Antonius
Antonius, nomen gentile; Antonius, Antony
Frieze-Dennison Vergil
Could not find Antoniumque in Logeion dictionaries.
Antoniumque Proper-name adjective: neuter vocative singular, Proper-name adjective: masculine genitive plural, Proper-name noun: masculine genitive plural, Proper-name adjective: neuter nominative singular, Proper-name adjective: neuter accusative singular, Proper-name adjective: masculine accusative singular, Proper-name adjective: neuter genitive plural, Proper-name noun: masculine accusative singular of Antonius
- I M. Antonius, Marc Antony, a distinguished triumvir, conquered by Octavianus at Actium, a mortal enemy of Cicero. —
- II M. Antonius, a celebrated orator just before the age of Cicero; cf. Cic. Brut. 37 sq.; Ellendt, Cic. Brut. p. lxii. sq.; Bähr, Lit. Gesch. 355; Teuffel, Röm. Lit. § 139.—
- III C. Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship.—
- IV Fem.: Antōnĭa, ae, a daughter of the triumvir Antonius, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 16.—Derivv.
- A Antōnĭus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Antonius: leges Antonias fregi, i. e. proposed by the triumvir Antonius, Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 14 fin. B. and K.
- —Hence, Antōnĭi, the adherents of the triumvir Antonius, Lepid. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34.—
- B Antō-nĭānus, a, um, adj.
- 1 Of or pertaining to the triumvir Antonius: contra Antonianos, Cic. Fam. 10, 34; 12, 25 fin.; Vell. 2, 74; Sen. Ben. 2, 25; hence, also Antōnĭā-nae, ārum, f. (sc. orationes), the orations of Cicero against Antonius (com. called Philippicae; v. Philippicus), Gell. 7, 11; 13, 1 and 21.—
- 2 Of or pertaining to the orator Antonius: dicendi ratio, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13.
- 1. M. ~ met als bijnaam Orator (143—87 v. Chr.), beroemde Rom. redenaar; consul in 99, censor in 97 v. Chr.);
- 2. C. ~ Hybrida, zoon v.d. onder
- 1. genoemde, in 63 v. Chr. samen met Cicero consul, verwikkeld in de samenzwering v. Catilina;
- 3. M. ~ Creticus, broer v.d. onder
- 2. genoemde;
- 4. M. ~, de triumvir (83—30 v. Chr.), zoon v.d. onder
- 3. genoemde, met Octavianus en Lepidus maakte hij deel uit v.h. tweede triumviraat; tegenstander v. Cicero;
- 5. Iulus ~, zoon v.d. onder
- 4. genoemde; / Antōniānus, a, um van Antonius; subst. Antōniānī, ōrum m aanhangers v. Antonius; / Antōnia, ae f o.a. de twee dochters v.d. triumvir en Octavia:
- 1. de oudere Antonia, echtgenote v. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, grootmoeder v. Nero;
- 2. de jongere Antonia, echtgenote v. Drusus, moeder v. Germanicus.
Innixus super quodam ligno vocatus S. Anthonius.
plebeian. See Antonia Gens.
1. M. Antonius, Magister Equitum, B. C. 334, in the Samnite war. (Liv. 8.17.)
2. L. Antonius, expelled from the senate by the censors in B. C. 307. (V. Max. 2.9.2.)
3. Q. Antonius, was one of the officers in the fleet under the praetor L. Aemilius Regillus, in the war with Antiochus the Great, B. C. 190. (Liv. 37.32.)
4. Antonius, A., was sent by the consul Aemilius Paullus, with two others to Perseus, after the defeat of the latter, B. C. 168. (Liv. 45.4.)
5. M. Antonius, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 167, opposed the bill introduced by the praetor M. Juventius Thalna for declaring war against the Rhodians. (Liv. 45.21, 40.)
6. L. Antonius, defended by M. Cato Censorius, about the middle of the second century B. C. (Priscian, ix. p. 868, ed. Putsch.)
7. C. Antonius, the father of the orator, as appears from coins. The following is a genealogical table of his descendants :
8. M. Antonius, the orator, was born B. C. 143. (Cic. Brut. 43.) He was quaestor in 113, and praetor in 104, and received the province of Cilicia with the title of proconsul in order to prosecute the war against the pirates. In consequence of his successes he obtained a triumph in 102. (Plut. Pomp. 24; Fast. Triumph.) He was consul in 99 with A. Albinus [see Albinus, No. 22], and distinguished himself by resisting the attempts of Saturninus and his party, especially an agrarian law of the tribune Sex. Titius. He was censor in 97, and, while censor, was accused of bribery by M. Duronius, but was acquitted. He commanded in the Marsic war a part of the Roman army. Antonius belonged to the aristocratical party, and espoused Sulla's side in the first civil war. He was in consequence put to death by Marius and Cinna when they obtained possession of Rome in 87. He was in the city at the time, and the soldiers sent to murder him hesitated to do their errand through the moving eloquence of the orator, till their commander, P. Annius, cut off his head and carried it to Marius, who had it erected on the Rostra.
