cautio

cautĭo (old uncontr. form cauĭtĭo, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 61 Müll.), ōnis, f. [caveo], a guarding or taking care of one’s self, wariness, precaution, caution, heedfulness, circumspection, εὐλάβεια (besides the comic poets, mostly in Cic.).

• I In gen.: a malis natură declinamus: quae declinatio, si cum ratione fiet, cautio appelletur; quae autem sine ratione, nominetur metus, Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13: cautio et timiditas, id. de Or. 2, 74, 300: omnium horum vitiorum atque incommodorum una cautio est atque una provisio, ut ne, id. Lael. 21, 78: cautio ac diligentia, id. Font. 1, 2; id. Att. 1, 19, 8; initium suspitionis et cautionis et diligentiae, id. Fam. 9, 24, 1.—
• • • • b (Mihi) cautio est = cavendum est, caution is necessary (a colloquial phrase), Plaut. Bacch. 4, 2, 15 (597); id. Poen. 1, 3, 36 (445); id. Ps. 1, 2, 38 (169); Ter. And. 400; id. Ad. 421: mea cautio est, I must see to it, Cic. Att. 5, 4, 4 (al. captio).—
      • c Res cautionem habet.
      • • α The matter requires caution: habet multas cautiones, Cic. Off. 1, 14, 42.—
        • β The matter admits of caution, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 3.—
• II T. t., in law, that by which one places himself or another in safety, an obligation, security, bond, warranty, Uail (written or oral): quoniam vestrae cautiones infirmae sunt, Graeculam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei, Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 1; v. such a written bond in Dig. 12, 1, 40: prolatis cautionibus, Sen. Ben. 3, 7, 7: cavere, Dig. 46, 8, 6: offerre, ib. 40, 4, 50: interponere, ib. 44, 1, 11: cautionem praebere alicui indemnitatis, ib. 3, 5, 30 et saep.—With acc. and inf., Suet. Aug. 98.—Of an oral warranty, pledge, Cic. Sest. 7, 15.

cautio, ōnis, f. (zsgz. aus cavitio [s. Paul. ex Fest. 61, 3], von caveo), I) die Behutsamkeit, Vorsicht, incommodorum, Vorsicht bei usw., Cic.: defendendi, Cic.: cautionem adhibere, Cic. – Dah.: a) (mihi) cautio est, es ist Vorsicht nötig, m. folg. ne u. Konj., Plaut. u. Ter. – b) res cautionem habet, d.i. α) die Sache bedarf der Vorsicht, sed habet multas cautiones, erfordert viele Rücksichten, Cic. de off. 1, 42. – β) die Sache läßt Vorsicht zu, verstattet Vorsicht, Cic. ep. 11, 21, 3. – II) insbes., als jurist. t. t., Sicherheit, Gewährleistung, Bürgschaft, Kaution (sie bestehe in Verschreibung, Obligation od. in sachlichem Unterpfand), chirographi, handschriftliche, Cic.: cautionem cavere, ICt.: cautionem idoneam offerre, ICt.: cautionem interponere, ICt. – mit folg. Acc. u. Infin., Suet. Aug. 98, 2. – übtr., alqm omni cautione devinxisse mit folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. Sest. 15.

