nomen

vos me imperatoris nomine appellavistis
you all addressed me with the title of emperor

nōmen, inis, n.: a name, 1.248, et al.; designation, name, indicating attribute, invention, gift for mischief, 7.337; word, 3.444; fame, renown, 2.583, et al. (nōscō)

nōmen, ĭnis (archaic form of gen. sing. NOMINVS, S. C. de Bacch. Corp. Inscr. Lat. 196, 8), n. [for gnōmen, from root gno, whence gnosco, nosco, co-gnosco], a name, appellation (syn. vocabulum).

• I Lit.: nomen est, quod unicuique personae datur, quo suo quaeque proprio et certo vocabulo appellatur, Cic. Inv. 1, 24, 134: imponere nova rebus nomina, id. Fin. 3, 1, 3: qui haec rebus nomina posuerunt, id. Tusc. 3, 5, 10: appellare aliquem nomine, id. de Or. 1, 56, 239: huic urbi nomen Epidamno inditum est, Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 37 (262); cf. Liv. 7, 2, 6: Theophrastus divinitate loquendi nomen invenit, Cic. Or. 19, 62: lituus ab ejus litui, quo canitur, similitudine nomen invenit, id. Div. 1, 17, 30: ut is locus ex calamitate populi Romani nomen caperet, Caes. B. G. 1, 13 et saep.: ludi, Pythia de domitae serpentis nomine dicti, Ov. M. 1, 447: clari nominis vir, Vell. 2, 34, 4: nominis minoris vir, id. 2, 100, 5; cf. id. 2, 112, 2; 2, 103, 1: est mihi nomen, inditur mihi nomen, with nom.: cui saltationi Titius nomen est, Cic. Brut. 62, 225: eique morbo nomen est avaritia, id. Tusc. 4, 11, 24: canibus pigris ... Nomen erit pardus, tigris, leo, Juv. 8, 36.—With dat.: haec sunt aedes, hic habet: Lesbonico'st nomen, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 110 (385): juventus nomen fecit Peniculo mihi, id. Men. 1, 1, 1 (77): nam mihi est Auxilio nomen, id. Cist. 1, 3, 6 (148): huic ego die nomen Trinummo facio, id. Trin. 4, 2, 1 (843): nomen Arcturo est mihi, id. Rud. prol. 5: cantus cui nomen neniae, Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 62: puero ab inopiā nomen Egerio est inditum, Liv. 1, 34: est illis strigibus nomen, Ov. F. 6, 139.—With gen.: cujus nomen est Viventis, Vulg. Gen. 25, 11.—Rarely with ad: ut det nomen ad molas coloniam, Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 38 (1100).—Nomen dare, edere, profiteri, ad nomina respondere, to give in one's name, be enrolled, enlist; to answer to one's name when summoned to military duty: ne nomina darent, Liv. 2, 24: nomina profiteri, id. 2, 24: nominis edendi apud consules potestas, id. 2, 24: virgis caesi, qui ad nomina non respondissent, id. 7, 4; also, dare nomen in conjurationem, to join the conspiracy, Tac. A. 15, 48: ab re nomen habet (terra), is named for, Liv. 38, 18, 4: quae (sapientia) divinarum humanarumque rerum cognitione hoc nomen apud antiquos adsequebatur, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7: dea (Viriplaca) nomen hoc a placandis viris fertur adsecuta, Val. Max. 2, 1, 6.—Esp.: nomen accipere = nominari: turris quae nomen ab insulā accepit, Caes. B. C. 3, 112, 1; Quint. 3, 3, 13; Just. 1, 5, 1; Tac. A. 6, 37; 15, 74; Plin. Ep. 2, 10, 8.—
• • • 2 In partic., the middle name of the three which every freeborn Roman had, as distinguished from the praenomen and cognomen. The nomen distinguished one gens from another, the cognomen one familia from another, and the praenomen one member of the familia from another, Quint. 7, 3, 27.—But sometimes nomen is used in the signif. of praenomen: id nomen (sc. Gaja), Cic. Mur. 12, 27.—So, too, in the signif. of cognomen: Sex. Clodius, cui nomen est Phormio, Cic. Caecin. 10, 27; cf.: tamquam habeas tria nomina, i. e. as if you were a Roman, Juv. 5, 127.—
    • 3 Esp. in phrase: sub nomine, under the assumed name: qui litteras exitiales Demetrio sub nomine Flaminini adtulerant, Liv. 40, 54, 9: sub nomine meo, Quint. 7, 2, 24: carmina sub alieno nomine edere, Suet. Aug. 55: multa vana sub nomine celebri vulgabantur, Tac. A. 6, 12; 13, 25; id. H. 1, 5; cf.: rogatio repente sub unius tribuni nomine promulgatur, Liv. 43, 16, 6; Suet. Aug. 29; Plin. Pan. 50, 5; cf. also II. B. infra.—
    • 4 A title of power or honor: imperatoris, Caes. B. C. 2, 32, 14.—
    • 5 In gram., a noun, Quint. 1, 4, 18; 1, 5, 42 et saep.—
  • B Transf.
  • • 1 Nomen alicu jus deferre, to bring an accusation against, to accuse a person: nomen alicujus de parricidio deferre, Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28: nomen recipere, to receive the accusation: palam de sellā ac tribunali pronuntiat: si quis absentem Sthenium rei capitalis reum facere vellet, sese ejus nomen recepturum: et simul, ut nomen deferret, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 94; cf. context.—
    • 2 A bond, note, a demand, claim, a debt: tituli debitorum nomina dicuntur praesertim in iis debitis, in quibus hominum nomina scripta sunt, quibus pecuniae commodatae sunt, Ascon. ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 28: repromittam istoc nomine solutam rem futuram, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 48 (454): si neque in tuas tabulas ullum nomen referres, cum tot tibi nominibus acceptum Curtii referrent, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 39, § 102: qui tibi, ut ais, certis nominibus grandem pecuniam debuit, on good bonds, good security, id. Quint. 11, 38; cf.: egone hos digitos meos impellere potui, ut falsum perscriberent nomen? id. Rosc. Com. 1, 1: volo persolvere, ut expungatur nomen, ne quid debeam, Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 40 (148); so, solvere, Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7: expedire, exsolvere, id. ib. 16, 6, 3: nomina sua exigere, to collect one's debts, id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 28: hoc nomen, quod urget, nunc, cum petitur, dissolvere, id. Planc. 28, 68: transcribere in alium, Liv. 35, 7: qui venit ad dubium grandi cum codice nomen, comes with a huge ledger to sue for a doubtful debt, Juv. 7, 110.—
    • • b Nomina facere, in the case of written obligations, to set down or book the items of debt in the account-book: nomina se facturum, qua ego vellem die, Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1: emit homo cupidus (Canius) tanti, quanti Pythius voluit et emit instructos: nomina facit (Pythius), negotium conficit, id. Off. 3, 14, 59: nomina facturi diligenter in patrimonium et vasa debitoris inquirimus, Sen. Ben. 1, 1, 2.—
      • c Nomen locare, to offer as surety, Phaedr. 1, 16, 1 (dub.).—
      • d Transf., an item of debt; and hence, a debtor: hoc sum assecutus, ut bonum nomen existimer, i. e. a good payer, Cic. Fam. 5, 6, 2: lenta nomina non mala, Sen. Ben. 5, 22, 1; cf. id. ib. 7, 29, 2; Col. 1, 7, 2.—
    • 3 A family, race, stock, people, nation: C. Octavium in familiam nomenque adoptavit, Suet. Caes. 83: Crispum C. Sallustius in nomen ascivit, Tac. A. 3, 30; Luc. 7, 584.—
    • 4 With national names: nomen Romanum, whatever is called Roman, i. e. the Roman dominion, nation, power; esp. of the army: gens infestissuma nomini Romano, Sall. C. 52, 24: CEIVIS ROMANVS NEVE NOMINVS LATINI NEVE SOCIVM QVISQVAM, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; so, concitatis sociis et nomine Latino, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41: ubi deletum omnibus videretur nomen Romanum, Liv. 23, 6, 3: relicum Romani nominis, id. 22, 55, 5; 27, 33, 11; 1, 10, 3; cf. id. 9, 7, 1: Aeolio regnatas nomine terras, Sil. 14, 70: Volscūm nomen prope deletum est, Liv. 3, 8, 10: nomen Atheniensium tueri, Just. 5, 6, 9.—
    • 5 Poet.
    • • a A thing: infaustum interluit Allia nomen, Verg. A. 7, 717.—
      • b A person: popularia nomina Drusos, Luc. 6, 759; 1, 311: nec fidum femina nomen, Tib. 3, 4, 61: in diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus, i. e. the love of a mother and sister, Ov. M. 8, 464; id. H. 8, 30.—
• II Trop.
• • A Name, fame, repute, reputation, renown (syn.: existimatio, fama): hujus magnum nomen fuit, Cic. Brut. 67, 238: nomen habere, id. ib. 69, 244: magnum in oratoribus nomen habere, id. Or. 6, 22: officere nomini alicujus, Liv. praef. § 3: et nos aliquod nomenque decusque Gessimus, Verg. A. 2, 89: nomen gerere, Lact. 1, 20, 3; 4, 29, 15 al.: multi Lydia nominis Romanā vigui clarior Iliā, Hor. C. 3, 9, 7: nomen alicujus stringere, Ov. Tr. 2, 350: homines nonnullius in litteris nominis, Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 3: parentes, quorum maximum nomen in civitatibus est suis, Liv. 22, 22, 13.—Of ill repute, bad reputation: malum nomen (only rare and late Lat.): magis eligendum in paupertate nomen bonum quam in divitiis nomen pessimum, Hier. Com. Ep. Tit., Paris, 1546, p. 104 H.—
  • • 2 Of inanimate things: ne vinum nomen perdat, Cato R. R. 25: nec Baccho genus aut pomis sua nomina servat, Verg. G. 2, 240.—
  • B A title, pretext, pretence, color, excuse, account, sake, reason, authority, behalf, etc.: alio nomine et aliā de causā abstulisse. Cic. Rosc. Com. 14, 40: legis agrariae simulatione atque nomine, id. Agr. 2, 6, 15: classis nomine pecuniam imperatam queruntur, id. Fl. 12, 27: haec a te peto amicitiae nostrae nomine, id. Fam. 12, 12, 3; 2, 1, 1: nomine sceleris conjurationisque damnati, id. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11: nomine neglegentiae suspectum esse, id. Fam. 2, 1, 1: quid exornamus philosophiam, aut quid ejus nomine gloriosi sumus? id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33: qui cum luxuriose viverent, non reprehenderentur eo nomine, id. Fin. 2, 7, 21: gratias boni viri agebant et tuo nomine gratulabantur, on your account, id. Phil. 1, 12, 30: Antonio tuo nomine gratias egi, on your behalf, id. Att. 1, 16, 16: legationes tuo nomine proficiscentes, id. Fam. 3, 8, 2: quem quidem tibi etiam suo nomine commendo, for his own sake, id. ib. 13, 21, 2: meo nomine, Tac. H. 1, 29: feminarum suarum nomine, id. G. 8: bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 14: decretae eo nomine supplicationes, Tac. A. 14, 59; but: acceptā ex aerario pecuniā tuo nomine, on your responsibility, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7.—
  • C A name, as opposed to the reality: me nomen habere duarum legionum exilium (opp. exercitum habere tantum), Cic. Att. 5, 15, 1: Campani magis nomen ad praesidium sociorum, quam vires cum attulissent, Liv. 7, 29: nomen amicitia est, nomen inane fides, Ov. A. A. 1, 740.—
• III In eccl. Lat.,
• • • 1 Periphrastically: invocavit nomen Domini, Vulg. Gen. 13, 4: omnipotens nomen ejus, ib. Exod. 15, 3: psallam nomini Domini, ib. Psa. 7, 18: blasphemare nomen ejus, ib. Apoc. 13, 6.—
    • 2 Delegated power: in nomine tuo daemones eicimus, Vulg. Matt. 7, 22: in quo nomine fecistis, ib. Act. 4, 7: locuti sunt in nomine Domini, ib. Jacob. 5, 10.