Antonius is frequently spoken of by Cicero as one of the greatest of the Roman orators. He is introduced as one of the speakers in Cicero's De Oratore, together with his celebrated contemporary L. Crassus. From the part which he takes in the dialogue, it would appear that his style of eloquence was natural and unartificial, distinguished by strength and energy rather than by finish and polish. He wrote a work de Ratione Dicendi, which is referred to by Cicero (Cic. de Orat. 1.21) and Quintilian (3.6.45), but neither it nor any of his orations has come down to us. His chief orations were, 1. A defence of himself, when accused of incest with a vestal virgin, B. C. 113. (V. Max. 3.7.9, 6.8.1; Liv. Epit. 63 ; Ascon. ad Cic. Milon. 100.12; Oros. 5.15.) 2. A speech against Cn. Papirius Carbo, B. C. 111, who had been defeated by the Cimbri in 113. (Appul. de Mag. p. 316, ed. Oudend.) 3. An oration against Sex. Titius, tribune of the plebs, B. C. 99. (Cic. de Orat. 2.11, pro Rabir. perd. 9.) 4. A defence of M'. Aquillius, accused of extortion in the government of Sicily, about B. C. 99. This was the most celebrated of his orations. (Cic. Brut. 62, de Off. 2.14, pro Flacco, 39, de Orat. 2.28, 47, in Verr. 5.1; Liv. Epit. 70.) 5. A defence of himself when accused of bribery by Duronius. (Cic. de Orat. 2.68.) 6.. A defence of Norbanus, who was accused of having caused the destruction of a Roman army by the Cimbri through carelessness. (Cic. de Orat. 2.25, 39, 40, 48.)
(Orelli, Onomasticon Tullianum ; Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. i. p. 58, &c.; Ellendt, Proleg. ad Cic. Brut. ; Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fraym. p. 139, &c.; Westermann, Geschichte der Römischen Beredtsamkeit, §§ 46-48.)
9. M. Antonius Creticus, M. F. C. N., son of the preceding and father of the Triumvir, was praetor in B. C. 75, and obtained in 74, through the influence of P. Cethegus and the consul Cotta, the command of the fleet and all the coasts of the Mediterranean, in order to clear the sea of pirates. But Antonius was avaricious and greedy, and misused his power to plunder the provinces, and especially Sicily. He did not succeed either in the object for which he had been appointed. An attack which he made upon Crete, although he was assisted by the Byzantines and the other allies, entirely failed; the greater part of his fleet was destroyed; and he probably saved himself only by an ignominious treaty. He shortly after died in Crete, and was called Creticus in derision. Sallust (Hist. lib. iii.) described him as "perdundae pecuniae genitus, et vacuus a curis nisi instantibus." He was married twice; first, to Numitoria, who had no children (Cic. Philipp. 3.6), and afterwards to Julia. (Plut. Ant. 1.2; Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, in Verr. 2.3, 3.91; Pseudo-Ascon. in Div. p. 122, in Verr. pp. 176, 206, ed. Orelli ; Vell. 2.31; Appian, App. Sic. 6; Lactant. Inst. 1.11.32; Tac. Ann. 12.62.)
10. C. Antonius M. F. C. N., surnamed Hybrida (Plin. Nat. 8.53. s. 79, according to Drumann, Gesch. Roms, i. p. 531, because he was a homo semiferus, the friend of Catiline and the plunderer of Macedonia), was the second son of Antonius, the orator [No. 8], and the uncle of the triumvir [No. 12]. He accompanied Sulla in his war against Mithridates, and on Sulla's return to Rome, B. C. 83, was left behind in Greece with part of the cavalry and plundered the country. He was subsequently accused for his oppression of Greece by Julius Caesar (76). Six years afterwards (70), he was expelled the senate by the censors for plundering the allies and wasting his property, but was soon after readmitted. He celebrated his aedileship with extraordinary splendour. In his praetorship (65) and consulship (63) he had Cicero as his colleague. According to most accounts Antony was one of Catiline's conspirators, and his well-known extravagance and rapacity seem to render this probable. Cicero gained him over to his side by promising him the rich province of Macedonia, in which he would have a better opportunity of amassing wealth than in the other consular province of Gaul. Antony had to lead an army against Catiline, but unwilling to fight against his former friend, he gave the command on the day of battle to his legate, M. Petreius.
At the conclusion of the war Antony went into his province, which he plundered so shamefully, that his recall was proposed in the senate in the beginning of 61. Cicero defended him; and it was currently reported at Rome that Cicero had given up the province to Antony on the secret understanding, that the latter should give him part of the plunder. Antony said the same himself ; and Cicero's conduct in defending him in the senate, and also when he was brought to trial subsequently, strengthened the suspicion. In 60, Antony was succeeded in the province by Octavius, the father of Augustus, and on his return to Rome was accused in 59 both of taking part in Catiline's conspiracy and of extortion in his province. He was defended by Cicero, but was notwithstanding condemned on both charges, and retired to the island of Cephallenia, which he rendered subject to him, as if it were his own; he even commenced building a city in it. (Strab. x. p.455.) He was subsequently recalled, probably by Caesar, but at what time is uncertain. We know that he was in Rome at the beginning of 44 (Cic. Philipp. 2.38), and he probably did not long survive Caesar. (For the ancient authorities, see Orelli's Onomasticon Tull. and Drumann's Geschichte Roms, i. p. 31.)
