carruca

carrūca and carrūcha, ae. f.,

• a sort of four-wheeled travelling and state coach (not before the empire), Plin. 33, 11, 49, § 140; Suet. Ner. 30; Mart. 3, 47, 13; 3, 62, 5; 12, 24, 2; Lampr. Elag. 31 al.; cf. Becker, Gall. 3, p. 12 sq.

2. carrūca (carūca, carrūcha, carūcha), ae, f. (carrus), eine Art vierräderiger Wagen, früher Reisewagen, später Staatswagen der vornehmen Welt in der Stadt, Plin. 33, 140. Suet. Ner. 30, 3. Mart. 3, 47, 13; 3, 62, 5; 12, 24, 2. Vopisc. Aurel. 46, 3. Paul. dig. 13, 6, 17. § 4. Paul. sent. 3, 6, 91. Edict. Diocl. 10, 1 u. 15, 28. Cod. Theod. 14, 12, 1: carrucha dormitoria, Schlafwagen, Scaevol. dig. 34, 2, 13: carruchae solito altiores, Amm. 14, 6, 9. Vgl. Preller Die Reg. der Stadt Rom S. 116.

carruca [CL < Gall.] 1 vehicle, cart. b car bearing imperial standard. c (?) cart-load. †carcura, cræt GlC C 101; aliter sedet in ~apraefecturae dignitas, aliter mulionis vilitas Aldh. VirgP 19; 9‥ in ~a, on scride oððe on cræte WW; scaphe ~is superposite sunt Ord. Vit. IX 7 p. 504; c1350 per servicium inveniendi ‥ in omni guerra ‥ j ~am ferratam cum j equo carectario †liminare et atilio seu apparatu ad v equos carrucarios et cum j †baihudo coriario ad eandem ~am MonExon 344a; s1402 per Bernam, Montem Godardi et ejus cacuminis hermitogium in caruca per bovem tractus Ad. Usk 74.  b M. Par. Maj. III 376 (v. carrochium).  c s1272 (15c) cum aysiamento sumendi in dicto petario ‥ xx †karucas [? l. karectas] petarum Inchaffray 93; 1471 pro abcariacione xv †carucarum fimi de schamellis Ac. Chamb. Cant. 142. 2 plough (app. not dist. from aratrum; v. et. quadruga); b (w. juncta) ‘yoked’, i. e. complete w. team; c dist. as ox-drawn or horse-drawn or both v. et. 3 infra; d dist. as for winter or summer use; e dist. as foot-plough or wheeled plough. f (w. elemosyna) ploughalms; cf. carrucarius 2b. g (w. eductio) Plough Monday (first after Epiphany). ad Hereford’ sunt iiij burgenses huic manerio reddentes xviij socos ~is DB I 179b; omnis homo habeat duos homines ‥ cum bonis equis de omni caruca [AS: æt pære sylh] (Quad.) GAS 159; decimae reddantur antiquis ecclesiis ‥ sicut ~a perarat [AS: swa swa his sulh gega; Quad.: sicut aratrum peragrabit] (Inst. Cnuti) Ib. 197; coloni ‥ ad pabulum equorum regis ‥ solebant reddere ‥ de unaquaque caruca, id est ad cultrum et vomerem, iiij travas de suis frugibus Mir. J. Bev. A 298; 1203 quatinus unusquisque vestrum ‥ reddat de ~is suis ad hostia grangiarum suarum travas S. Johannis Beverlaci Pat 35b; 1202 assultaverunt eum ad carucam SelPlCrown 25; 1223 Philippus ‥ inpedivit carucam suam quin posset arare et excolere terram suam; et ‥ venit uxor sua et prostravit se ante carucam suam, ut ita impediret culturam; et postea ‥, quando disjunxit boves suos de caruca sua, ipse de nocte venit et scidit carucam suam CurR XI 1072; 1238 karrucas et karrectas Cl 39; 1250 [de] ferramentis carue CalIMisc I 2065; 1280 in fraxenno ad carucas scapulando Ac. Man. Wint. (Houghton) ; 1284 debent habere officium tenendi †caputium [? l. carucam] domini; et, si tempus ‥ impediat opus †carucate, tenentes j caruce laborabunt circa alia necessaria Reg. Wint. II 672; c1300 (v. caput 14h); 1331 sunt ibidem ‥ xiijxx ‥ acre terre arrabilis in dominicis que solebant esse sub caruca domini ibidem ‥ sed modo jacent vastate RB Kildare 123; 1333 (v. carrucata 3d); 1415 cum stauro ij carucarum euncium Reg. Cant. II 108; a ploghe, aratrum, ‥ ~a CathA.  b 1224 Ricardus F. cepit carucam suam junctam ‥, ita quod nullam carucam posuit in terram per terminum ilium CurR XI 1948; 1242 quilibet tenentium qui habuerit carucam junctam arare debet CurR 123 r. 1 (cf. ib. 131 r. 17d.: †carucatam junctam); 1261 capere fecit v carucas junctas ipsius prioris SelCWW 121.  c j ~a de vj bobus et ij equis RDomin 68; c1191 cum una ~a sex boum et ij equorum Kal. Samson 128; a1200 cum ‥ caruca una de ij bobus et iij equis Ib. 120; 1240 sc. qualibet caruca cum octo bobus Fines 180/4/65; 12‥ in stipendiis viij carucariorum et j fugatoris caruce equine Doc. Bec 82; 1293 ad alias carucas tam boum quam equorum SelPlMan 168; 1271 in ferrura ij affrorum trahentium carucam ante boves Ac. Man. Wint. (Houghton) ; 1305 (v. carrettarius 1a); 1433 (v. bovinus 1a).  