nōmen, inis, n. (altindisch nāman-, griech. ὄνομα, gotisch namō, ahd. namo), der Name, die Benennung, I) eig.: A) im allg.: durius nomen, Cic.: alqm nomine increpare, Liv., clamare, Verg.: ex alqa re nomen capere, Caes., od. trahere od. invenire od. reperire, Cic.: nomen accipere ab alqa re, Caes.: nomen alci dare od. indere, Liv., od. imponere, Cic.: imposito Ariarathis nomine, Iustin.: si velles verum ponere mihi nomen, Hor.: quid est tibi nomen? was (wie) ist dein N.? Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. trin. 889): und so nomen mulieris cedo quid sit? Ter. heaut 662 Umpf. (Fl. u. Wagn. quod sit). – est mihi nomen, m. Nom., Genet. od. Dat., ›mihi nomen est Iulius‹ et ›mihi nomen est Iulio‹, Gell.: Alazon Graece huic nomen est comoediae, Plaut.: Troia et huic loco nomen est, Liv.: ei morbo nomen est avaritia, Cic.: nomen Mercurii est mihi, Plaut.: cantus, cui nomen neniae, Cic.: Clausus, cui postea Claudio fuit nomen, Liv.: pago inde Troiano nomen est, Liv.: so auch cui Egerio inditum nomen, Liv.: cui parentes Ascanium dixere nomen, Liv.: nomen civitati Athenas dedit, Mela: arborem, quam ille suum nomen catachannam nominabat, Fronto: est via: lactea nomen habet, Ov.: nomen calamitatis ponitur in casu etc., das Wort calamitas wird gebraucht für usw., Cic. – nomine, namens, m. folg. Namen in dem Kasus des vorhergeh. Wortes, auf das sich der Name bezieht, zB. eunuchus nomine Pothinus, Caes.: in hospitis cuiusdam nomine Cameli domo, Vell.: Rhodanus paludi sese ingurgitat nomine Lemanno, Amm.: circa urbem nomine Obbam, Liv.: a quodam nomine Adduo (Abl.) vulneratus, Vell. – nomine, im Namen, im Auftrage, nomine rei publicae principi gratias agere, Plin. ep. – sub nomine alcis, Plin. ep., Tac. u. Iustin. – velut vulgus sine nomine (namenloses), Iustin. – alci nomine (dem N. nach) notum esse, Q. Cic. – nomen (u. von mehreren nomina) dare, seinen Namen angeben, sich melden, zB. von Soldaten zum Kriegsdienst, Cic. u. Liv.: so auch nomen profiteri od. edere, Liv.; dah. bildl. sich wohin oder worunter rechnen, zählen, in his poëta nomen profitetur suum, Ter.: hingegen nomen accipere, entgegennehmen, aufschreiben, Liv.: ad nomina non respondere (wenn die Namen verlesen wurden), Liv. – B) insbes.: a) der mittlere von den drei Namen eines freigeborenen Römers, durch den die gens, zu der er gehörte, von anderen unterschieden wurde, Geschlechtsname. – Doch wird nomen zuw. auch für praenomen (Vorname) und für cognomen (Beiname, Familienname) bei Cic. u.a. gebraucht. – dah. alqm in familiam nomenque adoptare, Suet.: alqm in n. asciscere, Tac. – b) der Titel, alqm nomine imperatoris appellare, Caes. b. c. 2, 32. § 14. – c) als gramm. t. t., das Nomen, Quint. u.a. Gramm. – C) meton., der benannte Gegenstand, a) v. einzelnen, nec fidum femina nomen, das »Weib« genannte Wesen, Tibull.: popularia nomina Drusos, Lucan.: nomina tanta, Männer, Ov.: vestrum nomen = vos, Liv. – b) v. Völkern, nomen Romanum, alles, was Römer heißt, Römermacht, Römertum, Cic. u.a.: u. so n. Latinum, n. Caeninum, Liv.: omne n. Aetolorum, Liv.: fallacibus litteris circa Latium nomenque Volscum missis, dem Volskerland, Liv. Vgl. Fabri Sall. Cat. 52, 24. Weißenb. Liv. 3, 8, 10. Fabri Liv. 22, 55, 5. Dederich Dict. 5, 13. p. 365. – II) übtr.: 1) (berühmter) Name, Ruhm, Ruf, Berühmtheit, Ansehen (vgl. Fabri Liv. 22, 22, 13), magnum, clarum, Cic.: nomen habere, Cic.: sine nomine, unbekannt, unberühmt, unansehnlich, Verg. – v. Lebl., nec pomis sua nomina servat, Verg.: bellum magni nominis, Liv. – 2) Name, Rubrik, Titel, Veranlassung, a) übh.: alio nomine aut alia de causa, Cic. – nomine meo, tuo etc., in meinem Namen, meinerseits, für meine Person usw., für mich, um meinetwillen, aus persönlichen Rücksichten, Cic. u.a.: non suo, sed meo nomine, nicht um seinet-, sondern um meinetwillen, Cic.: nomine Catilinae, von seiten, Sall. – nomine mit Genet. oder Pronom. u. dgl. = unter dem Namen, unter dem Titel, als, wegen, um... willen (s. Heräus Tac. hist. 1, 29. Heß Tac. Germ. 8, 1), lucri, Cic.: sceleris, Cic.: non tam tuo quam rei publicae nomine, nicht um deinet-, sondern um des Staats willen, Cic.: eo nomine, in bezug darauf, aus diesem Grunde, deswegen, Cic. u.a.: so auch quo nomine, Vell. u. Quint.: illo nomine, Sen.: nullo nomine, in keiner Hinsicht, Sen.: nullo nomine non, auf jede Weise, in jeder Beziehung, Vell. – uno nomine, unter einer Rubrik, auf einmal, in Bausch u. Bogen, uno nomine (in einem Posten) HS CCL milia iussu praetoris data esse, Cic.: iudicia plurimarum controversiarum sublata uno nomine omnia, Cic.: accusati sunt uno nomine consulares, Cic.: petierunt a Caesare, ut universis trecentis uno nomine pecuniam imperaret, Auct. b. Afr. – b) prägn., der Titel = Grund, Vorwand, a tuis obtrectatoribus nomen inductum fictae religionis, Cic.: honesto nomine, Cic.: decretae eo nomine supplicationes, Tac.: aliquot praetores a provinciis avaritiae nomine accusati damnati sunt, Liv. epit. – 3) der Name (verächtlich) als Gegensatz zur Sache, legionum, Cic.: reges nomine magis quam imperio, Nep.: sunt nomina (bloße Namen, Schatten) ducum, Liv. – 4) übtr., als publiz. t. t.: a) nomen alcis deferre, jmd. gerichtlich belangen, anklagen, Cic.: de parricidio, Cic.: hingegen nomen recipere, die Klage entgegennehmen, Cic. – b) die aus einer Leistung entstandene Schuldforderung, die der Gläubiger mit Zustimmung des Schuldners als eine Ausgabe in sein Hausbuch eintrug (expensum ferre), wodurch eine Literalobligation entstand, Posten, Schuldposten, nomen facere, einen Schuldposten eintragen, buchen, Cic., Sen. u. Ov.: nomen locare, einen Posten anlegen lassen, Phaedr.: nomina exigere, eintreiben, Cic.: nomina sectari, Hor.: nomen solvere, dissolvere, bezahlen, Cic.: nomina expedire, exsolvere, erledigen (in Richtigkeit bringen), abzahlen, Cic.: certis nominibus grandem pecuniam debuit, er schuldete eine große Summe in sichergestellten Posten, Cic.: nomina arcaria, bare Darlehen gegen Schuldschein, Gaius inst. 3, 131: nomina transcripticia, übertragene Posten, wenn ein anderer die Schuld auf seinen Namen überschreiben läßt, Gaius inst. 3, 128. – meton., v. der Person, Posten = Schuldner, Bezahler, bonum nomen, ein sicherer Posten = ein guter Bezahler, Cic. ep. 5, 6, 2: u. so vel optima nomina non appellando (durch Nichtmahnen) fiunt mala, Alphius b. Colum. 1, 7, 2: u. lenta nomina, non mala, Sen. de ben. 5, 22, 1. – ➳ Archaist. Genet. Sing. nominus, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196. lin. 8. – archaist. Abl. Sing. nomini, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 820.