11. [Antonia, No. 1.].
12. M. ANTONIUS M. F. M. N., the son of M. Antonius Creticus [No. 9] and Julia, the sister of L. Julius Caesar, consul in B. C. 64, was born, in all probability, in B. C. 83. His father died while he was still young, and he was brought up in the house of Cornelius Lentulus, who married his mother Julia, and who was subsequently put to death by Cicero in 63 as one of Catiline's conspirators. Antony indulged in his very youth in every kind of dissipation, and became distinguished by his lavish expenditure and extravagance; and, as he does not appear to have received a large fortune from his father, his affairs soon became deeply involved. He was, however, released from his difficulties by his friend Curio, who was his companion in all his dissipation, and between whom and Antony there existed, if report be true, a most dishonourable connexion. The desire of revenging the execution of his step-father, Lentulus, led Antony to join Clodius in his opposition to Cicero and the aristocratical party. But their friendship was not of long continuance; and Antony, pressed by his creditors, repaired to Greece in 58, and from thence to Syria, where he served under the proconsul A. Gabinius as commander of the cavalry. He soon became distinguished as a brave and enterprizing officer. He took part in the campaigns against Aristobulus in Palestine (57, 56), and also in the restoration of Ptolemy Auletes to Egypt in 55. In the following year (54) he went to Caesar in Gaul, whose favour and influence he acquired, and was in consequence, on his return to Rome (53), elected quaestor for the following year. He was supported in his canvass for the quaestorship by Cicero, who became reconciled to him through the mediation of Caesar. As quaestor (52) he returned to Gaul, and served under Caesar for the next two years (52, 51).
Antony's energy and intrepidity pointed him out to Caesar as the most useful person to support his interests at Rome, where it was evident that the aristocratical party had made up their minds to crush Caesar, if it were possible. Antony accordingly left Gaul in 50 and came to Rome. Through the influence of Caesar, he was elected into the college of augurs, and was also chosen one of the tribunes of the plebs. He entered on his office on the 10th of December, and immediately commenced attacking the proceedings of Pompey and the aristocracy. On the 1st of January in the following year (49), the senate passed a decree depriving Caesar of his command. Antony and his colleague Q. Cassius interposed their veto; but as the senate set this at nought, and threatened the lives of the two tribunes, Antony and his colleague fled from Rome on the 7th of January, and took refuge with Caesar in Gaul. Caesar now marched into Italy, and within a few weeks obtained complete possession of the peninsula.
Antony was one of his legates, and received in the same year the supreme command of Italy, when Caesar crossed into Spain to prosecute the war against the Pompeian party. In the following year (48), he conducted reinforcements to Caesar in Greece, and was present at the battle of Pharsalia, where he commanded the left wing. In 47, Caesar, who was then dictator, appointed Antony master of the horse; and, during the absence of the former in Africa, he was again left in the command of Italy. The quiet state of Italy gave Antony an opportunity of indulging his natural love of pleasure. Cicero in his second Philippic has given a minute account of the flagrant debaucheries and licentiousness of which Antony was guilty at this time, both in Rome and the various towns of Italy; and it is pretty certain that most of these accounts are substantially true, though they are no doubt exaggerated by the orator. It was during this time that Antony divorced his wife Antonia (he had been previously married to Fadia [Fadia]), and lived with an actress named Cytheris, with whom he appeared in public.
About the same time, a circumstance occurred which produced a coolness between Caesar and Antony. Antony had purchased a great part of Pompey's property, when it was confiscated, under the idea that the money would never be asked for. But Caesar insisted that it should be paid, and Antony raised the sum with difficulty. It was perhaps owing to this circumstance that Antony did not accompany Caesar either to Africa or Spain in 46. During this year he married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius. In the next year (45) all trace of disagreement between Caesar and Antony disappears ; he went to Narbo in Gaul to meet Caesar on his return from Spain, and shortly after offered him the diadem at the festival of the Lupercalia. In 44 he was consul with Caesar, and during the time that Caesar was murdered (15th of March), was kept engaged in conversation by some of the conspirators outside the senate-house. The conspirators had wished to engage Antony as an accomplice, and he was sounded on the point the year before by Trebonius, while he was in Gaul ; but the proposition was rejected with indignation.
