Nola
- the Unwilling, an appellation sarcastically given to the dissolute Clodia: in triclinio Coam, in cubiculo Nolam, Cael. ap. Quint. 8, 6, 53.
- a city of remote antiquity in Campania, founded by the Ausonians, afterwards conquered by the Tuscans, and colonized by the Chalcidians, still called Nola, Liv. 9, 28; 23, 14; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 63; Cic. Brut. 3, 12; Vell. 1, 7, 2 sq.; Just. 20, 1; Sil. 12, 161.—Hence,
- A Nōlānus, a, um, adj. (Nŏlānus, Prud. στεφ. 11, 308), of or belonging to Nola, Nolan: ager, Liv. 23, 14: plebs, id. 24, 13; Sil. 12, 293.—In plur. as subst.: Nōlāni, ōrum, m., the Nolans, Liv. 8, 25 and 26.—
- B Nōlensis, e, adj., of Nola: episcopus, Aug. Civ. Dei, 1, 10.
NOLA(Νῶλα: Eth. Νωλαῖος, Nolanus: Nola), an ancient and important city of Campania, situated in the interior of that province, in the plain between Mt. Vesuvius and the foot of the Apennines. It was distant 21 miles from Capua and 16 from Nuceria ( Itin. Ant. p. 109.) Its early history is very obscure; and the accounts of its origin are contradictory, though they may be in some degree reconciled by a due regard to the successive populations that occupied this part of Italy. Hecataeus, the earliest author by whom it is mentioned, appears to have called it a city of the Ausones, whom he regarded as the earliest inhabitants of this part of Italy. (Hecat. ap. Steph. Byz. s. v. ) On the other hand, it must have received a Greek colony from Cumae, if we can trust to the authority of Justin, who calls both Nola and the neighbouring Abella Chalcidic colonies (Justin (Justin. 20.1); and this is confirmed by Silius Italicus (Chalcidicam Nolam, 12.161.) Other authors assigned it a Tyrrhenian or Etruscan origin, though they differed widely in regard to the date of its foundation; some writers referring it, together with that of Capua, to a date as early as B.C. 800, while Cato brought them both down to a period as late as B.C. 471. (Vellei. 1.7. This question is more fully discussed under the article CAPUA) But whatever be the date assigned to the establishment of the Etruscans in Campania, there seems no doubt that Nola was one of the cities which they then occupied, in the same manner as the neighbouring Capua (Plb. 2.17);: though it is most probable that the city already existed from an earlier period. The statement of Solinus that it was founded by the Tyriansis clearly erroneous: perhaps, as suggested by Niebuhr, we should read a Tyrrhenisfor a Tyriis.(Solin. 2.16; Niebuhr, vol. 1. p. 74, note 235.) We have no account of the manner in which Nola afterwards passed into the hands of the Samnites; but there can be little doubt that it speedily followed in this respect the fate of Capua [CAPUA]; and it is certain that it was, at the time of the first wars of the Romans in this part of Italy, a Campanian city, occupied by an Oscan people, in close alliance with the Samnites. (Liv. 8.23.) Dionysius also intimates clearly that the inhabitants were not at this period, like the Neapolitans, a Greek people, though he tells us that they were much attached to the Greeks and their institutions. (Dionys. Fr. 15.5. p. 2315. R.)
