historia

histŏrĭa, ae, f., = ἱστορία, a narrative of past events, history (syn.: annales, fasti).

• I Lit.: historia testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita memoriae, magistra vitae, nuntia vetustatis, qua voce alia nisi oratoris immortalitati commendatur? Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36: erat enim historia (initio) nihil aliud nisi annalium confectio, etc., id. ib. 2, 12, 51 sq.; cf. id. Leg. 1, 2, 5 sq.; Gell. 5, 18; Plin. Ep. 5, 8; v. the art. annalis: videtisne, quantum munds sit oratoris historia? ... Nam quis nescit, primam esse historiae legem, ne quid falsi dicere audeat? deinde ne quid veri non audeat? ne qua suspicio gratiae sit in scribendo? ne qua simultatis? etc., Cic. de Or. 2, 15, 62 sq.: huic generi historia finitima est, in qua et narratur ornate et regio saepe aut pugna describitur: interponuntur etiam contiones et hortationes, sed in his tracta quaedam et fluens expetitur, non haec contorta et acris oratio, id. Or. 20, 66: nihil est in historia pura et illustri brevitate dulcius, id. Brut. 75, 262: Italici belli et civilis historia, id. Fam. 5, 12, 2; id. Leg. 1, 2, 5: historia nec institui potest nisi praeparato otio, nec exiguo tempore absolvi, id. ib. 1, 3, 9: apud Herodotum, patrem historiae, id. ib. 1, 1, 5: hic (Sallustius) historiae major est auctor, Quint. 2, 5, 19: obscura est historia Romana, Cic. Rep. 2, 18; cf.: cum historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, Quint. 1, 8, 20: si historiae lectione discipulos instruxerit, id. 2, 5, 1: res memoranda novis annalibus atque recenti historia, Juv. 2, 103: quidquid Graecia mendax audet in historia, id. 10, 175: auctor historiae Graecae gravissimus, Gell. 1, 11 init.: Sabinus, secutus quosdam historiae scriptores, dicit, etc., id. 7, 7, 8: certus Romanae Historiae auctor, Val. Max. 1, 7, 6.— Prov.: historiam scribere, to inform one's self accurately of any thing, to see a thing for one's self: in scirpo nodum quaeris: quin nos hinc domum Redimus, nisi si historiam scripturi sumus? Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 23 (248).—In plur.: simiae improbitatem historiis Graecis mandatam esse demiror, Cic. Div. 2, 32, 69: concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis, id. Brut. 11, 42: nihil in historiis supra Pontificum annales haberemus, Quint. 10, 2, 7; 12, 4, 1: historiarum scriptor, id. 3, 8, 49; so, scriptores, Juv. 7, 98: non orationes modo, sed etiam historias legere, Quint. 3, 8, 67; cf. id. 2, 18, 5: tuque pedestribus Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, Hor. C. 2, 12, 10.—
• II Transf., in gen.. a narrative, account, tale, story.
• • A In abstr.: historiam veterem atque antiquam haec mea senectus sustinet, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 100 (375): si quid in ea epistula fuit historia dignum, scribe quam primum, ne ignoremus, Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1: et quia narrationum tres accepimus species: fabulam ... argumentum ... historiam, in qua est gestae rei expositio, etc., Quint. 2, 4, 2: maxima de nihilo nascitur historia, Prop. 2, 1, 16: hactenus historiae: nunc ad tua devehar astra, id. 4 (5), 1, 119; cf.: satis historiarum est, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 50 (158): amarae, Hor. S. 1, 3, 89; id. C. 3, 7, 20; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 44.—Hence: Naturalis Historia, the title of the encyclopaedical work of Pliny the Elder.—Historia, a surname of C. Julius Hyginus, Suet. Gramm. 20.—*
  • B Concr., a subject of discourse: tu quoque uti fieres nobilis historia, Prop. 1, 15, 24.