Antony had now a difficult part to play. The murder of Caesar had paralyzed his friends and the people, and for a time placed the power of the state in the hands of the conspirators. Antony therefore thought it more prudent to come to terms with the senate; but meantime he obtained from Calpurnia the papers and private property of Caesar ; and by his speech over the body of Caesar and the reading of his will, he so roused the feelings of the people against the murderers, that the latter were obliged to withdraw from the popular wrath. Antony, however, seems not to have considered himself strong enough yet to break with the senate entirely; he accordingly effected a reconciliation with them, and induced them to accept a number of laws, which he alleged were found among Caesar's papers. Antony was now the most powerful man in the state, and seemed likely to obtain the same position that Caesar had occupied. But a new and unexpected rival appeared in young Octavianus, the adopted son and great-nephew of the dictator, who came from Apollonia to Rome, assumed the name of Caesar, and managed to secure equally the good will of the senate and of his uncle's veteran troops. A struggle now ensued between Antony and Caesar. The former went to Brundusium, to take the command of the legions which had come from Macedonia ; the latter collected an army in Campania. Two of Antony's legions shortly afterwards deserted to Caesar; and Antony, towards the end of November, proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul, which had been previously granted him by the senate, and laid siege to Mutina, into which Dec. Brutus had thrown himself. At Rome, meantime, Antony was declared a public enemy, and the conduct of the war against him committed to Caesar and the two consuls, C. Vibius Pansa and A. Hirtius, at the beginning of the next year, B. C. 43. Several battles were fought with various success, till at length, in the battle of Mutina (about the 27th of April, 43), Antony was completely defeated, and obliged to cross the Alps. Both the consuls, however, had fallen, and the command now devolved upon Dec. Brutus. In Gaul Antony was joined by Lepidus with a powerful army, and was soon in a condition to prosecute the war with greater vigour than ever. Meantime, Caesar, who had been slighted by the senate, and who had never heartily espoused its cause, became reconciled to Antony, through the mediation of Lepidus, and thus the celebrated triumvirate was formed in the autumn of this year (43). The reconciliation was made on the condition that the government of the state should be vested in Antony, Caesar, and Lepidus, who were to take the title of Triumviri Reipublicae Constituendac for the next five years; and that Antony should receive Gaul as his province; Lepidus, Spain; and Caesar, Africa, Sardinia, and Sicily. The mutual friends of each were proscribed, and in the executions that followed, Cicero fell a victim to the revenge of Antony--an act of cruelty, for which even the plea of necessity could not be urged.
The war against Brutus and Cassius, who commanded the senatorial army, was entrusted to Caesar and Antony, and was decided by the battle of Philippi (42), which was mainly gained by the valour and military talents of Antony. Caesar returned to Italy; and Antony, after remaining some time in Greece, crossed over into Asia to collect the money which he had promised to the soldiers. In Cilicia he met with Cleopatra, and followed her to Egypt, where he forgot everything in dalliance with her. But he was roused from his inactivity by the Parthian invasion of Syria (40), and was at the same time summoned to support his brother Lucius [see No. 14] and his wife Fulvia, who were engaged in war with Caesar. But before Antony could reach Italy, Caesar had obtained possession of Perusia, in which Lucius had taken refuge ; and the death of Fulvia in the same year removed the chief cause of the war, and led to a reconciliation between Caesar and Antony. To cement their union, Antony married Caesar's sister Octavia. A new division of the Roman world was made, in which Antony received as his share all the provinces east of the Adriatic.
In the following year (39), the Triumvirs concluded a peace with Sext. Pompey, and Antony afterwards went to his provinces in the east. He entrusted the war against the Parthians to Ventidius, who gained a complete victory over them both in this and the following year (38). Sosius, another of his generals, conquered Antigonus, who claimed the throne of Judaea in opposition to Herod, and took Jerusalem (38). In 37 Antony crossed over to Italy; and a rupture, which had nearly taken place between him and Caesar, was averted by the mediation of Octavia. The triumvirate, which had terminated on the 31st of December, 38, was now renewed for five years, which were to be reckoned from the day on which the former had ceased. After concluding this arrangement, Antony returned to the east. He shortly afterwards sent Octavia back to her brother, and surrendered himself entirely to the charms of Cleopatra, on whom he conferred Coelc-Syria, Phoenicia, and other provinces. From this time forward, Cleopatra appears as Antony's evil genius. He had collected a large army to invade the Parthian empire; but, unable to tear himself away from Cleopatra, he delayed his march till late in the year. The expedition was a failure; he lost a great number of his troops, and returned to Syria covered with disgrace (36). Antony now made preparations to attack Artavasdes, the king of Armenia, who had deserted him in his war against the Parthians; but he did not invade Armenia till the year 34. He obtained possession of the Armenian king, and carried him to Alexandria, where he celebrated his triumph with extraordinary splendour. Antony now laid aside entirely the character of a Roman citizen, and assumed the pomp and ceremony of an eastern despot. His conduct, and the unbounded influence which Cleopatra had acquired over him, alienated many of his friends and supporters; and Caesar, who had the wrongs of his sister Octavia to revenge, as well as ambition to stimulate him, thought that the time had now come for crushing Antony. The years 33 and 32 passed away in preparations on both sides; and it was not till September in the next year (31) that the contest was decided in the sea-fight off Actium, in which Antony's fleet was completely defeated. His land forces surrendered to Caesar ; and he himself and Cleopatra, who had been present at the battle, fled to Alexandria. In the following year (30), Caesar appeared before Alexandria. Antony's fleet and cavalry deserted to the conqueror; his infantry was defeated; and upon a false report that Cleopatra had put an end to her life, he killed himself by falling on his sword. The death of Cleopatra soon followed; and Caesar thus became the undisputed master of the Roman world. [Augustus.] (Plutarch's Life of Antony ; Orelli's Onomasticon Tull.; Drumann's Geschichte Roms, i. p. 64, &c.) The annexed coin represents the head of Antony, with the inscription, M. Antonius Imp. Cos. Desig. ITER. ET. Tert., which is surrounded with a crown of ivy. On the reverse is a cista, a box used in the worship of Bacchus, surmounted by a female's head, and encompassed by two serpents. (Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 64.)