d 1250 caruce yem[ales] ij, estivales ij, cum toto attilio MinAc 766/20d.; 1302 in caruc’ estival’ faciend’ de novo, iij d. Ib. 995/24; 1325 in caruca yemali et alia estivali reparandis de maeremio domini Ac. Man. Westm. (Pershore) 22115.  e 1350 in j caruca cum rotis, iiij jugis et toto alio apparatu ad idem cum j cultro et j vomere ad predictam carucam emptis Ac. Man. Wint. (Yalding) ; 1352 in iiij carucis de meremio domini faciendis, unde ij caruce pedales et ij caruce rotabiles MinAc BM Aldenham.  f reddantur Deo debitae rectitudines ‥, hoc est elemosina ~arum [AS: sulkæmesse] xv diebus post Pascha (Quad.) GAS 290.  g 1378 dona: hominibus del Maudelans ‥ in educcione caruce post Natale Ac. Durh. 212. 3 plough-team (usu. of 8 oxen); cf. bos 1a, bovata. b land ploughed by one team, carrucate. NB these senses cannot always be clearly dist. from each other or from those supra. haec terra ‥ arata est cum dominicis ~is DB I 13; ibi habebat ij car[rucas] ‥ et prata ~is DB I 162b (cf. ib.: ibi pratum sufficiens carucis); in ipso manerio habet episcopus tantum terrae quantum possunt arare ij carucae DB I 75b; arat cum dimidia caruca DB I 206; 1100 militibus qui per loricas terras suas deserviunt terras dominicarum ~arum suarum quietas ab omnibus geldis ‥ concedo (Ch. Regis) GAS 522; a1128 in dominio curie j ~a de viij bobus Chr. Peterb. app. 158 (cf. ib.: ij ~e de xij bobus); habet ‥ iiij bovatas terre ‥ et arat eas cum j ~a RDomin 18 (cf. ib. 42: si apponeretur dimidia ~a, valeret xl s.); s1198 qui juraverunt quod ‥ dicerent quot carucarum wannagia fuerint in singulis villis, quot sc. in dominico, quot in †vilenagia, quot in elemosynis R. Howd. IV 46; 1208 ei abstulit j carucam bovum, sc. vj boves CurR V 178; 1220 literas domini regis de denariis †carricarum colligendis (AncC I 161) RL I 151; 1222 in pastura ad carucas et vaccas, xij acre Dom. S. Paul. 13; 1225 debet arare ter in anno, si habet dim. carucam; si integram carucam, per sex dies ‥; si nullam carucam habet, non debet arare CurR XII 75 (cf. Doc. Bec 119); 1237 tu octo boves de caruca sua ‥ capta retinuisti KR Mem 15 r. 21; 1240 qualibet caruca cum octo bobus Fines (Northumb) 180/4/65; 1251 (v. consuetudo 3a); 1254 inquiratur in maneriis religiosorum quot sint caruce proprie ad colendum dominicum et quot sint consuetudinarie et utrum ille ex sui dinumeratione possint constituere j carucam per annum vel majus vel minus (Breve Regis) M. Par. Maj. V 464; 1282 possunt esse ibidem ‥ xvj boves ad ij carucas una cum lxxvj acris arandis per custumarios. et sic sufficiunt ij caruce ad dictam terram colendam ‥, quia caruca potest arare per diem dim. acram RB Worc. 231 (cf. ib. 259: quia quelibet caruca potest arare per diem in hieme iij rodas et in estate dim. acram); 1287 si non habet carucam propriam, tunc arabit secundum quod habet partem in caruca cum socio suo, sive habeat medietatem caruce sive terciam partem Rec. Crondal 102; Fleta 159 (v. carrucata 3a); c1350 quelibet caruca de betagiis quolibet anno debet arare domino j acram ad seisinam frumenti et j acram ad seisinam avenarum BB Lismore c. 20; 1390 de ‥ xj virgatariis et xiij semivirgatariis ‥, quorum quilibet carucam habens integram arabit j acram sicut jacet ad semen yem[ale] vel qu[adragesimale] Crawley 289 (cf. ib. 485).  b †975 (14c) v mansas cum xv hydis et xv carucis terre CS 1313; c1100 (14c) unam carucam terre ad Pulford Cart. Chester 16; c1102 terram unius quadruce de terra illa quam rex Willelmus Haheuise in maritagio dederat AncD DD 361; fiat ter in anno simbolum luminis, primum in vigilia Pasche obolata cerae de omni hida [gl.: carruca; AS: æt ælcere hide] (Quad.) GAS 294; 1194 inquiratur de quot bobus et averis singule caruce valeant instaurari (Cap. Coronae 23. 6) R. Howd. III 265; s1198 super qualibet caruca ‥ positi sunt v s. Fl. Worc. Cont. B 163; s1200 rex ‥ cepit de unaquaque caruca [v. l. carrucata] totius Anglie ij s. de auxilio R. Howd. IV 107; a1216 totum dominicum ~arum mearum de Gillekeran DL DeedsL 532; c1230 ibi sunt in dominico due caruce terre, nesciunt quid contineant Cart. Rams. II 42; 1254 item tres caruce [sic] terre preter dictam firmam Val. Norw. 520 (cf. ib. 523: carucate).

