptian general Scopas, near Paneas, in B. C. 198. He was assisted in this war by the Jews, to whom he granted many important privileges. Fearing, however, the power of the Romans, and anxious to obtain possession of many parts of Asia Minor which did not acknowledge his sovereignty, he concluded peace with Egypt, and betrothed his daughter Cleopatra to the young king Ptolemy, giving with her Coele-Syria and Palestine as a dowry. He now marched into Asia Minor, where he carried everything before him, and then crossed over into Europe, and took possession of the Thracian Chersonese (B. C. 196), which belonged to the Macedonian kingdom, but which he claimed as his own, because Seleucus Nicator had taken it from Lysimachus. But here his progress was stopt by the Romans. At the commencement of his war with Egypt, the guardians of young Ptolemy had placed him under the protection of the Romans ; but while the latter were engaged in their war with Philip, they did not attempt to interrupt Antiochus in his conquests, lest he should march to the assistance of the Macedonian king. Now, however, matters were changed. The Romans had conquered Philip in B. C. 197, and no longer dreaded a war with Antiochus. They accordingly sent an embassy to him (B. C. 196) requiring him to surrender the Thracian Chersonese to the Macedonian king, and also all the places he had conquered from Ptolemy. Antiochus returned a haughty answer to these demands; and the arrival of Hannibal at his court in the following year (B. C. 195) strengthened him in his determination to resist the Roman claims. Hannibal urged him to invade Italy without loss of time; but Antiochus resolved to see first what could be done by negotiation, and thus lost a most favourable moment, as the Romans were then engaged in a war with the Gauls. It was also most unfortunate for him, that when the war actually broke out, he did not give Hannibal any share in the command.
It was not till B. C. 192 that Antiochus, at the earnest request of the Aetolians, at length crossed over into Greece. In the following year (B. C. 191) he was entirely defeated by the Roman consul Acilius Glabrio at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to Asia. The defeat of his fleet in two sea-fights led him to sue for peace; but the conditions upon which the Romans offered it seemed so hard to him, that he resolved to try the fortune of another campaign. He accordingly advanced to meet Scipio, who had crossed over into Asia, but he was defeated at the foot of Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia. (B. C. 190.) He again sued for peace, which was eventually granted in B. C. 188 on condition of his ceding all his dominions west of Mount Taurus, paying 15,000 Euboic talents within twelve years, giving up his elephants and ships of war, and surrendering the Roman enemies who had taken refuge at his court. He had, moreover, to give twenty hostages for the due fulfilment of the treaty, and among them his son Antiochus (Epiphanes). To these terms he acceded, but allowed Hannibal to escape.
About this time Antiochus lost Armenia, which became an independent kingdom. He found great difficulty in raising money to pay the Romans, and was thus led to plunder a wealthy temple in Elymais ; the people, however, rose against him and killed him in his attempt. (B. C. 187.) The defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, and his death in a " fort of his own land," are foretold in the book of Daniel. (11.18, 19.) Antiochus was killed in the 52nd year of his age and the 37th of his reign. He married Laodice, daughter of Mithridates, king of Pontus, and had several children. His sons were, 1. Antiochus, who died in his father's lifetime. (Liv. 35.15.) 2. Ardys, 3. Mithridates, both of whom also probably died before their father. (Liv. 33.10.) 4. Seleucus Philopator, who succeeded his father. 5. Antiochus Epiphanes, who succeeded his brother Seleucus. The daughters of Antiochus were, 1. Laodice, married to her eldest brother Antiochus. (Appian, App. Syr. 4.) 2. Cleopatra, betrothed to Ptolemy Epiphanes. 3. Antiochis, married to Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia. 4. One whose name is not mentioned, whom her father offered in marriage to Eumenes. (Appian, App. Syr. 5.) The coins of Antiochus are the first of those of the Seleucidae which bear a date. There are two coins preserved of the 112th and 117th years of the reign of the Seleucidae, that is, the 23rd and 28th years of the reign of Antiochus. (Polyb. lib. v., &c.; Appian, Syr.; Liv. lib. xxxi.--xxxvii.; Justin. lib. xxix.--xxxii; J. AJ 12.3.3; Diod. Exc. pp. 573-575, ed. Wess.; Strab. xvi. p.744; Fröhlich, Annales,p. 39; Eckhel, iii. p. 220, &c.) Apollo is represented on the reverse of the foregoing coin.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed EPIPHANES (Ἐπιφανής), and on coins Theos (*Qe/os) also, was the son of Antiochus III., and was given as a hostage to the Romans in B. C. 188. He was released from captivity in B. C. 175 through his brother Seleucus Philopator, who gave his own son Demetrius in his stead. While Antiochus was at Athens on his return to Syria in this year, Seleucus was murdered by Heliodorus, who seized upon the crown. Antiochus, however, with the assistance of Attalus easily expelled the usurper, and ascended the throne in the same year. (B. C. 175.) Demetrius remained at Rome.