nomen [CL] 1 personal name. b (~en, ~ine, ex ~ine, ~inetenus) by name. c (~ine, in ~ine, sub ~ine) under the name (of), in the name (of), on behalf (of); d (w. ref. to authorship). e (~en puerile) nickname. si ‥ alius recitavit ~ina mortuorum ‥ Theod. Pen. I 5. 12; Aedilbergae ‥ quae alio ~ine Tatae vocabatur Bede HE II 9 p. 97; 889 testibus ‥ quorum hic ~ina tenentur adscripta CS 562; proprio pronomine non ad / nos valet hoc nomen, sed ad illos, quos voco nomen M. Cornw. Hen. 52; 1337 cognoscebatur per ~en Ricardi de Oldynton’ et Ricardi de Beckebury indifferenter JustIt 1413 r. 3; cui ~en erat Johannes Avesb. f. 98b.  b nomine hanc Teclam veteres dixere parentes Aldh. VirgV 1976; vir sanctus ~ine Furseus Bede HE III 19 p. 163; 942 has terras ~inetenus subnotatas Ch. Burton 6; unus sochemanus ~en Godricus DB II 353; plures eis ~inetenus proponebant Chr. Battle f. 111; prelatus ‥ in subpriorem constituendum [sc. canonicum] vocabit ex ~ine Obs. Barnwell 50; 1410 vos vocavit et vocat ex ~ine per presentes FormOx 195; s1479 quedam generosa ~ine Elizabet Katerina Holsted, vidua Reg. Whet. II 202.  c non dicit aliquis ‘in ~ine meo baptizo te’ Comm. Cant. III 49; contra quos sub ~ine Manicheorum pugnabat [Julianus] Bede Cant. 1069; dum me a praecipitio mortis eripiens longioris vitae spatia in tuis ~inibus concessit Osb. V. Dunst. 18 p. 92; veteres vel perempti vel sub ~ine Anglorum reservati W. Malm. GR II 125; noverce que ‥ filium provehere conabatur ut ipsa potius sub ejus ~ine imperitaret Ib. II 161; sub ~ine regis Eduardi juratur Ib. II 183; 1248 cum S. decanus ecclesie S. Probi moveret questionem ~ine dicte ecclesie contra priorem montis S. Michaelis Cart. Mont. S. Mich. 88; 1293 eidem Rogero, ~ine Roberti Le Blund, ‥ pro iiij lapidibus de marmore Manners 134; 1404 ~ine nostro (v. finire 8a); 1514 possessio ‥ deliberata fuit per Thomam ‥ Willelmo ‥ et Johanni ‥ in ~ine omnium feoffatorum infrascriptorum FormA 414n.  d ‘Pytagoram’, ~en libri et philosophi qui primus scripsit Comm. Cant. I 12; liber ‥ qui sub ~ine ejus offertur non vere ab illo scriptus Bede Ep. Cath. 129; p1236 loquitur sub ~ine meo Feod. Durh. 204n. 1 (v. loqui 3c).  e 1304 predicta Elena cognoscitur in patria per ista duo ~ina puerilia, sc. Nelle et Elot PlRCP 149 m. 361.. 2 name of place. Mellena abbatissa unde et ipsa civitas ~en accepit Comm. Cant. I 1; 692 monasterium ‥ cui ~en est Fledanburg CS 76; Elge ‥ regio ‥ a copia anguillarum ‥ ~en accepit Bede HE IV 17 p. 246; Anglia ‥ ~en patrie Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 41. 3 name, designation. b name of person or thing as uttered, arousing certain emotions by its associations. c (per ~en) by name, namely, specifically. d (~inetenus) with regard to the name. fecit eos duos ~en viri et feminae Comm. Cant. I 29; sub ~ine panis, piscis, et ovi tres summae virtutes, fides sc., spes, et caritas exprimuntur Bede Tob. 934; vir a virtute ~en accepit Id. Cant. 1219; singula litterarum ~ina Id. HE V 2 p. 284; potentia proprium ~en sortita est Adel. ED 8; linea binomia non dividitur nisi in suas lineas ex quibus conjuncta est et in duo ~ina tantum Id. Elem. X 36; abaco ‥ depicto, karacterum figuras cum ~inibus et significationibus uniuscujusque sibi addamus Thurkill Abac. f. 55v; agit ‥ sobrietas que alio ~ine dicitur temperantia Ailr. Jes. 3. 20; s1241 non sub ~ine aut titulo liberi adjutorii ‥ sed talagii M. Par. Maj. IV 95; sapor est ~en generis physici, propter cujus ydemptitatem est mutua passio T. Sutton Gen. & Corrupt. 64; minima manente in suo gradu, mutato ~ine, minor vocatur Hauboys 192.  b ferocissimi illi nefandi ~inis Saxones Gildas EB 23.  c 1507 que quidem tenementa ‥ per ~en unius mesuagii, unius gardini ‥ et unius rose redditus ‥ recuperavimus Cl 604 m. 26d..  d a dicta civitate Gallie dicta Meldis ~ine tenus differretur Meaux I 78. 4 word, term. b the mere appellation or appearance without correspondence in fact or reality. c (~inetenus) in name only. in ~ine ‥ caeli et terrae simul comprehendit caelestia et terrestria omnia et recapitulat Comm. Cant. I 18; tu, sine his ~inibus, quod moliris non impariter posses asserere Lanfr. Corp. & Sang. 418D; nisi forte indigentia ~inis proprie convenientis coactus, elegerit aliquod de illis ~inibus quae pluraliter in summa essentia dici non possunt, ad significandum id quod congruo ~ine dici non potest Anselm (Mon. 79) I 86; hec tamen in consideratione speciali formas individuales tollunt sed obliviscuntur, cum a speciali ~ine non ponantur Adel. ED 11; duplicitatem vero hujus significationis ~en a Greca quidem origine contrahit, quoniam ibi logos nunc sermonem, nunc rationem significat J. Sal. Met. 837C; non me recolo usquam hoc ~en ‘liberum arbitrium’ invenissse Ailr. An. 2. 35; nam hoc ~en ‘incarnatus’ notat quod ille incarnatus fuerit priusquam incarnaretur S. Langton Quaest. 140.  b quamvis ~en et professionem haberet Christiani, ‥ tamen erat animo ac moribus barbarus Bede HE II 20 p. 125; Cuthredus octo annis solo sc. ~ine regnavit W. Malm. GR I 15; sepius ad ~en quam ad rem videntur plurimi disputare J. Sal. Met. 876C; colligitur eos amicitie solo ~ine gloriari ‥ non veritate fulciri Ailr. Spir. Amicit. I 36. 665; episcopi qui non omen sed ~en ‥ amplectuntur Gir. TH III 28; olim quidem ~ine, nunc autem re Albanus W. Newb. Serm. 876.  c 797 non vult rex celestis cum paganis et perditis ~inetenus regibus communionem habere Alcuin Ep. 124; iste ~inetenus Christianus ‥ scienter peccavit Gosc. Mir. Iv. lxxiii; ille duo regna Mertiorum et Westsaxonum conjunxerit, Mertiorum ~inetenus, quippe commendatum duci Etheredo W. Malm. GR II 125; [Radulphus] qui Niger ~inetenus dicebatur ‥ squalore custodie ‥ niger efficiebatur W. Cant. Mir. Thom. III 47 p. 304; multi nostrum ~inetenus Cristiani vel dictis vel factis negant scripture sensum Wycl. Ver. I 245. 5 (gram.) word. ecclesia et sinagoga Graeca ~ina sunt Bede Prov. 957; novem sunt ~ina derivativa sc. patronomicum, possessivum, comparativum, superlativum, diminutivum, nominale, verbale, adverbiale, participiale Bacon Gram. Gk. 153; ~ina synonyma non sunt inventa propter necessitatem significationis sed propter ornatum sermonis Ockham Quodl. 513. 6 noun. b (~en proprium) proper noun. c (~en commune) common noun. d (~en collectivum) collective noun. e (~en verbale) verbal noun. haec sunt ~ina primae declinationis ‥ ut corona, carina ‥ Aldh. PR 121 p. 167; ~en est pars orationis cum casu, rem corporalem aut incorporalem, proprie, communiterve, significans Bonif. AG 475; quae sunt fixa ~ina? quae in alterum genus transire non possunt, ut pater et mater Alcuin Gram. 862C; ‘homo’ est ~en, ‘currit’ est verbum J. Sal. Met. 904B; ~en est pars orationis significans substantiam cum qualitate propria vel communi Ps.-Gros. Gram. 36; res significata per hoc ~en ‘amans’ et per hoc participium ‘amans’ idem significat Bacon CSTheol. 56.  b Maeander, proprium ~en fluvii Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 362; media producitur hujus ~inis proprii Maria Bacon Gram. Gk. 5; supposita per accidens sunt ~ina propria, puta hoc nomen ‘Sortes’ et ‘Plato’ Ockham Quodl. 530.  c Ps.-Gros. 351; Ockham Pol. I 319 (v. communis 2a); in hoc ~ine communi maria pro aquis salsis breviatur Bacon Gram. Gk. 5.  d Dial. Scac. I 5U; Bacon XV 28 (v. collectivus).  e differentia est inter ~en verbale desinens in -dus et gerundium Bacon XV 89. 7 reputation, fame. b (sibi ~en facere or sim.) to make a name for oneself. nemo in ecclesia amplius nocet quam qui ~en et opinionem sanctitatis habet Ps.-Bede Collect. 22; vir sacer et sapiens, cui ~en crescit in horas W. Malm. GR III 284; Cyrus ‥ majoris ~inis et glorie quam avunculus ejus Darius fuit Andr. S. Vict. Dan. 71; si aliqua magni ~inis ‥ persona, abbas sc. aut prior, ‥ Ailr. Inst. Inclus. 7.  b s1034 apud exterarum dominos regionum pepererat sibi ~en plurimum Torigni Access. Sig. 27; ut sibi faciat ~en J. Sal. Met. 876C (v. cudere 2d); 1450 ibi usurpavit sibi ~en fortitudinis in jactando lapidem in civitate Romana ultra omnes naciones (Origo Baronum de M.) MonA VI 77. 8 (honorific) title. ~en dignitatis, ut Pharao apud ægyptios, ut Caesar cum Romanis Comm. Cant. I 124; Penda ‥ apud Mertios regis ~en presumpsit W. Malm. GR I 74; jubeo ut ‥ ~en et honorem ‥ archiepiscopi non deponas Id. GP I 52; ecclesiae Beccensi cui hactenus sub ~ine abbatis praefui Anselm (Ep. 159) IV 27; s1168 Endonem, vicecomitem de Porrohoit, qui eatinus umbratico ~ine comes vocabatur ‥ Torigni Chr. 236; ~ina ‥ honorum, ~ina dignitatum. archidiaconus, episcopus ‥ et similia: magna ~ina sunt Bald. Cant. Serm. 5. 19. 534. 9 name (of God, with implication of power inherent in it). b (in ~ine w. gen., in invocation of person of Godhead) in the name of. ‘iste coepit invocare ~en Domini ‥ decemque ~inibus nominavit eum Comm. Cant. I 59; Christum ‥ qui ‥ sui gloria ~inis orbem inpleret universum Bede Hab. 1240; 793 per magnum omnipotentis Dei ~en CS 267; invoco, Sancte, tuum, quod nescio promere, nomen Wulf. Swith. II 903; oriens splendor justitie, qui illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum et ad agnitionem sui ~inis vult venire Canon. G. Sempr. f. 37v; 1300 personis ‥ per quas divini ~inis et fidei catholice cultus protenditur MunAcOx 78.  b 679 in ~ine Domini nostri CS 45; 811 in ~ine Domini nostri Jhesu Christi ‥ ego Coenwulf‥ trado terram juris mei CS 339; 1295 in ~ine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti FormA 425; 1386 in Dei ~ine Amen Ib. 427. 10 (~en Christi or Christianum) Christianity, the Christian faith. Penda ‥ idolis deditus et Christiani ~inis ignarus Bede HE II 20 p. 125; eodem ‥ tempore quo ipsa provincia ~en Christi susceperat Ib. IV 14 p. 233; qui se Christiani ~inis honore gaudere fatentur Anselm (Ep. 136) III 280; sub unius fidei confessione et Christiani ~inis professione Bald. Cant. Commend. Fid. 610; titulus ipse ~inis Christiani umbraque sacre fidei J. Ford Serm. 67. 12. 11 authority, power. bone Iesu, non est res tui ~inis, dampnare dampnantem se Bald. Cant. Serm. 3. 14. 521; scruta ‥ ne forte sub ~ine sacerdotis heresim introducat T. Chobham Praed. 193; destinatus est in Angliam procurator quidam ‥ ad predictam domini Pape collacionem ~ine procuratorio suscipiendam Flor. Hist. II 445; 1310 ~ine executorio (v. exsecutorius 1a); 1314 quarum petit ~ine procuratorio dictos religiosos in statum percipiendi Reg. Dunferm. 347; procuratores predictos procuratorio ~ine predicti regis Plusc. VIII 19; 1468 ~ine et ex parte ballivorum burgi de J. ExchScot 597. 12 reason, cause. siquidem privatio exigit negationem, negatio vero privationem necessario ~ine, quia non omne quod non videt cecum est, cum omne quod cecum est non videat Abbo QG 21 (47). 13 heading, category. b (~ine, de eo ~ine, sub ~ine) under the heading (of), by way (of), in respect (of). c on pain (of). 1403 de xxviiij li. ‥ de arr. hujus comp. quorum ~ina deliberantur in quaterno Ac. Durh. 222; multis ~inibus satagebat rerum suarum dominus Thomas Chrystall ut ‥ Ferr. Kinloss 39; 1599 contra ‥ et singula bona res ‥ pecuniarum summas ~ina et debita quaecunque SelPlAdm II 197.  b soles ‥ sub ~ine levitatis et inconstantie propositum accusare ‥ Adel. ED 4; ut ei ~ine vectigalis annuatim viginti libras auri ‥ penderent W. Malm. GR II 134; 1197 sacriste Westmonasterii ad luminare magni altaris ejusdem ecclesie ~ine pensionis quinque marcas argenti persolvemus Ch. Westm. 481; 1258 ei contigit ~ine dotis SelPlMan 65; 1375 W. S. recepit j blanket precii xij d. quam K. famula sua furata fuit de eo ~ine thefbote Leet Norw. 66.  c 1213 sub ~ine culvertagii et perpetue servitutis Wend. II 66; 1304 in centum solidis sterlingorum ‥ ~ine pene ‥ persolvendis Reg. Aberd. I 39.

