Amiternum
- a very ancient town built by the Aborigines, in the Sabine country, now San Vettorino; cf. Mann. Ital. 1, 509; the birthplace of the historian Sallust.—Derivv.
- A Ămĭternīnus, a, um, adj., belonging to Amiternum, Col. 10, 422.—Ămĭ-ternīni, ōrum, m. subst., its inhabitants, Varr. L. L. 5, 28, p. 11 Müll.; Liv. 28, 45, 19; Plin. 3, 12, 17, § 107.—
- B Ămĭternus, a, um, adj., poet. for Amiterninus: cohors, Verg. A. 7, 710: ager, Mart. 13, 20.
AMITERNUM (Ἀμίτερνον, Strab.; Ἀμίτερνα, Dionys.: Amiterninus), a city of the Sabines of great antiquity. It was situated in the upper valley of the river Aternus, from which, according to Varro (L. L. 5.28), it derived its name, and at the foot of the loftiest group of the Apennines, now known as the Gran Sasso d'Italia. Its ruins are still visible at San Vittorino, a village about 5 miles N. of Aquila. According to Cato and Varro (ap. Dionys. 1.14, 2.49), this elevated and rugged mountain district was the original dwelling-place of the Sabines, from whence they first began to turn their arms against the Aborigines in the neighbourbood of Reate. Virgil also mentions Amiternum among the most powerful cities of the Sabines: and both Strabo and Pliny enumerate it among the cities still inhabited by that people. ú Ptolemy, on the contrary, assigns it to the Vestini, whose territory it must certainly have adjoined. (Verg. A. 7.710; Sil. Ital.; Strab. 5. p. 228; Plin. Nat. 3.12. s. 17; Ptol. 3.1.59.) Livy speaks of Amiternum as captured by the Romans in B.C. 293 from the Samnites (10.39), but it seems impossible that the Sabine city can be the one meant; and either the name is corrupt, or there must have been some obscure place of the same name in Samniumn. Strabo speaks of it as having suffered severely from the Social and Civil Wars, and being in his time much decayed; but it was subsequently recolonised, probably in the time of Augu tus (Lib. Colon. p. 228; Zumpt, de Coloniis, p. 356. not.), and became a place of considerable importance under the Roman empire, as is proved by the existing ruins, among which those of the amphitheatre are the most conspicuous. These are situated in the broad and level valley of the Aternus, at the foot of the hill on which stands the village of S. Vittorino ; but some remains of polygonal walls are said to exist on that hill, which probably belong to an earlier period, and to the ancient Sabine city. It continued to be an episcopal see as late as the eleventh century, but its complete decline dates from the foundation of the neighbouring city of Aquila by the emperor Frederic II., who removed thither the inhabitants of Amiternum, as well as several other neighbouring towns. (Romanelli, vol. 3. p. 330; Giustiniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. 1. p. 230; Craven, Abruzzi, vol. i. pp 217--219.) Numerous inscriptions have been discovered there, of which the most important is a fragment of an ancient calendar, which is one of the most valuable relics of the kind that have been preserved to us. It has been repeatedly published; among others, by Foggini (Fast. Rom. Reliquiae, Romae, 1779), and by Orelli (Inscr. vol. 2.100.22).
Amiternum was the birthplace of the historian Sallust. (Hieron. Chron. )
[E.H.B]An ancient town of the Sabines, and notable as the birthplace of the historian
A town in fertile country at the foot of the Gran Sasso, ca. 135 km by road NE of Rome. Livy (10.39.2 = 293 B.C.) also records an otherwise unknown Amiternum in NW Samnium. Traditional cradle of the Sabine nation, Amiternum was fully Roman by the 2d c. B.C. The historian Sallust was born here in 86 B.C. Under the Empire it flourished, became an episcopal see, and remained such in mediaeval times. It ceased to exist ca. A.D. 1250 when its population migrated to newly founded Aquila, some 8 km to the SE.
The modern village, whose romanesque church embodies Roman materials, occupies the ancient citadel. Ruins show that the town stood mostly at the foot of the hill. The theater is E of the road running N: its walls of (Augustan ?) quasi-opus reticulatum survive; its cavea (54 m in diameter) had two tiers of stone seats, the lower with 18 rows divided into sections by three radial stairways; its scaena has mostly disappeared. The amphitheater lay outside the town across the river Aternus to the W: remains of two circumambient corridors, each with 48 arches, reveal its elliptical perimeter (external axes: 78 x 63 m): the much repaired, brick-veneered walls date from ca. 100 A.D. Remains also exist of baths and an aqueduct (Tiberian ?).
Antiquities include a celebrated calendar, the Fasti Amiternini (now at Aquila), and sepulchral slabs of ca. A.D. 50 with gladiatorial scenes in local style (now at Chieti).
BIBLIOGRAPHYL. Franchi et al., Monumenti di Amertino (= Studi Miscellanei del Seminario di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, X, 1963-64) (1966) MPI.
E. T. SALMON