Cleopatra, the sister of Antiochus, who had been betrothed to Ptolemy Epiphanes, was now dead, and Antiochus therefore claimed the provinces of Coele-Syria and Palestine, which had been given as her dowry. As the Romans were at this time engaged in a war with Perseus, king of Macedonia, Antiochus thought it a favourable opportunity to prosecute his claims, and accordingly declared war against Egypt. In four campaigns (B. C. 171-168), he not only obtained possession of the countries to which he laid claim, but almost completed the conquest of Egypt, and was preparing to lay siege to Alexandria, when a Roman embassy commanded him to retire from the country. This command he thought it most prudent to obey, but he still retained possession of Coele-Syria and Palestine. The cruelties which Antiochus perpetrated against the Jews during this war, are recorded in the books of the Maccabees, and have rendered his name infamous. He took Jerusalem on his return from his second campaign into Egypt (B. C. 170), and again at the end of the fourth campaign (B. C. 168), and endeavoured to root out the Jewish religion and introduce the worship of the Greek divinities; but this attempt led to a rising of the Jewish people, under Mattathias and his heroic sons the Maccabees, which Antiochus was unable to put down. Lysias, who was sent against them with a large army, was defeated; and Antiochus, who was in the eastern provinces at the time, hastened his return in order to avenge the disgrace which had befallen his arms. On his return he attempted to plunder a temple in Elymais, probably the same as his father had attacked, but was repulsed, and shortly afterwards died at Tabae in Persia, in a state of raving madness, which the Jews and Greeks equally attributed to his sacrilegious crimes. His subjects gave him the name of Epimanes (Ἐπιμανής) in parody of Epiphanes (Ἐπιφανής). He died in B. C. 164, after a reign of 11 years. He left a son, Antiochus Eupator, who succeeded him, and a daughter, Laodice. (Liv. lib. xli.--xlv. ; Polyb. lib. xxvi.--xxxi.; Justin, 24.3 ; Diod. Exc. pp. 579, 583, &c., ed. Wess.; Appian, App. Syr. 45, 66; Maccab. lib. i. ii.; J. AJ 12.5; Hieronym. ad Dan. 100.11; Eckhel. iii. p. 222, &c.) On the reverse of the foregoing coin Jupiter is represented, holding a small figure of Victory in his right hand, and a spear in his left.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed EUPATOR (Εὐπάτωρ), was nine years old at his father's death, and reigned nominally for two years. (B. C. 164-162.) Lysias assumed the guardianship of the young king, though Antiochus IV. had appointed Philip to this office. Lysias, accompanied by the young king, continued the war against the Jews, and laid siege to Jerusalem; but hearing that Philip was marching against him from Persis, he concluded a peace with the Jews. He then proceeded against Philip, whom he conquered and put to death. The Romans, availing themselves of the distracted state of Syria, sent an embassy to enforce the terms of the peace which had been concluded with Antiochus the Great; but an insurrection was excited in consequence of these commands, in which Octavius, the chief of the embassy, was slain. About the same time Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus Philopator, who had remained in Rome up to this time [see Antiochus IV.], appeared in Syria and laid claim to the throne. Lysias and the young king fell into his hands, and were immediately put to death by him, B. C. 162. (Plb. 31.12, 19 ; Appian, App. Syr. 46, 66; J. AJ 12.10; 1 Maccab vi., &c.; 2 Maccab. xiii., &c.; Cic. Phil. 9.2.) Apollo is represented on the reverse of the annexed coin, as in those of Antiochus I. and III. The inscription at the foot, ΕΥΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ, is partly cut off.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed THEOS (*Qeo/s), and on coins Epiphanes Dionysus (Ἐπιφανής Διόνυσος), was the son of Alexander Balas, king of Syria [see p. 114b.], and remained in Arabia after his father's death in B. C. 146. Two years afterwards (B. C. 144), while he was still a youth, he was brought forward as a claimant to the crown against Demetrius Nicator by Tryphon, or Diodotus, who had been one of his father's chief ministers. Tryphon met with great success; Jonathan and Simon, the leaders of the Jews, joined his party; and Antiochus was acknowledged as king by the greater part of Syria. But Tryphon, who had all along intended to secure the royal power for himself, and had brought forward Antiochus only for this purpose, now put the young prince to death and ascended the throne, B. C. 142. (1 Maccab. xi., &c.; J. AJ 13.6, &c.; Strab. xvi. p.752; Justin, 36.1; Liv. Epit. 55.) The reverse of the annexed coin represents the Dioscuri riding on horseback, and has upon it the year O P, that is, the 170th year of the Seleucidae. (Eckhel, iii. p. 231, &c.