13. C. Antonius M. F. M. N., the second son of M. Antonius Creticus [No. 9], and the brother of the triumvir, was Julius Caesar's legate in 49, and city praetor in 44, when his elder brother was consul, and his younger tribune of the plebs. In the same year, he received the province of Macedonia, where, after an unsuccessful contest, he fell into the hands of M. Brutus in 43. Brutus kept him as a prisoner for some time, but put him to death at the beginning of 42, chiefly at the instigation of Hortensius, to revenge the murder of Cicero. (Orelli's Onomast. ; Drumann's Gesch. Roms, i. p. 523, &c.) The following coin of C. Antonius must have been struck after he had been appointed to the government of Macedonia with the title of proconsul. The female head is supposed to represent the genius of Macedonia; the cap on the head is the causia, which frequently appears on the Macedonian coins. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Causia ; Eckhel. vol. vi. p. 41.)
14. L. Antonius M. F. M. N., the younger brother of the preceding and of the triumvir, was tribune of the plebs in 44, and upon Caesar's death took an active part in supporting his brother's interests, especially by introducing an agrarian law to conciliate the people and Caesar's veteran troops. He subsequently accompanied his brother into Gaul, and obtained the consulship for 41, in which year he triumphed on account of some successes he had gained over the Alpine tribes. During his consulship a dispute arose between him and Caesar about the division of the lands among the veterans, which finally led to a war between them, commonly called the Perusinian war. Lucius engaged in this war chiefly at the instigation of Fulvia, his brother's wife, who had great political influence at Rome. At first, Lucius obtained possession of Rome during the absence of Caesar; but on the approach of the latter, he retired northwards to Perusia, whore he was straightway closely besieged. Famine compelled him to surrender the town to Caesar in the following year (40). His life was spared, and he was shortly afterwards appointed by Caesar to the command of Iberia, from which time we hear no more of him.
L. Antonius took the surname of Pietas (D. C. 48.5), because he pretended to attack Caesar in order to support his brother's interests. It is true, that when he obtained possession of Rome in his consulship, he proposed the abolition of the triumvirate; but this does not prove, as some modern writers would have it, that he was opposed to his brother's interests. Cicero draws a frightful picture of Lucius' character. He calls him a gladiator and a robber, and heaps upon him every term of reproach and contempt. (Phil. 3.12, 5.7, 11, 12.8, &c.) Much of this is of course exaggeration. (Orelli's Onomast.; Drumann's Gesch Roms, i. p. 527, &c.) The annexed coin of L. Antonius represents also the head of his brother, M. Antonius, the triumvir, with the inscription : M. Ant. Im(P). Avg. IIIVir. R. P. C. M. Nerva. Proq. P.
15. Antonia. [Antonia, 2.]
16. Antonia. [Antonia, 3.]
17. Antonia, the daughter of M. Antonius, the triumvir, and Antonia. [Antonia, 4.]
18. M. Antonius, M. F. M. N., called by the Greek writers Antyllus (Ἄντυλλος), which is probably only a corrupt form for Antonillus (young Antonius), was the elder of the two sons of the triumvir by his wife Fulvia. In B. C. 36, while he was still a child, he was betrothed to Julia, the daughter of Caesar Octavianus. After the battle of Actium, when Antony despaired of success at Alexandria, he conferred upon his son Marcus the toga virilis (B. C. 30), that he might be able to take his place in case of his death. He sent him with proposals of peace to Caesar, which were rejected ; and on his death, shortly after, young Marcus was executed by order of Caesar. (D. C. 48.54, 51.6, 8, 15; Suet. Aug. 17, 63; Plut. Ant. 71, 81, 87.)
19. Julus Antonius, M. F. M. N., the younger son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was brought up by his step-mother Octavia at Rome, and after his father's death (B. C. 30) received great marks of favour from Augustus, through the influence of Octavia. (Plut. Ant. 87; D. C. 51.15.) Augustus married him to Marcella, the daughter of Octavia by her first husband, C. Marcellus, conferred upon him the praetorship in B. C. 13, and the consulship in B. C. 10. (Vell. 2.100 ; D. C. 54.26, 36; Suet. Cl. 2.) In consequence of his adulterous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus, he was condemned to death by the emperor in B. C. 2, but seems to have anticipated his execution by a voluntary death. He was also accused of aiming at the empire. (D. C. 55.10; Senec. de Brevit. Vit. 5; Tac. Ann. 4.44, 3.18; Plin. Nat. 7.46; Vell. Pat. l.c.) Antonius was a poet, as we learn from one of Horace's odes (4.2), which is addressed to him.