nōmĕn, (5) ĭnis, n. , ¶ 1 nom, dénomination : alicui rei nomen imponere, ponere, dare Cic. Fin. 3, 3 ; Tusc. 3, 10 ; Inv. 1, 34 ; indere Liv. 7, 2, 6, mettre un nom sur qqch., donner un nom à qqch. ; appellare aliquem nomine Cic. de Or. 1, 239, appeler qqn par son nom ; alicui nomen imponere Liv. 35, 47, 5, donner un nom à qqn ; bonis nominibus (homines), bono nomine (homo) Cic. Div. 1, 102, (hommes) avec des noms heureux, (homme) avec un nom heureux ; omen nominis Cic. Scauro 30, lʼheureux présage dʼun nom ; nomen capere ex re, ab re Cæs. G. 1, 13, 7 ; C. 3, 112, 1, tirer son nom de qqch. ; habent nonnulla nomina Latina Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 112, ils portent quelques noms latins || mulier, Lamia nomine Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 59, une femme du nom de Lamia ; eunuchus nomine Pothinus Cæs. C. 3, 108, 1, un eunuque du nom de Pothin || ei saltationi Titius nomen est Cic. Br. 225, cette mimique porte le nom de Titius ; ei morbo nomen est avaritia Cic. Tusc. 4, 24, cette maladie a nom cupidité || nomen Arcturo est mihi Pl. Rud. 5, jʼai nom Arcturus [cf. eorum alteri Capitoni cognomen est Cic. Amer. 17, lʼun des deux a pour surnom Capiton, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 74 ; 5, 16 ] || quæ voluptatis nomen habent Cic. Mur. 13, choses qui portent le nom de plaisir, cf. Cic. Off. 1, 63 ; direptioni cellæ nomen imponere Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 197, donner au pillage le nom de grenier [approvisionnement privé] ; poetæ nomen Cic. Arch. 19, le nom de poète ; nomen ipsum legatorum Cic. Phil. 5, 25, la seule appellation « députés » || nomen dare, edere, profiteri [ou en parl. de plus. nomina ], donner son nom, se faire inscrire pour lʼenrôlement militaire : Cic. Phil. 7, 14 ; 5, 53 ; Liv. 2, 24, 7 ; dare nomen in conjurationem Tac. Ann. 15, 48, sʼenrôler dans une conspiration ; ad nomen respondere Liv. 7, 4, 2, répondre à lʼappel de son nom ; stipendium ad nomen singulis persolutum est Liv. 28, 29, 12, on leur paya à chacun leur solde par appel nominal ¶ 2 le nom [porté par la gens, intercalé entre le prænomen et le cognomen, c.-à-d. le nomen gentilicium ] || qqf. employé au lieu de cognomen, cf. Cic. Cæc. 27 || transposition du nomen et du cognomen : Cic. Mil. 8 ¶ 3 titre : aliquem nomine imperatoris appellare Cæs. C. 2, 32, 14, donner à qqn le titre dʼimperator, le proclamer imperator ; nomen honoris, non honorem adipisci Cic. Br. 281, obtenir le titre dʼune charge, mais non la charge elle-même ¶ 4 [gramm.] nom : Quint. 1, 4, 18, etc. || mot, terme : carendi Cic. Tusc. 1, 87, le mot « carere » ; in hoc nomine Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 125, à propos de ce mot, quand on parla de ces objets ¶ 5 nom dʼun peuple : nomen Romanum, le nom romain = puissance romaine, nation romaine, etc., cf. Cic. Phil. 3, 29 ; Sall. C. 52, 24 ; Liv. 23, 6, 3, etc. : nomen Latinum, ensemble des peuples portant le nom de Latins : Cic. Rep. 1, 31 ; 3, 41 ¶ 6 nom, renom, célébrité : imperii nostri nomen Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 68, le renom de notre puissance ; nomen, magnum nomen habere Cic. Br. 244 ; Or. 22, avoir un nom, un grand renom ; tantum ejus in Syria nomen est Cic. Phil. 11, 35, tant il a de prestige en Syrie ¶ 7 abl. nomine avec détermination : a) par égard pour, à cause de : ab amicitia Q. Pompei meo nomine se removerat Cic. Læl. 77, il avait rompu à cause de moi avec Q. Pompée ; amicitiæ nostræ nomine Cic. Fam. 12, 12, 3, au nom de notre amitié, cf. Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 1 ; intellegitur nec... nec fortitudinem patientiamque laudari suo nomine Cic. Fin. 1, 49, on comprend que ni... ni le courage et la force de résistance ne sont loués pour eux-mêmes, cf. Cic. Fin. 2, 21 ; b) au titre de, sous couleur de, sous prétexte de : me nomine neglegentiæ suspectum tibi esse doleo Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 1, je souffre de tʼêtre suspect au titre de négligence, dʼêtre soupçonné par toi de négligence ; servorum dilectus habebatur nomine collegiorum Cic. Sest. 34, on enrôlait les esclaves sous prétexte de les former en collèges, cf. Cic. Fl. 27 ; Agr. 2, 15 ; honestis nominibus Sall. C. 38, 3, avec de beaux prétextes ; sub honesto patrum aut plebis nomine Sall. H. 1, 11, sous le couvert honorable de la défense du sénat ou de la plèbe ; c) au nom de : Antonio tuo nomine gratias egi Cic. Att. 1, 16, 16, jʼai remercié Antoine en ton nom, cf. Cic. Q. 1, 3, 7 ; Cat. 2, 14 ; illarum civitatum nomine Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 175, au nom de ces cités ¶ 8 le nom, opposé à la réalité : nomen duarum legionum habere Cic. Att. 5, 15, 1, avoir deux légions de nom, cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 51 ; Par. 17 ¶ 9 [institutions] : a) deferre nomen alicujus de parricidio Cic. Amer. 64, déférer le nom de qqn en justice sous lʼinculpation de parricide ; recipere Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 94, déclarer qqn recevable dans son accusation ; b) nom inscrit sur les livres de comptes de la maison au regard dʼune somme prêtée ou empruntée, dʼoù nomen avec le sens de créance : nomen, nomina solvere, persolvere, dissolvere, expedire Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7 ; 16, 6, 3 ; Planc. 68, payer une dette, des dettes ; nomina sua exigere Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 28, faire rentrer des créances ; pecuniam sibi esse in nominibus, numeratam in præsentia non habere Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 17, il avait son argent en créances, mais pas dʼargent comptant pour le moment ; bonum nomen, non bonum nomen Cic. Att. 5, 21, 12, bonne, mauvaise créance || quand la mention dʼune créance sur le livre est faite du consentement du débiteur, cʼest une «obligation» : emit homo cupidus... nomina facit Cic. Off. 3, 59, notre homme avide achète..., fait inscrire la somme quʼil doit sur le livre, cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1 ; cautos nominibus rectis expendere nummos Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 105, débourser de lʼargent [faire une sortie dʼargent] garanti par des inscriptions en bonne et due forme || [fig.] bonum nomen Cic. Fam. 5, 6, 2, bon payeur, qui jouit dʼun bon crédit, cf. Sen. Ben. 5, 22, 1.