historia, ae, f. (ἱστορία), I) die Kunde, Kenntnis, si quid in ea epistula fuit historiā dignum, Cic. ad Att. 2, 8, 1. – meton., der Wissensstoff, Inhalt, liber multae variaeque historiae refertus, Gell. 1, 8, 1. – II) übtr.: A) die schriftliche Erzählung von etw. Geschehenem od. Gehörtem (nach Verrius Flaccus = rerum cognitio praesentium), eine Geschichte, a) eig.: maxima de nihilo fiet historia, Prop.: historiae amarae, Hor. – b) meton., Gegenstand des Gesprächs, tu quoque uti fieres nobilis h., Stadtgespräch, Prop. 1, 15, 24. – B) die historische Kenntnis, die Geschichtsforschung, ut est in omni historia curiosus, Cic. Tusc. 1, 108. – C) insbes., die systematische Darstellung von Geschichten (dah. oft im Plur.), die Geschichte, das Geschichtswerk, u. zwar sowohl die geschichtlich beglaubigte Erzählung einzelner Sagen u. Begebenheiten (als ein Ganzes, Ggstz. fabula) als auch der gesamte Inhalt der Vergangenheit, h. Graeca, röm. G. in griech. Sprache, Cic.: Romana, Val. Max.: h. Italici belli et civilis, Cic.: h. fabularis, Mythengeschichte, Mythologie, Suet.: historiae Graecae, Cic.: historiae scriptor, Gell.: historiarum scriptor, Quint., auctor, Vell.: historiae Graecae scriptor, Capit.: Romanae historiae scriptor, Hieron.: scriptores historiae Augustae, Vopisc.: historiam scribere, Plaut. u. Cic.: historias scribere, Nep.: illorum temporum historiam relinquere, Nep.: historiam edere, Suet.: quod frequenter in historiis legimus, Sen.: historias plures (complures) novisse, mehrfache geschichtliche Kenntnisse haben, Vitr.: personif., quem (den Hyginus) propter antiquitatis notitiam Polyhistorem multi, quidam historiam (die leibhaftige Geschichte) vocabant, Suet. gr. 20.