20. Antonia Major, the elder daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia. [Antonia, No. 5.]
21. Antonia Minor, the younger daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia. [Antonia, No. 6.]
22. Alexander, son of M. Antonius and Cleopatra. [Alexander, p. 112a.]
23. Cleopatra, daughter of M. Antonius and Cleopatra. [Cleopatra.]
24. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of M. Antonius and Cleopatra. [Ptolemaeus.]
25. L. Antonius, son of No. 19 and Marcella, and grandson of the triumvir, was sent, after his father's death, into honourable exile at Massilia, where he died in A. D. 25. (Tac. Ann. 4.44.)
(Ἀντώνιος).
1. Of Argos, a Greek poet, one of whose epigrams is still extant in the Greek Anthology. (9.102; comp. Jacobs, ad Anthol. vol. xiii. p. 852.)
2. Surnamed Melissa (the Bee), a Greek monk, who is placed by some writers in the eighth and by others in the twelfth century of our era. He must, however, at any rate have lived after the time of Theophylact, whom he mentions. Works Collection of Common-Places
He made a collection of so-called loci communes, or sentences on virtues and vices, which is still extant. It resembles the Sermones of Stobaeus, and consists of two books in 176 titles. The extracts are taken from the early Christian fathers. Editions
The work is printed at the end of the editions of Stobaeus published at Frankfort, 1581, and Geneva, 1609, fol. It is also contained in the Biblioth. Patr. vol. v. p. 878, &c., ed. Paris. Further Information
Fabr. Bibl. Gr. ix. p. 744, &c.; Cave, Script. Eccles. Hist. Lit. i. p. 666, ed. London.
3. A Greek Monk, and a disciple of Simeon Stylites, lived about A. D. 460. Works Life of Simeon
He wrote a life of his master Simeon, with whom he had lived on intimate terms. Editions
It was written in Greek, and L. Allatius (Diatr. de Script. Sim. p. 8) attests, that he saw a Greek MS. of it; but the only edition which has been published is a Latin translation in Boland's Act. Sanctor. i. p. 264. (Cave, Script. Eccles. Hist. Lit. ii. p. 145.) Vossius (De Hist. Lat. p. 231), who knew only the Latin translation, was doubtful whether he should consider Antonius as a Latin or a Greek historian.
4. sometimes surnamed Abbas, because he is believed to have been the founder of the monastic life among the early Christians, was born in A. D. 251, at Coma, near Heracleia, in Middle Egypt. His earliest years were spent in seclusion, and the Greek language, which then every person of education used to acquire, remained unknown to him. He merely spoke and wrote the Egyptian language. At the age of nineteen, after having lost both his parents, he distributed his large property among his neighbours and the poor, and determined to live in solitary seclusion in the neighbourhood of his birthplace. The struggle before he fully overcame the desires of the flesh is said to have been immense; but at length he succeeded, and the simple diet which he adopted, combined with manual labour, strengthened his health so much, that he lived to the age of 105 years. In A. D. 285 he withdrew to the mountains of eastern Egypt, where he took up his abode in a decayed castle or tower. Here he spent twenty years in solitude, and in constant struggles with the evil spirit. It was not till A. D. 305, that his friends prevailed upon him to return to the world. He now began his active and public career. A number of disciples gathered around him, and his preaching, together with the many miraculous cures he was said to perform on the sick, spread his fame all over Egypt. The number of persons anxious to learn from him and to follow his mode of life increased every year. Of such persons he made two settlements, one in the mountains of eastern Egypt, and another near the town of Arsinoe, and he himself usually spent his time in one of these monasteries, if we may call them so. From the accounts of St. Athanasius in his life of Antonius, it is clear that most of the essential points of a monastic life were observed in these establishments. During the persecution of the Christians in the reign of the emperor Maximian, A. D. 311, Antonius, anxious to gain the palm of a martyr, went to Alexandria, but all his efforts and his opposition to the commands of the government were of no avail, and he was obliged to return uninjured to his solitude. As his peace began to be more and more disturbed by the number of visitors, he withdrew further east to a mountain which is called mount St. Antonius to this day; but he nevertheless frequently visited the towns of Egypt, and formed an intimate friendship with Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria. During the exile of the latter from Alexandria, Antonius wrote several letters on his behalf to the emperor Constantine. The emperor did not grant his request, but shewed great esteem for the Egyptian hermit, and even invited him to Constantinople. Antonius, however, declined this invitation. His attempts to use his authority against the Arians in Egypt were treated with contempt by their leaders. After the restoration of Athanasius, Antonius at the age of 104 years went to Alexandria to see his friend once more, and to exert his last powers against the Arians. His journey thither resembled a triumphal procession, every one wishing to catch a glimpse of the great Saint and to obtain his blessing. After having wrought sundry miracles at Alexandria, he returned to his mountains, where he died on the 17th of January, 356. At his express desire his favourite disciples buried his body in the earth and kept the spot secret, in order that his tomb might not be profaned by vulgar superstition. This request, together with the sentiments expressed in his sermons, epistles, and sentences still extant, shew that Antonius was far above the majority of religious enthusiasts and fanatics of those times, and a more sensible man than he appears in the much interpolated biography by St. Athanasius. Works Epistles
We have twenty epistles which go by the name of Antonius, but only seven of them are generally considered genuine. About A. D. 800 they were translated from the Egyptian into Arabic, and from the Arabic they were translated into Latin. Editions
The Latin version was published by Abraham Ecchellensis, Paris, 1641, 8vo. The same editor published in 1646, at Paris, an 8vo. volume containing various sermons, exhortations, and sentences of Antonius. Further Information