We may probably infer from the above statements, that Nola was originally an Ausonian or Oscan town, and subsequently occupied by the Etruscans, in whose hands it appears to have remained, like Capua, until it was conquered by the Samnites, who subsequently assumed the name of Campanians, about B.C. 440. The evidence in favour of its having ever received a Greek colony is very slight, and is certainly outweighed by the contrary testimony of Hecataeus, as well as by the silence of all other Greek writers. The circumstance that its coins (none of which are of early date) have uniformly Greek inscriptions (as in the one figured below), may be sufficiently accounted for by that attachment to the Greeks, which is mentioned by Dionysius as characterising the inhabitants. (Dionys. l. c.）
The first mention of Nola in history occurs in B.C. 328, just before the beginning of the Second Samnite War, when the Greek cities of Palaepolis and Neapolis having rashly provoked the hostility of Rome, the Nolans sent to their assistance a body of 2000 troops, at the same time that the Samnites furnished an auxiliary force of twice that amount. (Liv. 8.23.) But their efforts were frustrated by disaffection among the Palaepolitans; and the Nolans retired from the city on finding it betrayed into the hands of the Romans. ( Ib. 25, 26.) Notwithstanding the provocation thus given, it was long before the Romans were at leisure to avenge themselves on Nola; and it was not till B.C. 313 that they laid siege to that city, which fell into their hands after but a short resistance. (Id. 9.28.) It appears certain that it continued from this period virtually subject to Rome, though enjoying, it would seem, the privileged condition of an allied city (Liv. 23.44; Festus, s. v. Municipium, p. 127); but we do not meet with any subsequent notice of it in history till the Second Punic War, when it was distinguished for its fidelity to the Roman cause, and for its successful resistance to the arms of Hannibal. That general, after making himself master of Capua in B.C. 216, hoped to reduce Nola in like manner by the cooperation of a party within the walls. But though the lower people in the city were ready to invite the Carthaginian general, the senate and nobles were faithful to the alliance of Rome, and sent in all haste to the praetor Marcellus, who threw himself into the city with a considerable force. Hannibal in consequence withdrew from before the walls; but shortly after, having taken Nuceria, he renewed the attempt upon Nola, and continued to threaten the city for some time, until Marcellus, by a sudden sally, inflicted upon him considerable loss, and led him to abandon the enterprise (Liv. 23.14--17; Plut. Marc. 10, 11; Eutrop. 3.12; Flor. 2.6.29.) The advantage thus obtained, though inconsiderable in itself, was of importance in restoring the spirits of the Romans, which had been almost crushed by repeated defeats, and was in consequence magnified into a great victory. (Liv. l. c.;Sil. Ital.--280.) The next year (B.C. 215) Hannibal again attempted to make himself master of Nola, to which he was encouraged by fresh overtures from the democratic party within the city; but he was again anticipated by the vigilance of Marcellus, and, having encamped in the neighbourhood of the town, with a view to a more regular siege, was attacked and defeated by the Roman general (Liv. 23.39, 42--46; Plut. Marc. 12.) A third attempt, in the following year, was not more successful; and by these successive defences the city earned the praise bestowed on it by Silius Italicus, who calls it Poeno non pervia Nola.(Sil. Ital..)
Nola again bears a conspicuous part in the Social War. At the outbreak of that contest (B.C. 90) it was protected, as a place of importance from its proximity to the Samnite frontier, by a Roman garrison of 2000 men, under the command of the praetor L. Postumius, but was betrayed into the hands of the Samnite leader C. Papius, and became from thenceforth one of the chief strongholds of the Samnites and their allies in this part of Italy. (Liv. Epit. lxxiii.; Appian, App. BC 1.42.) Thus we find it in the following year (B.C. 89) affording shelter to the shattered remains of the army of L. Cluentius, after its defeat by Sulla (Appian, l. c.50); and even after the greater part of the allied nations had made peace with Rome, Nola still held out; and a Roman army was still occupied in the siege of the city, when the civil war first broke out between Marius and Sulla. (Vellei. 2.17, 18; Diod. xxxvii. Exc. Phot. p. 540.) The new turn thus given to affairs for a while retarded its fall: the Samnites who were defending Nola joined the party of Marius and Cinna; and it was not till after the final triumph of Sulla, and the total destruction of the Samnite power, that the dictator was able to make himself master of the refractory city. (Liv. Epit. lxxxix.) We cannot doubt that it was severely punished: we learn that its fertile territory was divided by Sulla among his victorious soldiers (Lib. Colon. p. 236), and the old inhabitants probably altogether expelled. It is remarkable that it is termed a Colonia before the out-break of this war (Liv. Epit. lxxiii.); but this is probably a mistake. No other author mentions it as such, and its existence as a municipium, retaining its own institutions and the use of the Oscan language, is distinctly attested at a period long subsequent to the Second Punic War, by a remarkable inscription still extant. (Mommsen, Unter Ital. Dial. p. 125.) It afterwards received a second colony under Augustus, and a third under Vespasian; hence Pliny enumerates it among the Coloniao of Campania, and we find it in inscriptions as late as the time of Diocletian, bearing the titles of Colonia Felix Augusta Nolana.( Lib. Colon. l. c.;Plin. Nat. 3.5. s. 9; Zumpt, de Colon.pp. 254, 350; Gruter, Inscr. p. 473. 9, p. 1085.14.)