historia [CL] 1 account, description, record of investigation. Plinius ‥ phisicas rerum ~ias ‥ explanans Aldh. PR 120; illa contingentia que tantum per sensus cognoscuntur vel per ~ias creduntur Duns PW 127; crede ~iis philosophorum Bradw. CD 39B (v. chronographus). 2 account of past events. b (~ia sancta or vetus) Old Testament. c (magister ~iarum, in ~iis) Petrus Comestor. Johannes, quadripertitae scriptor ~iae Aldh. VirgP 23; si ‥ ~ia de bonis bona referat, ad imitandum bonum auditor instigatur Bede HE pref. p. 5; sum þœra is gehaten ~ia, þœt is gerecednyss Ælf. Gram. 296; cujus ceteros actus ‥ quia Romane hystorie declarant, nequaquam tractare curavi G. Mon. III 10; audivimus ‥ quid Homericam laudans ~iam Flaccus intimaverit H. Hunt. HA prol. 1; causam apostasie in tripartita reperies ~ia R. Niger Chr. II 125; Grai ‥ scriptores suos quos dixere historiographos, ad conscribendas regum ~ias ‥ exciverunt Itin. Ric. prol. p. 3; 14‥ ~ia scholastica et Radulfus super Leviticum in uno volumine Cart. Reading F 123; 12‥ in tribus libris theologicis, viz. biblia, sentenciis, et ~iis Const. Fr. Pen. 125; Ferr. Kinloss tit. (v. familia 3b); P. Verg. Vat. Extr. 202 (v. condere 3a).  b vide quo modo sancta doceat ~ia morum instituta, dum Abrahe justitiam assignat, Moysi fortitudinem H. Hunt. HA prol. p. 2; 1166 vetus ‥ habet ~ia in opus illud tabernaculi ‥ populum ‥ contulisse donaria [cf. Exod. xxxvi 1–5] G. Foliot Ep. 170 p. 237.  c magister in ~iis et quidam glosatores Bacon Maj. I 194; 1420 [lego] librum magistri ~iarum incompletum cum genologia veteris testamenti Reg. Cant. II 211; c1443 magister ~iarum (Invent.) Cant. Coll. Ox. 4; quod ‥ probat magister ~iarum tercio Regum ‥ Upton 195. 3 recorded knowledge of events, history. b writing of history. quantae fugae, quantae strages, ecclesiastica ~ia narrat Gildas EB 9 (cf. ib. 89: de ‥ Moyse secundum ~iam loquebatur); venturum quicquid sancti cecinere prophetae, / Hebraici populi et quicquid historia gessit Alcuin Carm. 66. 8; Gir. EH I 46 (v. demereri 2a); ~ia est antiquitatis auctoritas Ib. intr.; necessarium ‥ est ‥ Christianis ‥ ut pro ‥ intellectu Scripture ‥ sciamus certificare ~iam hanc a principio usque ad Christum Bacon Tert. 205; ~ie descriptores Higd. I 1 prol. p. 6 (v. dimensor) (cf. Eul. Hist. I 1: historicorum descriptores).  b hoc in ~ia exigitur, ut nullo erroris ‥ diverticulo a recto veritatis tramite declinetur Enc. Emmae prol.. 4 narrative, story. [Romani] commoti tantae ~ia tragoediae Gildas EB 17; sunt homines quos Graecorum ~iae ora non habere perhibent Lib. Monstr. I 21; vicum ‥ cujus nomen frater noster ‥ qui hanc mihi exposuit ystoriam non recolebat V. Greg. 91; ~ia quidem habet Saturnum ‥ et Jovem ‥ regna in Creta obtinuisse Alb. Lond. DG 1. 2; de hystrionibus sciendum est quod histriones dicuntur quasi hystoriones, eo quod corporum suorum gesticulacione representant hystorias aliquas turpes sive confictas sive factas Docking 108; a1445 primus liber chronicalis diversarum incidenciarum mixtim continet hystorias Meaux cont. pref. III 238. 5 literal sense (in interpretation of Scripture). Aldh. VirgP 4 (v. anagoge b); ~ia est cum res aliqua, quomodo secundum litteram facta sive dicta sit, piano sermone refertur, quo modo populus Israhel ex Aegypto salvatus tabernaculum Domino fecisse in deserto narratur Bede Tab. 410; in hac cella [i. e. scriptura sacra] habentur ‥ simplex ~ia, allegoria, moralitas, anagogen Simil. Anselmi app. 194 p. 103; hoc tempus Pascha vocatur ‥ secundum ~iam, quia populus Israel quando primum celebratum est Pascha transivit per mare rubrum ‥ et angelus exterminans per Egyptum transivit ‥; allegorice ‥ Beleth RDO 113. 118; Petrus Comestor ‥ qui utriusque Testamenti ~ias in uno volume et allegorias in alio compilavit Trevet Ann. 91. 6 (liturg.) narrative chanted instead of psalms at mattins, esp. on saint’s day. in aliis ‥ festivitatibus ‥ si plenam habent hystoriam Ælf. Regul. Mon. 191; inchoetur hystoria et lectiones ex prophetis Lanfr. Const. 89; dominica ante adventum Domini canatur hystoria de S. Trinitate Ib. 90; si ‥ festivitas duodecim lectionum hystoriam propriam non habet ‥ Ib. 138; legitur ‥ in tripertita historia quod beatus Ignatius ‥ audivit angelos cantantes antiphonatim super montem quendam, et exinde instituit antiphonas in ecclesia cantari . ‥ unde dicuntur antiphone in respectu ad psalmodiam sicut responsoria ad hystoriam Beleth RDO 58. 65A; quando propria hystoria debet cantari Obs. Barnwell 200; ad matutinas de sanctis qui habent proprias ~ias Cust. Cant. 330; 1405 ad diligenciam suam faciendam ut sciant ~ias suas cordetenus infra primum annum post admissionem suam Cl 254 m. 2; 1462 pro notacione ~ie predicti festi [dedicacionis ecclesie] in iiij libris unacum aliis scriptis in processionariis hoc termino, ij s. ij d. Fabr. York 134; 1472 non faciunt diligenciam in sciendo sine libro ~ias ut juramento astricti. repetat quolibet die ‥ unam ~iam. cum celebrata fuerit ~ia S. Raphaelis multi vicarii ‥ absentarunt se a choro et recusant de illa ~ia dicere vel celebrare Ib. 252. 7 narrative illustration (esp. on wall) or inscription. [parietes] hystoriis et ymaginibus et variis celaturarum figuris ‥ decoravit Ric. Hex. Hist. Hex. I 3; in diebus illis chorus noster fuit erectus, Samsone procurante, ~ias picture ordinante et versus elegiacos dictante Brakelond 123; 1244 capellam ‥ regine lambruscari et in fronte ultra altare ymagines Crucefixi, Marie et Johannis ‥ depingi facias et sub trabe ~iam de cena Domini Liberate 20 m. 15; 1308 (v. depictura); 1519 ij pictoribus pingentibus ij ymagines B. Marie cum ipsarum tabernaculis et ~is Fabr. York 99. 8 story (of building), upper level in walls of building, esp. of church, where narrative frieze might appear; later, level for windows. b (clara ~ia) clerestory. ambe cruces ecclesie et tres hystorie magistre turris erecte sunt H. Albus 130; [abbas Sampson] chorum consummavit et unam istoriam in majori turre ad ostium occidentale Mem. S. Edm. II 291; 1290 pro ij form’ peces pro superiori ~ia capelle KR Ac 468/3 m. 1; 1324 pro xij form’ pec’ petre de Reygate pro superiori ~ia capelle Ib. 469/8 m. 14; 1337 istorie (v. crosbarra); 1398 supra quodlibet studium erit unum modicum et securum archewote supra quod ‥ erit una ~ia octo fenestrarum Hist. Durh. Script. clxxxi; 1460 de ferramentis operatis pro ~ia superiori fenestre orientalis chori (Ac. Coll. Eton) Arch. Hist. Camb. I 405n; habet 4 storyes et ibi in quarta storia sunt campane; in superiori ~ia tres orbe in qualibet panella; in secunda et tercia ~ia sunt due orbe in qualibet panella 4 panellarum W. Worc. Itin. 401.  b 1482 (v. clarus 2g).