➳ gén. arch. sing. nominus S. C. Bacch. CIL 1, 581, 7.

nomen , inis. n.
名字。名聲。— nostrum 吾等九族。— Romanum 羅瑪國。— substantivum 自立之名。— adjectivum 倚賴之名。Dare vel edere vel profiteri nomen 上名。入隊伍。Deferre ejus nomen 吿狀。Solvere nomen 還債。Recipere — ejus 准吿。Bonum — existimor 人以我爲忠還帳。 Respondere ad nomina 從命赴隊伍。Vir magni nominis 大威儀之人。Appellare nomine 索債。Nomina mea expedi 請還我淸帳。Honesto et probabili nomine 有合理可以之故。Certo nomine 有定之緣故。Habere tria nomina 有三名。即羅瑪國人。

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nōmen inis, n

• GNA-, a means of knowing, name, appellation: qui haec rebus nomina posuerunt: ludi, Pythia perdomitae serpentis nomine dicti, O.: eique morbo nomen est avaritia: canibus pigris . . . Nomen erit pardus, tigris, leo, Iu.: puero ab inopiā nomen Egerio est inditum, L.: Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo, V.: Nomine quemque vocans, by name, V.: nomina dare, enlist, L.: ab re nomen habet (terra), is named for, L.: turris quae nomen ab insulā accepit (i. e. nominatur), Cs.: qui litteras exitialīs Demetrio sub nomine Flaminini adtulerant, in the name of, L.: me imperatoris nomine appellare, hail me imperator, Cs.: infaustum interluit Allia nomen, V.: Et diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus, i. e. mother and sister, O.—A gentile name(the middle name of a Roman freeman): apud illos Fabrorum nomen est amplissimum; cf. tamquam habeas tria nomina, i. e. as if you were a Roman, Iu.—In law: nomen alicuius deferre, to bring an accusation against, accuse: nomen huius de parricidio deferre: nomen recipere, to entertain an accusation: si quis Sthenium reum facere vellet, sese eius nomen recepturum.—Meton., a bond, note, demand, claim, debt. tibi certis nominibus pecuniam debere, on good bonds: falsum perscribere nomen?: nomina sua exigere, collect one's debts: in socios nomina transcribere, substitute the names of socii as debtors, L.: Qui venit ad dubium grandi cum codice nomen, to sue for a doubtful debt, Iu.: nomina se facturum, quā ego vellem die, create a written obligation by a bookentry.—A debtor: hoc sum adsecutus, ut bonum nomen existimer, i. e. a good payer.—With a gentile adj., a dominion, nation, power, army: gens infestissuma nomini Romano, S.: concitatis sociis et nomine Latino: Volscum nomen prope deletum est, L.—Poet., of one person: Silvius, Albanum nomen, tua proles, V.—Fig., name, fame, repute, reputation, renown: huius maius nomen fuit: magnum in oratoribus nomen habere: qui nomini officient meo, L.: Multi Lydia nominis, H.: sine nomine plebs, inglorious, V.—Poet., of things: Nec Baccho genus aut pomis sua nomina servat, V.—A title, pretext, pretence, color, excuse, account, sake, reason, authority, behalf: alio nomine abstulisse: legis agrariae simultatione atque nomine: haec a te peto amicitiae nostrae nomine: eo nomine, on that account: Quocumque nomine, for whatsoever purpose, H.: tuo nomine gratulabantur, on your account: Antonio tuo nomine gratias egi, on your behalf: quem tibi suo nomine commendo, for his own sake: aetatis nomine ‘filia’ dixit, on account of, O.: acceptā ex aerario pecuniā tuo nomine, on your responsibility: aes alienum meis nominibus solvere, contracted by me, S.—A name(opp. to reality): me nomen habere duarum legionum exilium (opp. exercitum habere tantum): magis nomen ad praesidium quam vires adferre, L.: sunt nomina ducum, L.: Nomen amicitia est, nomen inane fides, O.