S. Athanasii, Vita S. Antonii, Gr. et Lat. ed. Hoeschel, Augustae Vindel. 1611, 4to.; Socrat. Hist. Eccles. 1.21, 4.23, 25; Sozom. Hist. Eccles. 1.3, 2.31, 34; comp. Cave, Script. Eccl. Hist. Lit. i. p. 150, &c. [L.S]
a Physician, called by Galen ὁ ῥιζοτόμος, "the herbalist," who must have lived in or before the second century after Christ. His medical formulae are several times quoted by Galen (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, 2.1, vol. xii. p. 557; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. 6.15, vol. xiii. p. 935), and he is perhaps the same person who is called φαρμακοπώλης, " the druggist." (De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, 9.4, vol. xiii. p. 281.) Possibly they may both be identical with Antonius Castor [Castor, Antonius], but of this there is no proof whatever. A treatise on the Pulse (Opera, vol. xix. p. 629), which goes under Galen's name, but which is probably a spurious compilation from his other works on this subject, is addressed to a person named Antonius, who is there called Φιλομαθὴς καὶ Φιλόσοφος; and Galen wrote his work De Propriorum Animi cujusdam Affectuum Dignotione et Curatione (Opera, vol. v. p. 1, &c.) in answer to a somewhat similar treatise by an Epicurean philosopher of this name, who, however, does not appear to have been a physician. [W.A.G]
[Atticus.]
[Castor.]
[Diogenes.]
[Felix.]
[Flamma.]
[Gnipho.]
[Honoratus.]
[Julianus.]
[Liberalis.]
[Musa.]
[Naso.]
[Natalis.]
[Novellus.]
[Polemo.]
[Primus.]
[Rufus.]
[Saturninus.]
[Taurus.]
[Thallus.]
- a gentile name.—As adj.,of the triumvir Antonius: leges.
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…citeriore Pisonem, in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consili sui participes ; petere consulatum C. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum ; cum eo se consulem initium…
Sallust, Catilina
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…, neque fugae neque praesidi ullam spem, optumum factu ratus in tali re fortunam belli temptare, statuit cum Antonio quam primum confligere. Itaque contione advocata huiusce modi orationem habuit Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtutem non…
Sallust, Catilina
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…ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae sibi proderet ; ad hoc collegam suum Antonium pactione provinciae perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret ; circum se praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam…
Sallust, Catilina
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…aquilam adsistit, quam bello Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, pedibus aeger quod proelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato exercitum permittit. Ille cohortis veteranas, quas…
Sallust, Catilina
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…quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere praeter rerum capitalium condemnatis. Praeterea decernit, uti consules dilectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxume miserabile…
Sallust, Catilina
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…periculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. Tullius et C. Antonius. Quod factum primo popularis coniurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare arma…
Sallust, Catilina
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…castra propere movit ac sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat in Galliam properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu locis aequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur. Sed Catilina, postquam videt montibus…
Sallust, Catilina
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…rebus conparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proxumum annum consulatum petebat sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus…
Sallust, Catilina
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…instructa ; ceteri, ut quemque casus armaverat, sparos aut lanceas, alii praeacutas sudis portabant. Sed postquam Antonius cum exercitu adventabat, Catilina per montis iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam vorsus castra movere…
Sallust, Catilina
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…amore devinxit improbissimae naturae et turpissimae vitae similitudo. ergo id quod fecit Dolabella in quo potuit multis idem minatur Antonius. sed ille cum procul esset a consulibus exercitibusque nostris neque dum senatum cum populo Romano conspirasse sensisset, fretus…
Cicero, Philippicae
(1) Marcus, the orator, was born B.C. 143; was quaestor in 113; praetor in 104, when he fought against the pirates in Cilicia; consul in 99; and censor in 97. He belonged to Sulla 's party, and was put to death by Marius and Cinna , when they entered Rome, in 87; his head was cut off and placed on the Rostra. Cicero mentions him and L. Crassus as the most distinguished orators of their age, and he is introduced as one of the speakers in Cicero's De Oratore.
(2) Marcus, surnamed Creticus, elder son of the orator, and father of the triumvir, was praetor in B.C. 75, and received the command of the fleet and all the coasts of the Mediterranean, in order to clear the sea of pirates; but he did not succeed in his object, and used his power to plunder the provinces. He died shortly afterwards in Crete, and was called Creticus in derision.
(3) Gaius, younger son of the orator and uncle of the triumvir, was expelled from the Senate in B.C. 70, and was the colleague of Cicero in the praetorship (65) and consulship (63). He was one of Catiline's conspirators, but deserted the latter on Cicero's promising him the province of Macedonia. He had to lead an army against Catiline, but, unwilling to fight against his former friend, he gave the command on the day of battle to his legate, M. Petreius. At the conclusion of the war Antony went into his province, which he plundered shamefully; and on his return to Rome in 59 was accused both of taking part in Catiline's conspiracy and of extortion in his province. He was defended by Cicero, but was condemned, and retired to the island of Cephallenia. He was subsequently recalled, probably by Caesar, and was in Rome at the beginning of the year 44.
