bibliotheca

biblĭŏthēca (also bī̆blĭŏthēcē, Cic. Fam. 13, 77, 3; Inscr. Grut. 584;

• and BYBL-, Inscr. Orell. 40; 41; 1172), ae, f., = βιβλιοθήκη, a library; and, as in Greek and English, both a library-room and a collection of books, Fest. p. 28. The expl. of Isidorus applies to the first signif.: bibliotheca est locus, ubi reponuntur libri, βίβλος enim Graece liber, θήκη repositorium dicitur, Isid. Orig. 15, 5, 5; cf. id. ib. 18, 9, 3; 6, 3, 1. The first public library at Rome was collected by Asinius Pollio A.U.C. 715, B.C. 39, in the atrium of the Temple of Liberty, Plin. 7, 30, 31, § 115; 35, 2, 2, § 10; Isid. Orig. 6, 5, 2; Ov. Tr. 3, 1, 71; Quint. 11, 3, 4. Augustus founded two others, the Octavian, named after his sister Octavia, A.U.C. 721, B.C. 33, near the Theatre of Marcellus, Plut. Vit. Marcell.; Ov. Tr. 3, 1, 60 and 69 Jahn; and five years after, the Palatine (Gr. and Lat.) Library, on the Palatine Hill, in the Temple of Apollo, Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 17; Suet. Aug. 29; Dio, 53, 1; Inscr. Orell. 40 and 41. Besides these there were other considerable libraries in Rome, e. g. in the Temple of Peace, Gell. 16, 8, 2; in the house of Tiberius, id. 13, 19; but esp. one founded by Trajan, id. 11, 17, and united by Diocletian with his Thermis, Vop. Prob. 2. Individuals also possessed large libraries, Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 5; id. Att. 4, 10, 1; id. Div. 2, 3, 8; id. de Or. 1, 44, 195; Quint. 10, 1, 104; 10, 1, 57; Plut. Lucull.; Hor. C. 1, 29, 13; Sen. Tranq. 9; Suet. Aug. 56; esp. at their country-seats, Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 7; Mart. 7, 17; Plin. Ep. 3, 7, 8 al.—The books were arranged in cases or on shelves along the walls (armaria, foruli, loculamenta, capsae).—The librarian, or person who had the charge of the books, was called a bibliothecā, Inscr. Orell. 40 and 41, or bibliothecarius, v. Dict. of Antiq.

bibliothēca, ae, f., (βιβλιοθήκη) die Bibliothek, I) als Ort: a) = Büchergestell, Bücherschrank, Repositorium, bibliothecae parietibus inhaerentes, ICt.: parieti cubiculi in bibliothecae speciem armarium insertum est, quod non legendos libros, sed lectitandos capit, Plin. ep. – b) = Büchersaal, abdo me in bibliothecam, Cic.: in bibliotheca, quae in Lycio est, assedimus, Cic.: M. Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, Cic. – II) als Büchersammlung: bibl. Apollinis, Fronto: bibl. Ulpia, Vopisc.: promere e bibliotheca Aristotelis librum, Gell.: bibliothecam comparare ac digerere, Suet.: bibliothecas Graecas Latinasque publicare, Suet.: bibliothecam ad communem delectationem instituere, Vitr.: bibliothecas habere, unam Graecam, alteram Latinam, Petr.: e bibliotheca Luculli quibusdam libris uti, Cic.: bibliothecā alcis pasci, Cic.: bibliothecam suam Graecam supplere, Cic.: bibliothecam ordinare, Suet.: bibliothecen alcis multorum nummorum tractare (v. einem Sklaven), Cic.: bibliothecae codices componere, ICt.: alqm supra bibliothecam constituere, Vitr.: supra bibliothecam esse, Vitr.: bibliothecae Palatinae praeesse, Suet.: a bibliotheca, Bibliothekar, Inscr. – Über die Bibliotheken der Alten übh. s. Beckers Gallus 2. S. 363 ff. (Ausg. 3); über die Bibliotheken Roms L. Preller Die Regionen der Stadt Rom 219 ff. – ➳griech. Nbf. bibliothece, wov. Akk. bibliothecen, Cic. ep. 13, 77, 3. – Schreibung bybliotheca bei Tac. dial. 21 u. 37 Halm. Apul. apol. 55 u. flor. 18 u. 19. Amm. 14, 6, 18 u. 22, 16, 13 G. Corp. inscr. Lat. 3, 607.

