Timon
- a celebrated misanthrope of Athens, Cic. Lael. 23, 87; id. Tusc. 4, 11, 25 and 27.
(Τίμων). (1) The son of Timarchus of Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Skeptics, who flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B.C. 279 and onwards. He first studied philosophy at Megara, under Stilpo, and then returned home and married. He next went to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrho, whose tenets he adopted. Driven from Elis by straitened circumstances, he spent some time on the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at Chalcedon as a sophist with such success that he realized a fortune. He then removed to Athens, where he passed the remainder of his life, with the exception of a short residence at Thebes. He died at the age of almost ninety.
Timon appears to have been endowed by nature with a powerful and active mind, and with that quick perception of the follies of men which betrays its possessor into a spirit of universal distrust both of men and truths, so as to make him a skeptic in philosophy and a satirist in everything. His agnosticism (to use a modern term) is shown by his saying that man need only know three things—viz. what is the nature of things, how we are related to them, and what we can gain from them; but as our knowledge of things must always be subjective and unreal, we can only live in a state of suspended judgment. He wrote numerous works both in prose and poetry. The most celebrated of his poems were the satiric compositions called silli (σίλλοι), a word of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which undoubtedly describes metrical compositions of a character at once ludicrous and sarcastic. The invention of this species of poetry is ascribed to Xenophanes of Colophon. (See Xenophanes.) The Silli of Timon were in three books, in the first of which he spoke in his own person, and the other two are in the form of a dialogue between the author and Xenophanes of Colophon, in which Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes replied at length. The subject was a sarcastic account of the tenets of all philosophers, living and dead—an unbounded field for skepticism and satire. They were in hexameter verse, and from the way in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, as well as from the few fragments of them which have come down to us, it is evident that they were very admirable productions of their kind (Diog. Laert. ix. 12, 109- 115; Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv. p. 761). The fragments of his poems are collected by Wölke, De Graecorum Syllis (Warsaw, 1820), and by Paul in his Dissertatio de Sillis (Berlin, 1821). See Parodia.
(2) The Misanthrope (ὁ μισάνθρωπος), lived in the time of the Peloponnesian War. He was an Athenian, of the demus of Colyttus, and his father's name was Echecratides. In consequence of the ingratitude he experienced and the disappointments he suffered from his early friends and companions, he secluded himself entirely from the world, admitting no one to his society except Alcibiades, in whose reckless and variable disposition he probably found pleasure in tracing and studying an image of the world he had abandoned; and at last he is said to have died in consequence of refusing to suffer a surgeon to come to him and set a broken limb. One of Lucian's pieces bears his name (Aristoph. Av. 1548; Lys. 809; Plut. Ant. 70; Lucian, Timon; Suid. s. h. v.). See Binder, Ueber Timon den Misanthropen (1856). His name is embalmed in English literature in Shakspeare's play Timon of Athens.
- his advice to the Athenians about an oracle: Hdt. 7.141
- one of founders of Megalopolis: Paus. 8.27.2
- his tower: Paus. 1.30.4
- victorious in the pentathlum in all the Greek games except the Isthmian: Paus. 5.2.5, Paus. 6.16.3
- an Elean, Olympic victor in the chariot-race: Paus. 6.2.8, Paus. 6.12.6
- father of Aesypus: Paus. 6.2.8