It was at Nola that Augustus died, on his return from Beneventum, whither he had accompanied Tiberius, A.D. 14; and from thence to Bovillae his funeral procession was attended by the senators of the cities through which it passed. (Suet. Aug. 98; Dio Cass., 31; Tac. Ann. 1.5; Vell. Pat. ii. Empire, contained a great many towns of more or less importance, as BOIODURUM, JOVIACUM, OVILABA, LENTIA, LAUREACUM, ARELATEor ARLAPE, NAMARE, CETIUM, BEDAIUM, JUVAVUM, VIRUNUM, CELEIA, AGUNTUM, LONCIUM,and TEURNIA
An excellent work on Noricum in the time of the Romans is Muchar, Das Römische Noricum, in two vols. Graetz, 1825; compare also Zeuss, Die Deutschen, p. 240, &c.
[L.S](in Oscan, Nuvia). The modern Nola; one of the most ancient towns in Campania, twentyone Roman miles southeast of Capua, celebrated as the place where the emperor Augustus died. In the neigbourhood of the town some of the most beantiful Campanian vases have been found in modern times. The town was destroyed by Genseric in A.D. 455.
An ancient city, already known to Hekataios as an Auruncan foundation. It was an important station on the inland highway from Etruria to Poseidonia that subsequently became the Via Popilia, lying in the valley between Vesuvius and the first ridges of the Apennines roughly halfway between Capua and Nuceria. Cato (Vell. Pat. 1.7.3) called it Etruscan, and it was likely enough colonized from Capua. After the collapse of the Etruscan dodecapolis in Campania in the early 5th c., Nola seems to have reached the apogee of its wealth and power. It fell to the Samnites at the end of the 5th c., but in its Samnite period, when it was called Novla, it was friendly to Naples and not only coining money of Neapolitan type and weight, but willing in 327 B.C. to send a force of 2000 men to help Naples in its struggle against Rome (Livy 8.23.1). In 312 B.C. it fell itself to the Romans (9.28.3-6). In the second Punic war it remained loyal to Rome and was a staging center for Roman operations against Hannibal in S Italy. In the social war, on the other hand, it was taken by the Samnites in 90 B.C. despite the presence of a Roman garrison, had to suffer siege by Sulla in 88 and again in 80, and was eventually taken by storm. Sulla evidently settled a colony of veterans there, for it was inscribed in the tribus Falerna and carried the name colonia Felix Augusta. In 73 Spartacus' men overran the place once more (Florus 2.8.5). This was the end of its troubles for a while. It received a colony of Augustus, who died here in A.D. 14 on a family property that Tiberius made a temple (Cass. Dio 56.46). Later, both Vespasian and Nerva settled veterans here (Lib. Colon. 236). In the days of bishop Paulinus of Nola (409-431) it became a center of monastic life but was plundered by the Goths under Alaric in 410 and more savagely by the Vandals under Genseric in 455.
Little is known of the topography of Nola; traces of an amphitheater with brick facing are to be seen, and there are records of, and an inscription belonging to, a theater with marble revetment. The fortified urban area appears to have been small, somewhat displaced toward the SW from the present center of the town. In fact Livy (9.28. 3-6) tells us that in the 4th c. B.C. the walls of Nola were already surrounded by a belt of suburban building, and we have notice in inscriptions of four outlying pagi: Agrifanus, Capriculanus, Lanita, and Myttianus. There are comparatively few monumental Roman tombs in its vicinity.
Nola's great fame comes from its necropoleis, which were systematically ransacked from the late 18th c. through the first half of the 19th. A wealth of vases has been removed and enriches the museums of the world. It goes back as far as geometric and italo-geometric, but its concentration is within the span of Attic black- and red-figure wares. From the beginning of the second quarter of the 5th c. there is scarcely an Attic painter of quality not represented in the Nolan finds.
BIBLIOGRAPHYI. Beloch, Campanien (1890) 389-411, 472; M. B. Jovino & R. Donceel, La necropoli di Nola preromana (1969); E. La Rocca, Introduzione allo studio di Nola antica (1971).
L. RICHARDSON, JR.