(4) Marcus, the Triumvir, was the son of Antonius Creticus and Iulia, the sister of Iulius Caesar. He was born about B.C. 83. His father died while he was still young, and he was brought up by Lentulus, who married his mother Iulia, and who was put to death by Cicero in 63 as one of Catiline's conspirators: hence Antony became a personal enemy of Cicero. Antony indulged in his earliest youth in every kind of dissipation, and his affairs soon became deeply involved. In 58, he went to Syria, where he served with distinction under Gabinius. In 54, he went to Caesar in Gaul, and by the influence of the latter was elected quaestor (B.C. 52). He now became one of the most active partisans of Caesar. He was tribune of the plebs in 49, and in January fled to Caesar's camp in Cisalpine Gaul, after putting his veto upon the decree of the Senate which deprived Caesar of his command. In 48, Antony was present at the battle of Pharsalia, where he commanded the left wing. In 44, he was consul with Caesar, when he offered him the kingly diadem at the festival of the Lupercalia. After Caesar's murder, on the 15th of March, Antony endeavoured to succeed to his power. He pronounced the speech over Caesar's body, and read his will to the people; and he also obtained the papers and private property of Caesar. But he found a new and unexpected rival in young Octavianus, the adopted son and great-nephew of the dictator, who at first joined the Senate in order to crush Antony. (See Augustus.) Towards the end of the year Antony proceeded to Cisalpine Gaul, which had been previously granted him by the Senate; but Dec. Brutus refused to surrender the province to Antony, and threw himself into Mutina, where he was besieged by Antony. The Senate approved of the conduct of Brutus, declared Antony a public enemy, and intrusted the conduct of the war against him to Octavianus. Antony was defeated at the battle of Mutina, in April, 43, and was obliged to cross the Alps. Both the consuls, however, had fallen, and the senators now began to show their jealousy of Octavianus. Meantime Antony was joined by Lepidus with a powerful army; Octavianus became reconciled to him; and it was agreed that the government of the state should be vested in Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus, under the title of Triumviri Republicae Constituendae, for the next five years. The mutual enemies of each were proscribed, and, in the numerous executions that followed, Cicero, who had attacked Antony in his Philippic Orations, fell a victim to his malice. In 42, Antony and Octavianus crushed the republican party by the battle of Philippi, in which Brutus and Cassius fell. Antony then went to Asia, which he had received as his share of the Roman world. In Cilicia he met with Cleopatra , and followed her to Egypt, a captive to her charms. In 41, Fulvia, the wife of Antony, and his brother, L. Antonius, made war upon Octavianus in Italy. Antony prepared to support his relatives, but the war was brought to a close at the beginning of 40, before Antony could reach Italy. The opportune death of Fulvia facilitated the reconciliation of Antony and Octavianus, which was cemented by the marriage of Antony to Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. Antony remained in Italy till 39, when the triumvirs concluded a peace with Pompey, and he afterwards went to his provinces in the East. In this year and the following, Ventidius, the lieutenant of Antony, defeated the Parthians. In 37, Antony crossed over to Italy, when the triumvirate was renewed for five years. He then returned to the East, and shortly afterwards sent Octavia back to her brother and surrendered himself entirely to the charms of Cleopatra. In 36, he invaded Parthia, but lost a great number of his troops, and was obliged to retreat. He was more successful in his invasion of Armenia in 34, for he obtained possession of the person of Artavasdes, the Armenian king, and carried him to Alexandria. Antony now laid aside entirely the character of a Roman citizen, and assumed the pomp and ceremony of an Eastern despot. His conduct, and the unbounded influence which Cleopatra had acquired over him, alienated many of his friends and supporters; and Octavianus saw that the time had now come for crushing his rival. The contest was decided by the memorable seafight off Actium, September 2d, B.C. 31, in which Antony's fleet was completely defeated. Accompanied by Cleopatra , he fled to Alexandria, where he put an end to his own life in the following year (30), when Octavianus appeared before the city.
(5) Gaius, brother of the triumvir, was praetor in Macedonia in B.C. 44, fell into the hands of M. Brutus in 43, and was put to death by Brutus in 42, to revenge the murder of Cicero.
(6) Lucius, youngest brother of the triumvir, was consul in B.C. 41, when he engaged in war against Octavianus at the instigation of Fulvia, his brother's wife. He threw himself into the town of Perusia, which he was obliged to surrender in the following year. His life was spared, and he was afterwards appointed by Octavianus to the command of Iberia.
(7) Marcus, elder son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was executed by order of Octavianus, after the death of his father in B.C. 30.
(8) Iulus, younger son of the triumvir by Fulvia, was brought up by his step-mother Octavia at Rome, and received great marks of favour from Augustus. He was consul in B.C. 10, but was put to death in the year 2, in consequence of his adulterous intercourse with Iulia, the daughter of Augustus.