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed SIDETES (Σιδήτης), from Side in Pamphylia, where he was brought up, (and not from a Syriac word signifying a hunter,) and on coins Euergetes (Εὐεργέτης), was the younger son of Demetrius Soter, and obtained possession of the throne in B. C. 137, after conquering Tryphon, who had held the sovereignty since the murder of Antiochus VI. He married Cleopatra, the wife of his elder brother Demetrius Nicator, who was a prisoner in the hand of the Parthians. He carried on war against the Jews, and took Jerusalem after almost a year's siege, in B. C. 133. He then granted them a peace on favourable terms, and next directed his arms against the Parthians. At first he met with success, but was afterwards defeated by the Parthian king, and lost his life in the battle, after a reign of nine years. (B. C. 128.) His son Seleucus was taken prisoner in the same battle. Antiochus, like many of his predecessors, was passionately devoted to the pleasures of the table. He had three sons and two daughters, the latter of whom both bore the name of Laodice. His sons were Antiochus, Seleucus, and Antiochus (Cyzicenus), the last of whom subsequently succeeded to the throne. (J. AJ 13.8; 1 Maccab. xv., &c.; Justin, 36.1, 38.10 ; Diod. xxxiv. Ecl. 1; Athen. 10.439, xii. p. 540.) The reverse of the annexed coin represents Athena holding a small figure of Victory in her right hand. (Eckhel, iii. p. 235, &c.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed GRYPUS (Γρυπός), or Hooknosed, from gru/y, a vulture, and on coins Epiphanes (Ἐπιφάνης), was the second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. His eldest brother Seleucus was put to death by their mother Cleopatra, because he wished to have the power, and not merely the title, of king; and Antiochus was after his brother's death recalled from Athens, where he was studying, byhis mother Cleopatra, that he might bear the title of king, while the real sovereignty remained in her hands. (B. C. 125.) At this time the greater part of Syria was in the power of the usurper Alexander Zebina [see p. 127b.]; but Antiochus, with the assistance of Ptolemy Physcon, the king of Egypt, whose daughter he married, conquered Alexander and became master of the whole of Syria. Cleopatra then became jealous of him and plotted against his life; but her son compelled her to drink the poison she had prepared for him. (B. C. 120.) For the next eight years Antiochus reigned in peace; but at the end of that time his half-brother, Antiochus Cyzicenus, the son of Antiochus Sidetes and their common mother Cleopatra, laid claim to the crown, and a civil war ensued. (B. C. 112.) The remaining history of the Seleucidae till Syria became a Roman province, is hardly anything else but a series of civil wars between the princes of the royal family. In the first year of the struggle (B. C. 112), Antiochus Cyzicenus became master of almost the whole of Syria, but in the next year (B. C. 111), A. Grypus regained a considerable part of his dominions; and it was then agreed that the kingdom should be shared between them, A. Cyzicenus having Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and A. Grypus the remainder of the provinces. This arrangement lasted, though with frequent wars between the two kings, till the death of Antiochus Grypus, who was assassinated by Heracleon in B. C. 96, after a reign of twenty-nine years. He left five sons, Seleucus, Philip, Antiochus Epiphanes, Demetrius Eucaerus, and Antiochus Dionysus. (Justin, 39.1-3; Liv. Epit. 60; Appian, App. Syr. 69; Joseph. Aniiq. 13.13; Athen. 12.540.) Many of the coins of Antiochus Grypus have the head of Antiochus on one side, and that of his mother Cleopatra on the other. The one annexed must have been struck after his mother's death. (Eckhel, iii. p. 238, &c.)