NOMEN

NOMEN(ὄνομα), name.

Greek

The Greeks, as is well known, bore only one name (Paus. 7.7.4), and it was one of the especial rights of a father to choose the names for his children, and to alter them if he pleased. (Dem. c. Boeot. 1. p. 1006.39; c. Macart. p. 1075.74.) It was customary to give to the eldest son the name of the grandfather on his father's side. The history of Greece contains many instances of this custom, and Sositheus (ap. Dem. c. Macart. l. c. says, I gave to my eldest son, as is just (ὥσπερ καὶ δίκαιόν ἐστι), the name of my father. (Compare Eustath. ad It. 5.546; Dem. c. Boeot. 1. p. 1002.27.) Similarly girls were called after the grandmother (Isae. de Pyrrh. hered. § 30). What custom was generally followed in regard to the other children may be inferred from the same passage, for Sositheus goes on to say, that he called his second son after the name of his wife's father, the third after a relation of his wife, and the fourth son after his own grandfather on his mother's side. Mothers seem also sometimes to have assumed the right of giving the names to their children (Eurip. Phoen. 58), and it may be that, as in the case described by Aristophanes (Nub. 60, &c.), sometimes a quarrel arose between the parents, if they could not agree upon the name to be given to a child. A boy also sometimes received the name of his father, as in the cases of Demosthenes and Demades, or one similar to that of his father. Nausinicus thus called his son Nausiphilus, and Callicrates called his son Callistratus. (Boeckh, ad Pind. P. 4. p. 265.) A similar method was sometimes adopted in the names of several brothers; thus two brothers in the speech of Lysias against Diagiton are called Diodotus and Diogiton. In some cases lastly, the name of a son was a patronymic, formed from the name of the father, as Phocion, the son of Phocos.

The day on which children received their names was the tenth after their birth (Aristoph. Av. 922, &c.). According to some accounts, a child received its name as early as the seventh or even fifth day after its birth. [AMPHIDROMIA] The tenth day, called δεκάτη, however, was a festive day, and friends and relations were invited to take part in a sacrifice and a repast, whence the expressions δεκάτην θύειν and δεκάτην ἑστιᾷν. If in a court of justice proofs could be adduced that a father had held the δεκάτη,, it was sufficient evidence that he had recognised the child as his own. (Dem. c. Boeot. 2. p. 1017.28.)

The fact that every Greek had only one name rendered it necessary to have an innumerable variety of names. But, however great the number of names might be, ambiguity and confusion could not be avoided; and in reading the works of the Greeks we are not always certain whether the same name in different passages or writers belongs to one or to several persons. The Greeks themselves were aware of this, and where accuracy was of importance they used various means to prevent mistakes. Sometimes they added the name of the father in the genitive case, as Ἀλκιβιάδης ὁ Κλεινίου, Πλειστοάναξ ὁ Παυσανίου: sometimes they added the name of the place or country in which a person was born, in the form of an adjective, as Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, Ἡρόδοτος Ἁλικαρνασσεύς, Χαρμαντίδης Παιανιεύς, Δικαίαρχος ὁ Μεσσήνιος, &c.; sometimes they added an epithet to the name, expressing either the occupation or profession which a person followed, or indicating the school to which he belonged. Instances are of such frequent occurrence that it is superfluous to quote any. The custom of adding the father's name was called πατρόθεν ὀνομάζεσθαι (Paus. 7.7.4; Xenoph. Oeconom. 7.3).

In common life the Greeks had yet another means of avoiding ambiguity, and this was the frequent use of nicknames, expressive of mental or bodily peculiarities and defects. Thus Demosthenes was from his childhood called Βάταλος. (Aeschin. c. Timarch. § § 126, 141; Dem. de Cor. p. 288.180.) Aristophanes (Av. 1291, &c.) mentions several names of birds which were used as nicknames; other nicknames are preserved in Athenaeus (6. p. 242). [Cf. Xen. Hell. 2.2, 31; Lucian, Symnp. 6; Athen. x, p. 436.]

(Compare Becker-Göll, Charikles, vol. 2. p. 26.)

2. Roman

It has been said that the Romans originally had only one name ( simplicia nomina, Varro, ap. Auct. de Praenom. 1), but Mommsen justly remarks that the instances given--Romulus, Remus, Faustulus --are all of the mythical age, and that even then we hear of Numa Pompilius, &c. (R. Forsch. 1.5). Though there can be no doubt that there was greater simplicity of nomenclature in the earliest times, and though the prevalence of single names is not impossible, the view taken by Mommsen is most probable that the early Roman custom was to have two names; the second in the genitive, representing the father or head of the household, as Marcus Marci, Caecilia Metelli. In process of time we find for freeborn men a triple name, the nomen or name par excellence to designate the gens, the cognomen the family, and the praenomen the individual. The order properly (and so used in good prose) was praenomen, nomen, cognomen; but in metrical writing this is not preserved: e. g. Cornelius Lucius Scipio Barbatus, as an epitaph in Saturnian verse (C. I. L. 6.1285). For formal description the name of the father, grandfather, and even great grandfather was added, and sometimes the tribe also, as M. Tullius M. f. M. n. M. pr. Cor (nelia tribu) Cicero (Momm. I. R. N. 4320). When the praenomen (for ordinary speech) was omitted, the order does not appear consistent in all writers. In older times the cognomen, in this case, stands first, as Pulcher Claudius, Balbus Cornelius, and this is followed by Cicero: whereas Caesar preserves the order belonging to the triple name and keeps the cognomen after the praenomen, Livy and Tacitus vary their practice (see Marquardt, Privatl. 9, note). For every-day use the praenomen alone was used for relations or intimate friends (and those who wished to appear as such) addressing each other; the cognomen alone in ordinary intercourse, with the praenomen, added sometimes in emphatic address: the nomen being used only for formal purposes. As, however, the triple name grew out of something simpler, so as time went on it spread into a much longer and more complex system of names, and finally ended in what cannot be called a system at all. It is necessary to examine the names more in detail.

1. Nomen.

This, the gentile name, in patrician families always ended in ius, which probably marks an original patronymic: the terminations, eius, aius, aeus, eus are merely variations of it. Other terminations of the nomen mark a different origin, and are thus classed by Mommsen,--acus (e.g. Avidiacus) as Gallic; enus as Umbrian; na (Caecina, &c.) as Etruscan: some others are formed from the names of towns, whence the family sprung, as Norbanus, &c.: Verres stands apart, and was perhaps an original cognomen turned into a.omen (Mommsen, R. Forsch. 1.51).

2. Praenomen.

This individual name was given to boys on the ninth day after their birth on the dies lustricus [LUSTRATIOp. 102]: when it is said (Auct. de Praen. 3) that this name was not given till the assumption of the toga virilis, it can only be meant that the official entry was then made: for we have inscriptions speaking of young children under their praenomina (C. I. L. 10.2221). The number of recognised praenomina was originally larger, and Varro (as cited by the above author) mentions as ancient praenomina disused in his time Agrippa, Ancus, Caesar, Faustus, Hostus, Lar, Opiter, Postumus, Proculus, Sertor, Statius, Tullus, Volero, Vopiscus.

There survived 18 for patrician families, represented in an abbreviated form: Aulus (A.), Decimus (D.), Gaius (C.), Gnaeus (Cn.), Kaeso (K.), Lucius (L.), Manius (M‘.), Marcus (M.), Publius (P.), Quintus (Q.), Servius (Ser.), Sextus (Sex.), Spuris(Sp.), Tiberius (Ti.), Titus (T.), Mamercus (Mam.), Appius (Ap.), Numerius (N.). The number, no doubt, decreased from the custom of different families using only a few praenomina, usually only five or six (the Cornelii used only Cn,, L. and P.). Of the above some were used by particular families and by no other; K., for instance, by the Fabii and Quinctilii alone, Mam. only by the Aemilii. (See Mommsen, op. cit. 15.) In plebeian families there was not the same restriction, and a greater variety appears (Novius, Vibius, &c.); yet.those who became nobiles followed the patrician rule, so that the Domitii have only the praenomina Gnaeus and Lucius (Suet. Nero 1). The reaction under Sulla revived some old praenomina or introduced others, as Faustus, Iulus, Cossus: but it is difficult to say how far all such should be regarded as genuine praenomina. Mau is probably right in his note on Marquardt, Privatl. 13, when he demurs to the view that Paullus, Agrippa, Nero, Drusus, Germanicus, &c., became praenomina, and holds them rather to be cognomina which by a later fashion for various reasons in some distinguished families displaced the proper praenomen, as when we find Africanus Aemilius Regillus a consul in B.C. 9, and so described on a coin.