histŏrĭa, (10) æ, f. (ἱστορία), ¶ 1 lʼhistoire : Cic. de Or. 2, 36 ; 51 || œuvre historique, exposé historique, récit, relation : ut ait in historia sua C. Fannius Cic. Br. 299, comme C. Fannius le rapporte dans son histoire ; historiam scribere Cic. Br. 287, écrire lʼhistoire, composer un ouvrage historique ; earum rerum historiam quæ erant Athenis gestæ perscripsit Cic. Br. 286, il fit un récit complet des événements qui sʼétaient passés à Athènes, cf. Br. 62 ; historia quædam Græca Cic. Br. 77, une certaine histoire écrite en grec ; obscura est historia Romana Cic. Rep. 2, 33, lʼhistoire de Rome est obscure [mais historia Græca, Romana = histoire grecque, romaine d. Gell. 1, 11, 1, etc. ; Val. Max. 1, 7, 6 ] || pl. historiæ Cic. Fin. 5, 64, récits historiques, lʼhistoire, cf. Cic. Br. 42 ; Div. 2, 69 || [en gén.] récit : aliquid historia dignum Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1, qq. fait digne dʼêtre raconté ¶ 2 [poét.] objet de récits historiques : Prop. 1, 15, 24 ¶ 3 racontars, histoires : Prop. 2, 1, 16 || contes, sornettes : Pl. Bacch. 158.

historia , ae. f.
綱鑑。史書。故事。述 之事。謏書。— scripta graece 厄勒西文纂之史。— naturalis 本草綱目。 Historiae pedestres 平文述之事情。 Mandare id historiae 紀之典册。 Totius orbis historias latino sermone componere 以辣丁字文纂百 國之史。 Res historia digna 可紀載 之事。 Maxima de nihilo nascitur historia 小事每生絕大謠言。雖係如毛艰每致浪驚天。

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historia ae, f

• , ἱστορία, a narrative of past events, history: historia testis temporum: historiam scribere: belli: illorum temporum, S.: Romana: quidquid Graecia mendax Audet in historiā, Iu.: ementiri in historiis: pedestribus Dices historiis proelia Caesaris, H.—A narrative, account, report: alqd historiā dignum: peccare docentes historiae, H.—A theme of story: nobilis, Pr.

Historia

(ἱστορία, “investigation”). I. Greek. —The composition of history, and indeed of all forms of prose composition among the Greeks, originated with the Ionians of Asia Minor, who also created the epos, the elegy, and iambic poetry. It was among them, in the sixth century B.C., that the logographi (q.v.) made their appearance. These writers treated the materials supplied by family traditions and local legends in a style which gradually approached more and more to prose, but without any attempt at critical investigation or scientific arrangement. The most important writers in this style and also its latest representatives were Hecataeus of Miletus and Hellanicus of Lesbos. The latter was a contemporary of Herodotus of Halicarnassus (about B.C. 485-424), called by Cicero the Father of History. His work, also written in the Ionic dialect, was founded upon a vast collection of historical and geographical material gathered in his extensive travels, and through the researches of many years. This mass of information he, with great art, moulded into a homogeneous work, the leading theme of which is the struggle of the Greeks against the barbarians. The narrative is simple, but always attractive. See Herodotus.