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria surnamed CYZICENUS (Κυζικηνός) from Cyzicus, where he was brought up, and on coins Philopator (Φιλοπάτωρ), reigned over Coele-Syria and Phoenicia from B. C. 111 to 96, as is stated in the preceding article. On the death of his brother, Antiochus VIII., he attempted to obtain possession of the whole of Syria; but his claims were resisted by Seleucus, the eldest son of Antiochus VIII.,by whom he was killed in battle, B. C. 95. He left behind him a son, Antiochus Eusebes, who succeeded to the throne. (Justin, Appian, Joseph. ll. cc.; Eckhel, iii. p. 241, &c.) The reverse of the foregoing coin is the same as that of Antiochus VII.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed EUSEBES (Εὐσέβης), and on coins. Philopator (Φιλοπάτωρ) also, succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Antiochus IX. B. C. 95. He defeated Seleucus, who conquered his father, and compelled him to fly into Cilicia, where he perished; but he then had to contend with the next two brothers of Seleucus, Philip and Antiochus Epiphanes, the latter of whom assumed the title of king, and is known as the eleventh king of Syria of this name. In a battle fought near the Orontes, Antiochus X. defeated Philip and Antiochus XI., and the latter was drowned in the river. The crown was now assumed by Philip, who continued to prosecute the war assisted by his brother, Demetrius Eucaerus. The Syrians, worn out with these civil broils, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king of Armenia, who accordingly took possession of Syria in B. C. 83, and ruled over it till he was defeated by Lucullus in B. C. 69. The time of the death of Antiochus X. is uncertain. He appears, however, to have fallen in battle against the Parthians, before Tigranes obtained possession of Syria. (J. AJ 13.13.4.) According to some accounts he survived the reign of Tigranes, and returned to his kingdom after the conquest of the latter by Lucullus (Euseb. p. 192 ; Justin, 40.2); but these accounts ascribe to Antiochus X. what belongs to his son Antiochus XIII. (See Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. pp. 338, 340.) Jupiter is represented on the reverse of the annexed coin as in that of Antiochus IV.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed EPIPHANES (Ἐπιφάνης), was the son of Antiochus VIII., and is spoken of under Antiochus X.
(Ἀντίοχος), king of Syria, surnamed DIONYSUS (Διόνυσος), and on coins Philopator Callinicus (Φιλοπάτωρ Καλλίνικος) also, the youngest son of Antiochus VIII., assumed the title of king after his brother Demetrius had been taken prisoner by the Parthians. He fell in battle against Aretas, king of the Arabians. (J. AJ 13.15.1; Eckhel, iii. p. 246, &c.)
king of Syria, surnamed ASIATICUS (Ἀσιατικός), and on coins Dionysus Philopator Callinicus (Διόνυσος Φιλοπάτωρ Καλλίνικος), was the son of Antiochus X. and Selene, an Egyptian princess. He repaired to Rome during the time that Tigranes had possession of Syria, and passed through Syria on his return during the government of Verres. (B. C. 73-71.) On the defeat of Tigranes in B. C. 69, Lucullus allowed Antiochus Asiaticus to take possession of the kingdom; but he was deprived of it in B. C. 65 by Pompey, who reduced Sicily to a Roman province. In this year the Seleucidae ceased to reign. (Appian, App. Syr. 49, 70; Cic. in Verr. 4.27, 28, 30; Justin, 40.2.) Some writers suppose, that Antiochus Asiaticus afterwards reigned as king of Commagene, but there are not sufficient reasons to support this opinion. [Antiochus I., king of Commagene.]
For the history and chronology of the Syrian kings in general, see Fröhlich, Annales Syria, &c. ; Vaillant, Seleucidarum Imperium, &c. ; Niebuhr, Kleine Schriften, Historischer Gewinn aus der armenischen Uebersetzung der Chronik des Eusebius ; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. Appendix, 100.3.