cautio [CL] 1 promise, guarantee; b (dist. as confirmed by oath, sureties, or pledge). c written undertaking, bond. d tally. e (property deposited as) security, pledge. ab iis [Christianis] juste exigendum est ut ~onem in baptismate factam inconcusse teneant Anselm (Ep. 136) III 281; s1189 ipsi reges ‥ ~onem prestiterunt standi judicio ‥ archiepiscoporum G. Hen. II II 61; 1203 licet adhuc paratus existat in curia sua ‥ tibi justitie plenitudinem exhibere, sufficienti tamen ~one recepta quod judicio curie acquiescas Ep. Innoc. III 20; J. Godard Ap. 248 (v. cataracta 1e); 1543 decernimus dictos Elenam ‥ et Willelmum ‥, causante sufficiente ~one per dictum W. de indempnitate persone prefate Elene ‥ prestita, minime divorciandos fore Offic. S. Andr. 84.  b cum non esset qui fidejussoriam pro eo porrigeret ~onem Ailr. SS Hex 1; respondit ‥ minime decere sacerdotem in tali causa ‥ fidejussoriam seu pignoratitiam aut juratoriam etiam ~onem a rege suo exigere H. Bos. Thom. IV 29 p. 449; s1179 juratoria prius ~one recepta quod nostro pareret mandato Diceto YH 430; s1189 promissionibus pecuniarum ‥ novo regi factis et ~one fidejussoria roboratis Ib. II 73; si fidejussorem dare non valeat, super hiisdem juratoriam exponat ~onem Ric. Angl. Summa 4; 1223 si ‥ sufficientem ~onem prestiterit, fidejussoriam videlicet et juratoriam, ‥ quod se vestre jurisdictioni subiciet Pat 389; a1380 vel saltem exponat ~onem pignoratoriam vel fidejussoriam ut solvat infra octo dies StatOx 187.  c ~onem, gewrit GlC C 230; 789 ea ‥ firmissimis scripturarum indiciis et ~onum cyrographis sunt roboranda CS 257; si in rotulo suo condempnatum aliquem in solutione xx descripserint et, tradita jam ~one thesaurario, recordati fuerint quod non teneatur ille nisi in x, ipsi judices de residuo satisfacient Dial. Scac. II 2G; 1190 prohibemus ‥ ut nulli fratrum vestrorum ‥ fas sit absque abbatis sui licentia de monasterio vestro discedere; discedentem vero absque communi litterarum ~one nullus audeat retinere (Lit. Papae) Couch. Furness I 663; 1213 prestiterunt ‥ juratoriam et litteratoriam ~onem quod ‥ nec per se nec per alios contra personam ‥ nostram aliquid attemtabunt RChart 193b; 1275 si aliquis contra nos impetret indirecte, non transeat nisi prius ~one confecta Reg. Heref. 13; s1289 concessimus xx s. annuatim Rogero ‥, item Henrico ‥ x s. ‥, ita quidem quod sint intendentes nostris negociis, sicut in eorum ~onibus continetur Ann. Dunstable 358.  d a tayle, acopa ‥, dica, ~o CathA.  e 1306 incrementum contingens de ~onibus venditis StatOx 99; custodes ‥ commodent ei librum, ~one recepta que librum traditum in valore transcendat judicio eorundem R. Bury Phil. 19. 239; 1559 hujusmodi poenae pecuniariae ad quas solvendas sese sponte obligant delinquentes vel pro quibus ~onem invenerint Conc. Scot. II 160. 2 caution, prudence, wariness. 9‥ circumspectio, ‥ embeponc, vel sceawung, ~o WW; warnes, ~o, cautela CathA.

cautĭō, (11) ōnis, f. (cavitio, caveo), ¶ 1 action de se tenir sur ses gardes, précaution : mea cautio et timiditas Cic. de Or. 2, 300, mes précautions et ma circonspection ; horum una cautio est ut Cic. Læl. 78, il nʼy a quʼun moyen de se prémunir là contre, cʼest de ; mihi cautio est Pl. Bacch. 597, il faut que je prenne garde ; mea cautio est Cic. Att. 5, 4, 4, cʼest à moi de veiller à ; hoc habet multas cautiones Cic. Off. 1, 42, cela demande sur bien des points de la prudence ; cautionem non habere Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 3, ne pas comporter de prudence, être inévitable ¶ 2 caution, garantie : in juris scientia est cautionum præceptio Cic. Or. 131, le droit enseigne les garanties légales ; cautio chirographi mei Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 1, la garantie de ma signature || reçu [dʼun débiteur] : cautiones fiebant pecuniarum Cic. Domo 129, on faisait signer des reçus de sommes || engagement : hunc Pompeius omni cautione devinxerat [avec prop. inf.] Cic. Sest. 25, Pompée avait obtenu de lui toutes les promesses possibles, garantissant que...

cautio , onis. f.
小心。防備。文契。當頭。

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cautiō ōnis, f

• 1 CAV-, wariness, precaution, caution, heedfulness, circumspection: horum vitiorum una cautio est, ut ne, etc.: tua cautio nostra cautio est, i. e. your safety: ne resciscat cautiost, i. e. one must take care, T.: ei mihi ne corrumpantur cautiost, I must take care, T.: habet multas cautiones, i. e. (the subject) has many difficulties: quae cautionem non habebant, could not be guarded against.—In law, security, bond, warranty, bail: chirographi, in writing: hunc omni cautione devinxerat, pledge.

CAUTIO

CAU´TIOhas a variety of meanings, corresponding in the main with those of the verb from which it is formed, of which the following are the most prominent.