bibliotheca [βιβλιοθήκη] , bookcase, library, collection of books. b book-cover. c bible. itinerarium Petri x voluminibus digestum ‥ elimavit, Rufino in Latinum ex Graecorum ~is vertente Aldh. VirgP 25; historias ‥ congregans, amplam ibi ac nobilissimam ~am fecit Bede HE V 20; ~a vel armarium vel archivum,boochord Ælf. Sup.; ~a armarium significat et volumen aliquod magnum compactum ex omnibus libris Novi et Veteris Testamenti Beleth RDO 60. 66; congestis undique ~e disperse thesauris ad studium redii Gir. PI pref. 1; 13‥ dedit ‥ maximam partem bibliotece Cart. Bath II no. 808.  b quatuor evangelia de auro purissimo ‥ scribere jussit necnon et ~am librorum eorum, omnem de auro purissimo ‥ fabrefactam, compaginare inclusores gemmarum praecepit Eddi 17.  c a690 caelestis tetrica enodantes ~ae problemata Aldh. Ep. 5 p. 492; spiritalis ~ae formulas Id. Met. 3 p. 73; 754 tam praeclarum speculatorem caelestis ~ae (Cuthb. Cantuar.) Ep. Bonif. 111 p. 239; nomine pandecten proprio vocitare memento / hoc corpus sacrum ‥, / quod nunc a multis constat bibliothĕca dicta / nomine non proprio Alcuin Carm. 65. 1. 3; c960 (11c) janitor coelestis ~ae et vas electionis predicator egregius apostolus Paulus CS 1007; Jeronymus ‥ in primo ~e prologo Gir. TH III 30; unam ~am utriusque testamenti corpus integre continentem Ad. Eyns. Hug. II 13; 1208 recepimus ‥ sex libros ~e in quibus continetur omne vetus testamentum Cl 108; fratres ‥ Minores ‥ libros continue suos, videlicet ~as, in forulis a collo dependentes bajulantes M. Par. Min. II 110; 14‥ ~e iiij, prima in duobus voluminibus, secunda in tribus Cart. Reading F 117; hec ~a, a bybulle: biblioteca mea [? l. meam] servat meam [? mea] bibliotecam (Vers.) WW.

biblĭŏthēca, (12) æ, f. (βιβλιοθήκη), bibliothèque [salle] : Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 2 ; Quint. 10, 1, 104 || [meuble] : Plin. Min. Ep. 2, 17, 8.

➳ acc. bibliothecen Cic. Fam. 13, 77, 3.

bibliotheca , ae. f.
書房。書架。書庫。

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bibliothēca ae (rarely Gr. acc.-ēcēn, C.), f

• , βιβλιοθήκη, a library, room for books: abdo me in bibliothecam.—A library, collection of books.

BIBLIOTHECA

BIBLIOTHE´CA(βιβλιοθήκη).

Greek

The large libraries of the Assyrian and Egyptian monarchs were unknown to the Greeks till the time of the Ptolemies. We do indeed hear of a library formed by Peisistratus (Aul. Gell. 6.17; Athen. 1. p. 3), which Aulus Gellius calls the first public library; of another by Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos (Athen. 1. p. 3); and of private collectors we hear of Nicocrates of Cyprus (Athen. 1. p. 3), Euclid the Archon (Athen. 1. p. 3), Euripides (Athen. 1. p. 3), Euthydemus (Xen. Memor. 4.2), and, Aristotle (Strabo, 13.1; Athen. 1. p. 3). (See ARISTOTLE in Dict. of Biog,) But it was the Macedonian rulers of Alexandria who first created a public library on a large scale. Ptolemy Philadelphus collected books from all parts of Greece and Asia, the larger number of which he deposited in the Mouseion (or Museum), a building in the Bruchium quarter of Alexandria, and the rest in the Serapeion. Zenodotus was the first librarian, after him Callimachus (who made a catalogue called the Πίνακες), then Eratosthenes, then Apollonius, then Aristophanes. The number of volumes in the two libraries seems to have been between 500,000 and 600,000 (Tzetzes, Schol. in Aristoph.; Aul. Gell. 6.17; Sen. de Tranq. An. 9; Josephus, J. AJ). Books in foreign languages were brought to Alexandria and translated for the purpose of being put in the library, and the Septuagint version is said to have been made in this way. Galen tells us that the autograph original copies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were procured for the library.

This priceless collection suffered considerably in the siege of Alexandria by Julius Caesar, in the destruction of the Bruchium quarter by Aurelian 273 A.D., and by the edict of Theodosius for the destruction of the Serapeion 389 A.D., until it was finally destroyed by the Arabs, 640 A.D. (See Gibbon, 100.51.)

(On the Alexandrian Library, see Ritschl, Die Alexandrinischen Bibliotheken; Opusc. Phil. i. ; Parthey, Das Alexandrinische Museum; Birt, Das Antike Buchwesen.)