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…quin contra suum doctorem librum etiam ederet, qui Sosus inscribitur. tum igitur et cum Heraclitum studiose audirem contra Antiochum disserentem et item Antiochum contra Academicos, dedi Antiocho operam diligentius, ut causam ex eo totam cognoscerem. itaque…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…librum etiam ederet, qui Sosus inscribitur. tum igitur et cum Heraclitum studiose audirem contra Antiochum disserentem et item Antiochum contra Academicos, dedi Antiocho operam diligentius, ut causam ex eo totam cognoscerem. itaque conplures dies adhibito Heraclito…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…esse videantur apud quos ille diutissime commoretur. qua re si propter socios nulla ipsi iniuria lacessiti maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studiosius convenit iniuriis provocatos sociorum salutem…
Cicero, pro Lege Manilia
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…Sosus inscribitur. tum igitur et cum Heraclitum studiose audirem contra Antiochum disserentem et item Antiochum contra Academicos, dedi Antiocho operam diligentius, ut causam ex eo totam cognoscerem. itaque conplures dies adhibito Heraclito doctisque conpluribus et in is…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…, quae iam non ad multitudinem sed ad vosmet ipsos qui adestis pertinent. negat enim vos Zeno, negat Antiochus scire quicquam. Quo modo inquies ; nos enim defendimus etiam insipientem multa conprendere. At scire negatis quemquam rem…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…quid si ista omnis pecunia huic adulescentulo L. Flacco reddita est, si petita, si redacta per hunc Antiochum, paternum huius adulescentis libertum seni illi Flacco probatissimum, videmurne non solum avaritiae crimen effugere sed etiam liberalitatis laudem…
Cicero, pro Flacco
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…g. A. p. praestans. praesens malum a simpliciter παρόν. .. al. b urgens Antiocho fere πρόσφατος cf. Rabbow, Pohlenz G. g. A. p. pravitas διαστροφή. principatus ἡγεμονικόν…
M. Tullius Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes
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…dici inconsideratius. Cupio sequi Stoicos. licetne omitto per Aristotelem, meo iudicio in philosophia prope singularem per ipsum Antiochum, qui appellabatur Academicus, erat quidem si perpauca mutavisset germanissimus Stoicus. erit igitur res iam in discrimine ;…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…operam diligentius, ut causam ex eo totam cognoscerem. itaque conplures dies adhibito Heraclito doctisque conpluribus et in is Antiochi fratre Aristo et praeterea Aristone et Dione, quibus ille secundum fratrem plurumum tribuebat, multum temporis in ista una…
M. Tullius Cicero, Lucullus
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…annus ; tamen illi sceleri quod in me illorum immanitas edidit haud scio an recte hoc proximum esse dicamus. Antiochum Magnum illum maiores nostri magna belli contentione terra marique superatum intra montem Taurum regnare iusserunt Asiam, qua illum multarunt…
Cicero, pro Sestio
(Ἀντίοχος). I.—The name of several kings of Syria. (1) Soter (reigned B.C. 280-261), the son of Selencus I., the founder of the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucidae. He married his stepmother Stratonicé, with whom he had fallen violently in love, and whom his father surrendered to him. He fell in battle against the Gauls in 261.
(2) Theos (B.C. 261-246), son and successor of the preceding. The Milesians gave him his surname of Θεός because he delivered them from their tyrant, Timarchus. He carried on war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, which was brought to a close by his putting away his wife Laodicé, and marrying Berenicé, the daughter of Ptolemy. After the death of Ptolemy he recalled Laodicé, but, in revenge for the insult she had received, she caused Antiochus and Berenicé to be murdered. He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Callinicus. His younger son, Antiochus Hierax, also assumed the crown, and carried on war some years with his brother. (See Berenicé.)
(3) The Great (B.C. 223-187), son and successor of Seleucus Callinicus. He carried on war against Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt, in order to obtain Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, but was obliged to cede these provinces to Ptolemy, in consequence of his defeat at the battle of Raphia, near Gaza, in 217. He was afterwards engaged for seven years (212- 205) in an attempt to regain the eastern provinces of Asia, which had revolted during the reign of Antiochus II.; but, though he met with great success, he found it hopeless to effect the subjugation of the Parthian and Bactrian kingdoms, and accordingly concluded a peace with them. In 198 he conquered Palestine and Coele-Syria, which he afterwards gave as a dowry with his daughter Cleopatra upon her marriage with Ptolemy Epiphanes. He afterwards became involved in hostilities with the Romans, and was urged by Hannibal, who arrived at his court, to invade Italy without loss of time; but Antiochus did not follow his advice. In 192 he crossed over into Greece; and in 191 he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to Asia. In 190 he was again defeated by the Romans under L. Scipio, at Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia, and compelled to sue for peace, which was granted in 188, on condition of his ceding all his dominions east of Mount Taurus, and paying 15,000 Euboic talents. In order to raise the money to pay the Romans, he attacked a wealthy temple in Elymais, but was killed by the people of the place (187). He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Philopator.