3. Cognomen.

Every Roman citizen, besides: belonging to a gens, was, also a member of a familia, contained in the gens, and as such he might have a cognomen or third name, which marked off that familia from others of the same gens. This was in the Republic probably universal, or nearly so, in patrician families (Plutarch, however, Cor. 11, says that C. Marcius had no cognomen till he took Corioli). In plebeian families it was not the rule: for instance, the Marii, Sertorii, and Mummii had none (Plut. Mar. 1); but many afterwards gained them, as Pompeius, when he took the cognomen Magnus. Some from mere assumption took cognomina to which they were considered to have no right: witness the case of Staienus calling himself Paetus (Cic. Clu. 26, 72). Marquardt, from the fact that the cognomen stands after the tribe, when the tribe also is given, conjectures that the use of cognomina does not date further back in ordinary usage than Servius Tullius: as a legal form in laws and decrees, it is enjoined only in Sulla's time (see the citations in Marquardt, op. cit. 14). As to their origin we can have little doubt that they were personal names, originally given for some reason (often a bodily peculiarity) to some man, and then transmitted to all his family: sometimes they are descriptive, as Pulcher, Calvus, Naso; sometimes they mark an origin, as Sabinus, Maluginensis. (As regards the representative of the cognomen in family emblems, the apex of the Flaminii, the torques of the Manlii, &c., see INSIGNE) It is probable that under. the Republic the third name implied nobilitas, but it came later to be the mark merely of freedom (Cod. Justin. 7.16, 9);, and in Juven. 5.127, tanquam habeas tria nomina means rather, as Professor Mayor says, as though you were free, than, as Marquardt puts it, tanquam nobilis sis.

The nobiles, however, proceeded further to multiply their cognomina: such fourth or fifth names were still, like the third, called cognomen in classical Latin (Cic. pro Mur. 14, 31): the practice of calling them agnomina did not begin till the grammarians of the 4th cent, A.D. Under this head we have (i.) the adoptive names, for which see ADOPTIOVol. 1. p. 26. It may be observed that the termination anus was not usual after Sulla, when the original cognomen was added instead of the altered nomen: e. g. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus. It is a peculiarity that Brutus adopted by Q. Servilius Caepio is called simply Q. Caepio Brutus (Mommsen, R. Forsch. 51). (ii.) The cognomen ex virtute: Africanus, Asiaticus, &c. (iii.): Those added more like nicknames, as Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer (cf. Plin. Nat.7.54). The cognomina ex virtute were passed on to children (Cic. de Rep. 6.1. 1), though how far is uncertain: Mommsen thinks, only to the eldest son.

The name-system became altered or altogether lost under the Empire. The emperors, as Gaius and Titus, used sometimes the praenomen alone with the imperial title, sometimes the cognomen only, as Imp. Caesar Vespasianus (see Mommsen, R. Forsch. 741): for the citizens, as mentioned above, we find sometimes the use of cognomen in place of praenomen, sometimes the multiplication of gentile names by, adding the names of the mother's family or other relations; sometimes again a second praenomen is put in, often quite out of its place: e. g. C. Antius Aulus Julius: Quadratus, P. Aelius Aelianus Archelaus Marcus. As a climax we have a string of thirty names. (Orell. 2761.)

In later times We find a pure nickname, which is termed signum (Capitol. Gord. 4.8) or vocabulum (Tac. Ann. 1.41), coupled by the words s. v. or qui et, as Eustatius sive Lampadius (C. I. L. 5.4410), M. Datellius Trophimus qui et Fortunatus, but sometimes as Lucilius Metrobius signo Sapricus (C. I. L. 10.3796). Remarkable instances of these signa or vocabula are Caligula, Cedo alteramn (Tac. Ann. 1.23, 41), Manus ad ferrum (Lamprid. Aurelian. 6).

Names of Women.

Wives and daughters added originally the name of the man in whose manus they were, the wife her husband's, the daughter her father's, as Metella Crassi, Caecilia Metelli; but later it became usual for the daughter to express the relationship by adding f. after the father's name. The praenomen might be used also before the gentile name, as Securda Valeria M f., but without the limitation of praenomina observed in the sons of the family. In the later Republic the single gentile name is more common; but under the Empire we find two names usual, formed from the nomen and cognomen of the father, or the combined gentile names of father and mother (Caecilia Metella, Valeria Attia): three names are exceptional (Suet. Cl. 56).

Slaves

Slaves originally bore the affix por = puer to the master's praenomen, as Marcipor or Marpor, Quintipor, &c. which Pliny (Plin. Nat.33.26) thinks pointed to the simplicity of life when a man had usually only one slave: it must be observed, however, that the termination is found comparatively late (Sall. Hist. iii. fr. 69), and also that we find it for freedmen, Aulus Caecilius, Auli libertus, Olipor. When slaves were multiplied and servus legally replaced puer, we find slaves in republican times distinguished by their ownnames with the master's in inverted order: thus the slave of P. Egnatius is Pharnaces Egnatii Publii servus; under the Empire more naturally as Eleuthetus C. Julii Florentini servus. A curious practice was the tacking on the name of a pievious master with the suffix anus, as Secundus Caesaris servus Crescentianus, Anna Liviae serva Maecenatiana, when the slaves had been formerly in the household of Crescens or Maecenas.

Freedmen

Freedmen originally took before their own names the gentile name of their master and any praenomen, as L. Livius Andronicus, the freedman of M. Livius Salinator. The condition is also expressed in inscriptions: e. g. M. Ramnius P. l. Diopantus means that Diopantus was a freedman of P. Ramnius, and took for himself the praenomen M. Latet it became customary to take the master's praenomen also. Freedmen of a woman took the names of the father of their mistress, as M. Livius, Augustae l., Ismarus. Cicero however, while Tiro becomes M. Tullius Tiro, gives Dionysius the nomen of Atticus and his own praenomen (Cic. ad Att. 4.1. 5, 1). The names indicating servile origin disappeared in the second generation. (Marquardt, Privatleben, 6-28; Mommsen, Röm. Forschungen, 1-68: a mass of literature on the subject is cited by Marquardt on page 6.)

[L.S] [G.E.M]

NOMEN

NOMEN[FENUS; OBLIGATIONES. ]

Nomen

(ὄνομα). I. Greek. The Greeks had no names denoting family, and so corresponding to modern surnames (Pausan. vii. 7, 4). Hence the name of the new-born child was left to the free choice of the parents, like the Christian name with us. The child usually received it on the tenth day (δεκάτη) after birth, the occasion being a family festival. (See Amphidromia.) According to the most ancient custom, the son, especially the first-born, received the name of his grandfather, sometimes that of his father, or a name derived from it (Phocus=Phocion) or similarly compounded (Theophrastus=Theodorus). Girls, in like manner, received the name of the grandmother (Isae. De Pyrrh. Herod. 30). As a rule, a Greek had only one name, to which was added that of his father, to prevent confusion— e. g. Ἀλκιβιάδης ὁ (sc. the son) Κλεινίου. Sometimes, also, the name of the country was added in the form of an adjective—e. g. Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ἀθηναῖος. A great many names were compounded with the names of gods (Heracleitus, Herodotus, Artemidorus, Diogenes), or derived from them (Demetrius, Apollonius). Frequently names of good omen for the future of the child were chosen. Sometimes a new name was afterwards substituted for the original one; so Plato was originally called Aristocles, and Theophrastus, Tyrtamus. Slaves were usually called after their native country, or their physical or moral peculiarities. See Becker-Göll, Charikles, ii. p. 26.

II. Roman. The development of the Roman name was co-ordinate with the growth and development of the Roman State. In the early period, when, in the small community, the individual was all-important, the strictly personal name was prominent; but as the community increased in size and consequence, added importance was given to certain determinatives, which marked the individual as a member of society and distinguished him from his fellows. These determinatives probably belonged to the name in its early history, notwithstanding the statement, Varro simplicia in Italia nomina fuisse ait, found in the fragment De Praenominibus, assigned to Valerius Maximus by Julius Paris of the fourth century. This statement is there supported by reference to Romulus and Remus, names belonging to a mythology of late origin, but is controverted by reference to Rhea Silvia and Silvius Numitor. The first of these early determinatives was the word, indicating potestas, manus, mancipium, in the genitive case—e. g. Marcus Marci, Caecilia Crassi—followed later, as shown in the inscriptions, by f (ilius) or f(ilia), uxor, or s (ervus). The second early determinative was the word indicating the family (gens) distinguished from the other elements by the suffix -ius. Thus the three elements of the early name were the individual name, the name of the one in authority, and the name of the family. Among the Romans the order of the last two was reversed, while among the Greeks, Umbrians, and Volscians the original order was maintained.