1 carrūca (16) (-cha), æ, f. , carrosse : Mart. 3, 62, 5 ; Plin. 33, 140.

carruca , ae. f. et, v. carrucarius
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CARRUCA

CARRU´CAa carriage used in imperial times, and first mentioned by Pliny (H.N. 33.140). Like the reda [REDA], it was a travelling carriage on four wheels, whence Martial in one place (3.47) uses the words as synonymous. Nero is said to have travelled with 500 (Lamprid. Heliog. 31) or even 1000 carrucae (Suet. Nero 30). These carriages were sometimes used in Rome by persons of distinction, like the carpenta [CARPENTUM], in which case they appear to have been covered with plates of bronze, silver, and even gold, which were sometimes ornamented with embossed work (Plin. l. c.). Martial (Mart. 3.72) speaks of an aurea carruca which cost the value of a farm; and Alexander Severus allowed senators at Rome to use carrucae and redae plated with silver (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 43). These are the carrucae argentatae, the use of which within Rome spread in the course of the third century from the high officials, to whom they were at first limited, to private persons (Vopisc. Aurelian. 46; Ammian. 14.6; Cod. Theod. 14.12, 1; Cod. Justin. 11.19). We have no representations of carriages in ancient works of art which can be safely said to be carrucae; but we have several representations of carriages ornamented with plates of metal. (See Inghirami, Monum. Etrusch. 3.18, 23; Millingen, Uned. Mon. 2.14.) Carrucae were also used for carrying women, and were then, as well perhaps as in other cases, drawn by mules (Dig. 34, tit. 2, s. 13: ins. 11 a carruca dormitoria is mentioned); whence Ulpian (Dig. 21, tit. 1, s. 38.8) speaks of mulae carrucariae.

[W.S] [W.W]

Carrūca

A carriage used in imperial times, and first mentioned by Pliny (Pliny H. N. xxxiii. 140). Like the reda (q. v.), it was a travelling-carriage on four wheels. Nero is said to have travelled with 500 (Lamprid. Heliog. 31) or even 1000 carrucae (Suet. Ner. 30). These carriages were sometimes used in Rome by persons of distinction, like the carpentum (q.v.), in which case they appear to have been covered with plates of bronze, silver, and even gold, which were sometimes ornamented with embossed work. Martial speaks of an aurea carruca which cost the value of a farm; and Alexander Severus allowed senators at Rome to use carrucae and redae plated with silver (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 43). These are the carrucae argentatae, the use of which within Rome spread in the course of the third century from the high officials to private persons. We have no representations of carriages in ancient works of art which can be safely said to be carrucae; but there are several illustrations of carriages ornamented with plates of metal. Carrucae were also used for carrying women, and were then, as well perhaps as in other cases, drawn by mules; whence Ulpian (Dig. 21. tit. 1, s. 38. 8) speaks of mulae carrucariae.