1. The giving of security for the future performance of a legal obligation. The value of such security varied with its form. First, it might be a merely personal undertaking by the party liable (nuda cautio, Dig. 5, 1, 2, 6; Cod. 63, 38, 3), which would be actionable in itself if clothed in the form of stipulation (stipulatio cautionalis, Dig. 46, 5, 1, pr.), though not if it were made simply by oath (cautio juratoria, Inst. 4.11, 2; Cod. 12, 1, 17, pr.): in Justinian's time the oath of persons of high rank seems to have been regarded as equally good security with an actionable promise given by others less exalted (Cod. 12, 22, 8). Secondly, the promise, though actionable perhaps in itself, might be fortified by the promisor's giving the promisee a right of pledge or hypotheca, or by the subsidiary liability of sureties: in these cases, as, on the person primarily liable failing, recourse might be had to the pledge or sureties, the cautio was said to be idonea. And from the act by which the security was given, cautio came also to mean the protection which it afforded; plus cautionis in re est (i. e. when a thing is pledged) quam in persona (Dig. 50, 17, 25).

Roman Law made a very extensive use of cautiones, especially those fortified by sureties (satisdatio) for the protection of legal rights which otherwise might have been brought into jeopardy. Thus the defendant in an action was frequently required to give security judicatum solvi, that the judgment, if it went against him, should be satisfied (Gaius, 4.91, 102), or pro praede litis et vindiciarum, that the property, the title to which was in question, should be delivered up if found to belong to the plaintiff; and if the plaintiff appeared in any action by an attorney or procurator, the latter had to bind himself with sureties ratam rem dominum habiturum, that his principal would be bound by his acts (Gaius, 4.98). Of much the same kind are the stipulationes judiciales de dolo and de persequendo servo, &c., mentioned by Justinian in Inst. 3.18, 1: unless they were entered into by the party from whom they were required, the judge might refuse to proceed with the action. Similarly the praetor and aedile often had occasion, in the discharge of their constitutional functions, to require persons to give security by means of a cautio (Inst. 3.18, 2). The praetorian stipulations are there exemplified by those damni infecti and legatorum. By the first the owner of land or houses threatened with damage from the defective condition of adjoining premises could demand security from the owner of or other persons having interests in the latter, and in default was entitled to be put in possession (Cic. Top. 4, 22; Dig. 39, 2, 7, pr.): the second was employed when a legacy was given under a condition or from a specified future day, or was disputed; the legatee being entitled to security with sureties for its future payment, or in default to be put in possession (Dig. 36, 4, 5, pr.). And the obligation of a vendor under Roman law to indemnify the purchaser in case his title proved defective originated (according to Theophilus) in the aedile's requiring all vendors to enter into a stipulatio dupli, i.e. to promise the purchaser twice the purchase-money if the property were recovered from him by some one having a better title (Dig. 21, 2, 60). Other illustrations may be found in the following:--Guardians and curators were as a rule required to give security rem pupilli salvam fore, that the property entrusted to them should not be squandered, misappropriated, or wrongly administered (Gaius, 1.199). Persons who had a usufruct (Dig. 7, 9) or right of usus over property had to bind themselves in the same way that it should be returned to the owner when their interest determined: analogous to this is the cautio in respect of quasi-usufruct referred to by Justinian in Inst. 2.4, 2. In many cases a heres could not safely pay legacies unless the legatee gave security to refund, in case the will under which he claimed should turn out to be bad (Dig. 5, 3,17). The cautio Muciana applied to the case of testamentary conditions, which consisted in not doing some act, which, if done, would deprive the heres of the hereditas, or the legatee of the legacy: the contingent right of the person who would take in the event of the condition being broken was secured in this manner.

The security was very commonly attested by a written instrument, which is itself called cautio or chirographum ( cautio chirographi mei, Cic. ad Fam. 7.1. 8), though the chirographa mentioned by Gaius (3.134) seem to be different: they were writings actually creating an obligation between peregrini, whereas the chirographum of a civis was merely evidence of a liability which arose on some other ground (Savigny, Verm. Schriften, 1. p. 246). Hence--

2. The common use of cautio in the legal literature of the middle and later empire to denote a memorandum acknowledging an existing debt or liability (cautio pollicitationis, Dig. 4, 2, 9, 3; depositionis, Dig. 36, 3, 18, 1; dotalis, Dig. 31, 89, 5), especially acknowledgment of loans of money (Dig. 12, 1, 40, pr.; 44, 7, 29; Cod. 5, 14, 11; cf. Inst. 3.21). And by a slight change of meaning it comes to signify in other passages the acknowledgment of payment or performance, i. e. a receipt (Dig. 22, 3, 15; Cod. 9, 1, 2; Cic. Brut. 5, 18).

3. Very rarely cautio is used as equivalent simply to contract, agreement: privatorum cautione legibus non esse refragandum (Dig. 35, 2, 15, 1).

[J.B.M]