The line of historians who wrote in the Attic dialect is headed by the Athenian Thucydides, whose history of the Peloponnesian War is a masterpiece of the first order, noble alike in style and in matter. A continuation of Thucydides was written by his countryman Xenophon (about B.C. 431-355) in his Hellenica. In his Anabasis, Xenophon described the famous retreat of the Ten Thousand in a style which won for him the name of “the Attic Bee.” In the Cyropaedia he gives a picture, much idealized, but not without a foundation of fact, of the history of the Persian Cyrus. His contemporary Ctesias of Cnidus, writing in Ionic Greek, introduced his countrymen to the formal history of the Persian Empire. At the same time Philistus of Syracuse, an imitator of Thucydides, compiled the history of Sicily from the earliest times down to his own. In the second half of the fourth century B.C. appeared two celebrated historians, Theopompus of Chios and Ephorus of Cymé, both disciples of the rhetorician Isocrates. The chief work of Theopompus was a history of Philip of Macedon, from his accession to his death. Ephorus, in a great work embracing the whole course of events from the invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae, to B.C. 345, was the first writer who attempted a universal history. To this period belong the numerous chronicles of Attic history, called Atthides. (See Atthis.) In these, comparatively little regard was paid to style—less, certainly, than was paid by the historians just mentioned as succeeding Xenophon.

The period of Alexander the Great and his successors was very fertile in historical writing. One may mention Callisthenes, Aristobulus, Chares , Onesicritus, Clitarchus, and Hieronymus, who narrated contemporary events in a style sometimes plain and simple, and sometimes rhetorically exaggerated. This was the age of the Sicilian Timaeus, whose great work on the history of his native island, in some forty books, won him little recognition, but who simplified chronology by introducing the method of reckoning by Olympiads, and thus established a lasting claim on the gratitude of historians. Among the better histories should be named also the great work of Phylarchus (about B.C. 210), which began with the invasion of the Peloponnesus by Pyrrhus, and ended with the death of Cleomenes.

The Alexandrian scholar Eratosthenes conferred a great boon on scientific historical investigation by his attempt to place chronology on the firm foundation of mathematics and astronomy. His labours were continued by Apollodorus, whose Chronica was the most important work on chronology produced in antiquity. This was a brief enumeration of the most important events, from the taking of Troy (by him assigned to the year B.C. 1183) down to his own time (B.C. 144). Only isolated fragments of the histories written after Xenophon have, in the greater number of instances, come down to us; but we have a considerable part of the work of Polybius of Megalopolis, who died about 122. This was a general history of the known world from the beginning of the Second Punic War to the destruction of Carthage. Its style has no just claim to artistic merit, but its contents make it one of the most remarkable of ancient Greek histories. About the year B.C. 40, the Sicilian writer Diodorus compiled a valuable general history from the works of Greek and Roman writers now lost. Of this a considerable part still remains. Nicolaüs of Damascus, who lived a little later, was the author of a great general history, in 144 books, of which we have considerable fragments. Dionysius of Halicarnassus composed, a few years before Christ, his Roman Archaeology (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία), about half of which has survived. This was the history of Rome from the earliest period down to the First Punic War. It was written with taste and care. In the second half of the first century A.D. the Hebrew Iosephus wrote a work on Jewish archaeology and a history of the Jewish War. At the beginning of the second century, Plutarch of Chaeronea produced his fascinating biographies of famous Greeks and Romans. In the course of the same century appeared the Anabasis of Alexander the Great, written after the best authorities by Arrian of Nicomedia, the Strategemata of the Macedonian Polyaenus, a number of examples of military stratagems collected from older writers; and a part of the Roman history of the Alexandrian Appian, ethnographically arranged. At the beginning of the third century Dio Cassius of Nicaea conceived and executed his great work on Roman history, which has unfortunately come down to us in a very mutilated form. His younger contemporary, Herodianus, composed in eight books an interesting history of the Caesars, which still survives, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Gordian (A.D. 180-238). Ancient chronology is much indebted to the Chronicle (Χρονικά) of Eusebius , bishop of Caesarea. This was written in the fourth century A.D., and only survives in quotations and an Armenian translation. Among later writers we may mention Zosimus (in the second half of the sixth century), the author of a history of the Roman emperors, from Augustus to A.D. 410. For a bibliography of the great writers, see the separate articles in this dictionary. The fragments of their lost works will be found in the Historicorum Graec. Fragmenta, ed. by C. and Th. Müller for the Didot series, 5 vols. (Paris, 1868-74). The text of the minor historians is edited by L. Dindorf, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1870-71).