(4) Epiphănes (B.C. 175-164), son of Antiochus III., succeeded his brother Seleucus Philopator in 175. He carried on war against Egypt (171-168) with great success; and he was preparing to lay siege to Alexandria in 168, when the Romans compelled him to retire. He endeavoured to root out the Jewish religion and to introduce the worship of the Greek divinities; but this attempt led to a rising of the Jewish people under Mattathias and his heroic sons, the Maccabees, which Antiochus was unable to put down. He attempted to plunder a temple in Elymais in 164, but was repulsed, and died shortly afterwards in a state of raving madness, which the Jews and the Greeks equally attributed to his sacrilegious crimes. His subjects gave him the name of Epimanes (“the madman”), in parody of Epiphanes.
(5) Eupator (B.C. 164-162), son and successor of Epiphanes, was nine years old at his father's death. He was dethroned and put to death by Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus Philopator.
(6) Theos, son of Alexander Balas. He was brought forward as a claimant to the crown in 144, against Demetrius Nicator, by Tryphon, but he was murdered by the latter, who ascended the throne himself in 142.
(7) Sidētes (B.C. 137-128), so called from Sidé in Pamphylia, where he was brought up, younger son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon. He was defeated and slain in battle by the Parthians in 128.
(8) Grypus, or Hook-nosed (B.C. 125-96), second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. He carried on war for some years with his halfbrother, Antiochus Cyzicenus. At length, in 112, the two brothers agreed to share the kingdom between them,—Antiochus Cyzicenus having Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and Antiochus Grypus the remainder of the provinces. Grypus was assassinated in 96.
(9) Cyzicēnus, from Cyzicus, where he was brought up, brother of Grypus, reigned over Coele-Syria and Phoenicia from 112 to 96, but fell in battle in 95 against Seleucus Epiphanes, son of Grypus.
(10) Eusĕbes, son of Cyzicenus, defeated Seleucus Epiphanes, and maintained the throne against the brothers of Seleucus. He succeeded his father in 95.
(11) Epiphănes, son of Grypus and brother of Seleucus Epiphanes. He carried on war against Eusebes, but was defeated by the latter, and drowned in the river Orontes.
(12) Dionȳsus, brother of the preceding, held the crown for a short time, but fell in battle against Aretas, king of the Arabians. The Syrians, worn out with the civil broils of the Seleucidae, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king of Armenia, who united Syria to his own dominions in 83, and held it till his defeat by the Romans in 69.
(13) Asiatĭcus, son of Eusebes, became king of Syria on the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus in 69; but he was deprived of it in 65 by Pompey, who reduced Syria to a Roman province. In this year the Seleucidae ceased to reign.
II.—Kings of Commagené. (1) A king who made an alliance with the Romans, about B.C. 64. He assisted Pompey with troops in 49, and was attacked by Antony in 38. He was succeeded by Mithridates I. about 31.
(2) Succeeded Mithridates I., and was put to death at Rome by Augustus in 29.
(3) Succeeded Mithridates II., and died in A.D. 17. Upon his death Commagené became a Roman province, and remained so till A.D. 38.
(4) Surnamed Epiphanes, received his paternal dominion from Caligula in A.D. 38. He assisted the Romans in their wars against the Parthians under Nero, and against the Jews under Vespasian. In 72 he was accused of conspiring with the Parthians against the Romans, was deprived of his kingdom, and retired to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life.
III.—Literary. Of Ascalon, the founder of the Fifth Academy, was a friend of Lucullus and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (B.C. 79). See Hoyer, De Antiocho Ascal. (1883).
- dedicates curtain in temple of Zeus at Olympia and golden aegis above theater at Athens: Paus. 5.12.4
- Olympic victor: Paus. 6.3.9
- at war with Romans: Paus. 7.8.3, Paus. 7.9.7
- his army defeated at Thermopylae: Paus. 8.5.4
- sends back statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton to Athens: Paus. 1.8.5
- Paus. 10.20.3
- Paus. 3.17.4
- defeated by Lysander: Paus. 9.32.6
- king of Messenia: Paus. 4.4.4, Paus. 4.5.6-8
- a Syracusan, author of history of Sicily: Paus. 10.11.3
- Hdt. 9.33
- father of Phylas: Apollod. 2.8.2
- eponymous hero of Athenian tribe: Paus. 1.5.2, Paus. 2.4.3
- statue at Delphi: Paus. 10.10.1
- killed by Tydeus: Apollod. 1.8.3, Apollod. 1.8.5
- Apollod. 2.4.5
- Paus. 1.7.3, Paus. 1.16.2
- comes to throne: Paus. 10.12.10
- persuaded to attack Ptolemy: Paus. 1.7.3
- sends contingent against Gauls: Paus. 10.20.5