A rival library to that at Alexandria was started by the kings of Pergamus, but was transported to Egypt by Antony, who made a present of its 200,000 volumes to Cleopatra (Plut. Ant. 58. On the library of Pergamus, see Wegener, De Aula Attalica). By the 2nd or 1st cent. B.C. there seem to have been libraries in most Greek towns. (Egger, Callimaque et l'origine de la bibliographic; cf. Plb. 12.27.)

[W.M.L] 2. Roman

The first public library in Rome was that founded by Asinius Pollio (Plin. Nat.7.30; Isid. Orig. 6.5), and was in the atrium Libertatis on Mount Aventine. Julius Caesar had projected a grand Greek and Latin library, and had commissioned Varro to take measures for the establishment of it; but the scheme was prevented by his death. (Suet. Jul. 44.) The library of Pollio was followed by that of Augustus, in the temple of Apollo on the Mount Palatine (Suet. Aug. 29; Dio Cass.), and another, Bibliothecae Octavianae (so called from Augustus's sister Octavia), forming part of the Porticus Octavia. (Dio Cass.; Plut. Marc. 30.) There were also libraries on the Capitol (Suet. Dom. 20), in the temple of Peace founded by Vespasian (Gell. 5.21, 16.8-Z2), in the palace of Tiberius (Gell. 13.18), besides the Ulpian library (so called after its founder, Trajan), which was the most famous (Gell. 11.17; Dio Cass.). This library was attached by Diocletian, as an ornament, to his thermae. (Vopisc. Prob. 2.)

Private collections of books were made at Rome soon after the Second Punic War, sometimes from the spoils of Grecian or Eastern conquest. Thus Aemilius Paulus brought to Rome the library of Perseus, king of Macedonia ; Sulla, that of Apellicon of Teos; Lucullus, the extensive one of the kings of Pontus, to which he gave the public free access. (Plut. Aem. 28; Sulla, 26; Lucull. 42; lsid. Or. 6.5, 1.) The zeal of Cicero, Atticus, Varro, and others in increasing their libraries is well known. (Cic. ad Att. 1.7, 10, 4.5; ad Quint. Fr. 3.4; Gell. 3.10.) Serenus Sammonicus possessed a library of 62,000 books. (Cap. Gord. 18.) Towards the end of the republic it became, in fact, the fashion to have a room elegantly furnished as a library, and reserved for that purpose. (Cp. Vitr. 6.7.) However ignorant or unstudious a person might be, it was fashionable to appear learned by having a library, though he might never even read the titles of the books. Seneca (de Tranq. An. 9) condemns the rage for mere book-collecting, and rallies those who were more pleased with the outside than the inside. Lucian wrote a separate piece to expose this common folly (πρὸς ἀπαίδευτον καὶ πολλὰ βιβλία ὠνούμενον).

We read of provincial libraries at Milan and Comum (Plin. Ep. 1.8, 4.13-Z2; Orelli, Inscr. 1172), Tibur (Gell. 9.14), and Patrae (Id. 18.9).

A library generally had an eastern aspect (Vitr. 6.7). In Herculaneum a library fully furnished was discovered. Round the walls it had cases containing the books in rolls [LIBER]; a rectangular case occupied the centre of the room: these cases were numbered. It was a very small room,--so small that a person by stretching out his arms could touch both sides of it; yet it contained 1700 rolls. The cases were called either armaria [ARMARIUM] (Plin. Ep. 2.17; Vopisc. Tacit. 8), or loculamenta (Seneca, de Tranq. An. 9), or foruli (Juv. Sat. 3.219), or nidi (Mart. 1.118, 15; 17, 5). Asinius Pollio had set the fashion in his public library of adorning the room with the portraits and busts of celebrated men, as well as statues of Minerva and the Muses. This example was soon followed in the private libraries of the rich. The librarii a bibliotheca or bibliothecarii, who had charge of the libraries, were usually slaves or freedmen. (Orell. 40, 41; Frontin. and M. Aurel. Ep. 4.5; Isid. Gloss.; Juven. 3.219; Plin. Ep. 3.7, 4.28-Z2; H. N. 35.2; Cic. ad Fam. 7.2. 3; Suet. Tib. 70; Mart. ix. Ep. ad Turan.; Lipsius, De Bibliothecis Syntagma, in Opera, vol. iii.; Becker, Gallus, ed. Göll, 2.418-24; Séraud, Les Livres dans l'Antiquité, ch. 10; Bernhardy, Röm. Litter. p. 65.)