II. Roman.—The beginnings of Roman history date from about B.C. 200. The form of composition was, until the first half of the first century B.C., almost exclusively that of annals (annales), and the historians previous to that period are, in consequence, usually mentioned under the term “annalists.” They confined themselves exclusively to the history of their country in its widest extent, from the earliest times to their own. In later times, but not till then, Roman historians undertook to write on the events of special periods, generally on those of their own time. At first they wrote in Greek only. Among the greatest of these annalists are Fabius Pictor, L. Cincius Alimentus, C. Acilius, and Postumius Albinus. The first annalist to write in Latin was Cato the Censor (B.C. 184) in his Origines, now unfortunately lost. His example was followed by Cassius Hemina, L. Calpurnius Piso, Sempronius Tuditanus, and many others. The early annalistic writers of Latin had no style. It is not until the knowledge of Greek literature and the development of style had reached a higher stage in the second half of the second century B.C. that one finds any attempt at good writing. In the age of Cicero, good prose was at last attained, and many men of distinction, such as Varro, Atticus, Hortensius, and Cicero himself, wrote historical works and memoirs. Some even sought to include foreign history, as was the case with C. Cornelius Nepos in his well-known collection of biographies entitled De Viris Illustribus. The biographies which remain are mostly those of non-Roman generals. Iulius Caesar and Sallust surpass all the other historical writers of this period both in form and matter. Sallust is an imitator of Thucydides, and the first Roman historian who can lay any claim to finished execution. The other historians of the time whose works have come down to us are Aulus Hirtius, who continued Caesar's commentaries, and the unknown authors of the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish Wars.

The Augustan Age produced the Roman history of Livy , a work as remarkable for its comprehensiveness as for its delightful literary finish. The greater part of it is unhappily lost. The first general history written in Latin, by Trogus Pompeius, belongs to the same period, but is preserved only in an epitome by Iustinus.

The first century A.D. was fruitful in historical literature, but only a certain number of works have survived, including a short sketch of Roman history by Velleius Paterculus, which is unduly animated by the adulating spirit of the courtier; a collection of historical anecdotes by Valerius Maximus; a very rhetorical history of Alexander the Great, by Q. Curtius Rufus; and a number of instances of military stratagems by Iulius Frontinus. The great history of the Empire comprised in the Annales and Historiae of Tacitus, one of the most important monuments of Roman literature, was written partly in the first and partly in the second century A.D. Dating from the beginning of the second century A.D. we have the lives of the twelve Caesars, by C. Suetonius Tranquillus, and the panegyrical account of Roman history by Florus.

After this period, Suetonius becomes the model of historians, and their favourite subject is the doings of the emperors and of the imperial court. These lost writings were the main sources of the Historia Augusta, a collection of biographies of the emperors from Hadrian to Numerian (A.D. 117-284), abounding in personal details often scandalous and disgusting. (See Augustae Historiae scriptores.) For the history of the fourth century, the excellent work of Ammianus Marcellinus survives. At this time, writers began to content themselves with merely epitomizing and revising the books of their greater predecessors. Among the authors of historical summaries of this sort are Vopiscus, Eutropius, Orosius, St. Jerome, and Cassiodorus. There are valuable special histories by Iordanis (relating to the Goths), and by Gregory of Tours (relating to the Franks).

See Peter, Zur Kritik der Quellen d. ält. röm. Geschichte (Halle, 1879); Vossius, De Historicis Latinis (Leyden, 1627; 2d ed. 1651); Schäfer, Quellenkunde d. griech. und röm. Geschichte, ed. by Nissen (Leipzig, 1885); and the chapters on Roman literature in Mommsen's History of Rome. The fragments of lost historical works are collated by H. Peter in his Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae (Leipzig, 1870), and Historicorum Rom. Fragmenta (Leipzig, 1883). For bibliographies of the great writers, see the special articles in this Dictionary.