In the course of time the necessity of still further identifying the individual led to the use of other elements, the name of the tribe and the cognomen, an additional personal name. The latter afterwards came to indicate the branch or family, stirps, of the gens. The name of a free-born citizen then consisted of a praenomen, nomen, cognomen, with the insertion in formal usage, before the cognomen, of the words denoting filiation and descent, followed by filius, nepos, pronepos, abnepos, adnepos, and of the name of the tribe. The order indicated—praenomen, nomen, cognomen—is violated in the inscriptions only for metrical reasons, or because of Greek influence or rustic usage. In literature the same order is observed in prose of the good period, even in Livy , when the praenomen is given; but if the praenomen is omitted the older order, that followed by Cicero, is cognomen, nomen; while the later order, that followed by Caesar, is nomen, cognomen. In social intercourse children, clients, slaves, addressed the master of the house by his praenomen, while strangers used his cognomen. In more formal address both nomen and cognomen were employed.

Praenomen.—The strictly personal name was conferred by parents upon their children on the dies lustricus, the ninth day after birth in case of boys and the eighth in case of girls. The assertion of Q. Scaevola, as given in De Praenominibus, to the effect that boys did not receive the praenomen until they assumed the toga virilis, or girls before their marriage, must refer to the formal conferring of the name, for the inscriptions of persons dying in childhood often contain the praenomina.

Eighteen praenomina were employed by the patrician families: A. , Aulus; D., Decimus; C., Gaius ; CN., Gnaeus; K., Kaeso; L., Lucius; M'., Manius; M., Marcus; P., Publius; Q., Quintus; SER., Servius; SEX., Sextus; S., Spurius; TI., Tiberius; T., Titus; AP., Appius; MAM., Mamercus; N., Numerius. Certain of these were selected by the individual patrician families; thus, the Cornelii used A. , CN., L., M., P., SER., TI.; but the Cornelii Scipiones, CN., L., P. (see table given by Momm. Röm. Forschungen, p. 15). Other praenomina were employed, some of which fell into disuse at an early period, and are known from the fasti or from statements of authors, while others were of foreign origin and rare occurrence. Varro, in De Praenom. 3, names fourteen ancient praenomina not used at his time: Agrippa, Ancus, Caesar, Faustus, Hostus, Lar, Opiter, Postumus, Proculus, Sertor, Statius, Tullus, Volero, Vopiscus.

Cognomina were used at times as praenomina, particularly in Gallia Cisalpina—e. g. Maximus, Rufus; also in the imperial family in the employment of such names as Cossus, Drusus, and Germanicus. The word imperator in the time of Augustus became a praenomen in the imperial name. Nomina also served as praenomina—e. g. Aelius, Aurelius—after the middle of the second century, and even suffered abbreviation.

Nomen.—The second determinative in the early Roman name belonged to all members of the same family, and was at first identified with a certain locality. The nomina of the old Roman families ended in -ius and the closely related terminations -aius, -eius, -eus, -aeus. Nomina with other terminations may be assigned to the localities to which they originally belonged—e. g. -arna, -erna, -enna, -ina, -inna show Etruscan origin, while -as, -anas, -enas, -inas testify to Umbrian derivation. Other nomina are directly derived from names of places —e. g. Acerranus (Acerrae); Verres, of Roman origin, stands by itself, and may have been originally a cognomen.

Cognomen.—This last addition to the Roman name was first used as a strictly personal name employed as appropriate to the individual—e. g. Albus, Barbatus, Severus, Siculus. The position of the cognomen after the name of the tribe indicates a time of introduction subsequent to the Servian Constitution; and judging from its use in inscriptions the custom of writing cognomina dates back to the fifth century of the city, while its regular use may be assigned to the latter part of the seventh century. The cognomen afterwards served as an indication of the family of the gens, so of the gens Cornelii there were the Cethegi, Lentuli, Scipiones, while of the Scipiones there were the Nasicae; also as an indication of nobility, being employed by patrician families and certain of the plebeian. In the late republican period the cognomen was given to all free-born citizens and frequently to freedmen, and at this time served as an indication of freedom. The custom of using more than one cognomen became very common in the early days of the Empire, and prevailed generally in the second and third centuries. These additional cognomina were regarded by the grammarians after the fourth century as new elements, and were termed by them agnomina. Of this class were the cognomina ex virtute—e. g. Caudinus, Hispanus—and names, indicating the parentage of those adopted, made with the termination -anus—e. g. Aemilianus.

Names of Women.—The names of women in the early period consisted of an individual name, praenomen, followed by the nomen of the father and the genitive case of his praenomen, or by the nomen of the husband and the genitive case of his praenomen—e. g. Maior Anicia C. f(ilia). Subsequently the praenomen disappeared, and the female name consisted of merely the nomen gentile of the father or husband alone—e. g. Aemilia, or accompanied, when more formal, by the genitive of the praenomen of the father or husband—e. g. Acilia C. f(ilia); cf. also Curtia Rosci (uxor). At the close of the Republic cognomina were used with names of women —e. g. Caecilia Metella; and from the middle of the first century the custom prevailed generally —e. g. Furia Sabinia Tranquillina.

Names of Slaves.—The name of the slave originally consisted simply of the name of his master in combination with the word puer; as, Marcipor= Marci puer. In the republican period the slave was known by an individual name, often of foreign origin, followed by the nomen and afterwards the praenomen of his master, both in the genitive case. His servile condition was indicated by the word servus, abbreviated in the inscriptions S. or SER. Thus, Helenus Hosti Q. s.=Helenus, slave of Quintus Hostius. In the imperial period the name of the owner is given in full—as, Martialis C. Oli(i) Primi s(ervus). The transfer of a slave to a new master was indicated by the use of an additional name, made from the cognomen of his former master, with termination -anus—e. g. Epitynchanus Caes(aris) n(ostri) ser(vus) Candidian(us).

Names of Freedmen.—Originally the freedman received the nomen of his patron, and selected his praenomen, which might be his early servile name. His former state was indicated, as shown in the inscriptions, by the word servus, following the genitive case of his patron's praenomen—e. g. C. Sextius V(ibi) s(ervus). In the seventh century of the city a freedman received his patron's nomen, a Roman praenomen (regularly that of his master), and used his former slave name as a cognomen. His former state was indicated, as shown in the inscriptions, by the word libertus, abbreviated L. or LIB. —e. g. P. Helvidius P. l. Hermes. When freedmen were liberated by the emperor, the expression Aug(usti) l(ibertus) or Caes(aris) n(ostri) l(ibertus) took the place of the praenomen of the patron. Freedmen of women took the nomen of their patroness and the praenomen of her father—e. g. M. Livius Aug(ustae) l(ibertus) Menophilus. Freedmen of a colonia or municipium formed nomina out of the word publicus, since they had been servi publici, or from the name of the colonia or municipium.

Bibliography.—Ellendt, De Cognomine et Agnomine Romano (Königsberg, 1853); Th. Mommsen, Römische Forschungen, art. Die römischen Eigennamen (Berlin, 1864); J. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Römer, 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1886); Cagnat, Cours d'Épigraphie Latine, 2d ed. (Paris, 1890); E. Hübner, Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. i. 2d ed. art. Römische Epigraphik (Munich, 1892).

Nicknames.—Nicknames were freely given by both the Greeks and Romans, based upon any bodily or mental defect or peculiarity, or upon some well-known circumstance of the individual's career. Thus Demosthenes, from his childhood, was called Βάτταλος, because of his stuttering ( C. Timarch. 126, 141); and Aristophanes gives several names of birds that were used as nicknames ( Av. 1291). Dionysius of Heraclea was popularly styled Μεταθέμενος, or “turn-coat,” from his abandonment of the Stoic philosophy; and Hegesias of Cyrené got the name of Πεισιθάνατος, or “Death's Advocate,” from his gloomy view of life. Epicrates was styled Σακεσφορός, from his large beard; and one of the Ptolemies Φύσκων, from his paunch. Collections of Greek nicknames are given by Athenaeus (vi. p. 242); and cf. Hellen. ii. 2, 31; Lucian, Symp. 6; and Athen. x. p. 436).

As already shown, many of the Roman family names were originally nicknames; as, Naso, “bignose”; Flaccus, “flop-ear”; Varus, “bandy-legs”; and Scaurus, “knock-kneed.” The Rufi were named from a red-headed ancestor; and the name Cicero is said to have been due to a wart like a pea (cicer) on the face. Some of the nicknames were accepted by their subjects as formal names, and hence passed into history, as Cunctator (“slow-coach”) and Caligula. The last emperor of the West, Romulus Augustus, was, because of his insignificance, styled Augustulus, just as Victor Hugo dubbed the Third Napoleon, Napoléon le Petit. Pompey was nicknamed “Sampsiceramus” by Cicero, after a petty prince of Emesa ( Ad Att. ii. 14, 16). The bibulous tastes of Tiberius led the people to change his name from Tiberius Claudius Nero to Biberius Caldius Mero (from bibo, calda, and merum). Sometimes a whole phrase was applied as a nickname, as Cedo alteram (Tac. Ann. i. 23, 41) and Manus ad ferrum (Lamprid. Aurel. 6), much as in modern times “Coeur de Lion,” “Rough and Ready,” and “Me Too” have been so applied. The Latin term for a nickname is signum or vocabulum (Capitol. Gord. iv. 8; Tac. Ann. i. 41).