[A.A] [J.H.F]

Bibliothēca

(βιβλιοθήκη). A library. (1) Greek. The large libraries of the Assyrian and Egyptian monarchs were unknown to the Greeks till the time of the Ptolemies. We do indeed hear of a library formed by Pisistratus (Aul. Gell. vii. 17), which Aulus Gellius calls “the first public library”; of another by Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos (Athen. i. 3); and among private collectors we hear of Nicocrates of Cyprus, Euclid the Archon, Euripides (Athen. i. 3), Euthydemus ( Memor. iv. 2), and Aristotle (Strabo, xiii. 1). But it was the Macedonian rulers of Alexandria who first created a public library on a large scale. Ptolemy Philadelphus collected books from all parts of Greece and Asia, the larger number of which he deposited in the Museum (q.v.), a building in the Bruchium quarter of Alexandria, and the rest in the Serapeum. Zenodotus was the first librarian, after him Callimachus (who made a catalogue called the Πίνακες), then Eratosthenes, then Apollonius, and then Aristophanes. The number of volumes in the two libraries seems to have been between 500,000 and 600,000. Books in foreign languages were brought to Alexandria and translated for the purpose of being placed in the library, and the Septuagint version of the Old Testament is said to have been made in this way. Galen tells us that the autograph original copies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were procured for the library.

This priceless collection suffered considerably in the siege of Alexandria by Iulius Caesar, in the destruction of the Bruchium quarter by Aurelian (A.D. 273), and by the edict of Theodosius for the destruction of the Serapeum (A.D. 389). It is said to have been destroyed by the Arabs in A.D. 640 (Gibbon, ch. 51), but this tradition is now largely discredited.

A rival library to that at Alexandria was started by the kings of Pergamus, but was transported to Egypt by Antony, who made a present of its 200,000 volumes to Cleopatra. By the second or first century B.C. there seem to have been libraries in most Greek towns. (For bibliography, see below.)

(2) Roman. The first public library in Rome was that founded by Asinius Pollio (Plin. H. N. vii. 30), and was in the Atrium Libertatis on the Aventine. Iulius Caesar had projected a grand Greek and Latin library, and had commissioned Varro to take measures for the establishment of it; but the scheme was prevented by his death ( Iul. 44). The library of Pollio was followed by that of Augustus in the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill (Suet. Aug. 29), another, the Bibliotheca Octaviana (so called from Augustus's sister Octavia), forming part of the Porticus Octavia. There were also libraries on the Capitol, in the Temple of Peace founded by Vespasian, in the palace of Tiberius, besides the Ulpian Library (so called after its founder, Trajan), which was the most famous (Gell.xi. 17; Dio Cass. lxviii. 16). This library was attached by Diocletian, as an ornament, to his thermae.

Private collections of books were made at Rome soon after the Second Punic War, sometimes from the spoils of Grecian or Eastern conquest. Thus Aemilius Paulus brought to Rome the library of Perseus, king of Macedonia; Sulla , that of Apellicon of Teos; Lucullus, the extensive one of the kings of Pontus, to which he gave the public free access. The zeal of Cicero, Atticus, Varro, and others in increasing their libraries is well known. Serenus Sammonicus possessed a library of 62,000 books. Towards the end of the Republic it became, in fact, the fashion to have a room elegantly furnished as a library, and reserved for that purpose. However ignorant or unstudious a person might be, it was fashionable to appear learned by having a library, though he might never even read the titles of the books. Seneca (De Tranq. An. 9) condemns the rage for mere book-collecting, and rallies those who were more pleased with the outside than the inside. Lucian wrote a separate piece to expose this common folly.

We read of provincial libraries at Milan, Comum, Tibur, and Patrae.

A library generally had an eastern aspect (Vitruv. vi. 7). In Herculaneum a library, fully furnished, has been discovered. Round the walls, it had cases containing the books in rolls, and a rectangular case occupied the centre of the room: these cases were numbered. It was a very small room—so small that a person by stretching out his arms could touch both sides of it; yet it contained 1700 rolls. The cases were called either armaria, loculamenta, foruli, or nidi. Asinius Pollio had set the fashion in his public library of adorning the room with the portraits and busts of celebrated men, as well as statues of Minerva and the Muses. This example was soon followed in the private libraries of the rich. The librarii a bibliotheca or bibliothecarii, who had charge of the libraries, were usually slaves or freedmen. See Liber.

On ancient libraries, see Ritschl, Die alexandrinischen Bibliotheken; Birt, Das antike Buchwesen (1882); Egger, Callimaque et l'Origine de la Bibliographie; Polybius, xii. 27; Lipsius, De Bibliothecis Syntagma in Opera, vol. iii.; Becker-Göll, Gallus, ii. 418-424; Séraud, Les Livres dans l'Antiquité, chap. x.; Taylor, The Transmission of Ancient Books (1875); Bernhardy, Röm. Litter. p. 65; Castellani, Delle Biblioteche nell' Antichità (Bologna, 1884); and the interesting chapter on the subject in Lanciani, Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries (1888).