injuria

injuria [CL] 1 injustice, wrong (in general), act of injustice or particular wrong: a (suffered by person); b (suffered by var. victims, also in personification); c (w. gen., adj., or poss. adj. in objective use, expr. victim; cf. 3a infra); d (w. gen., adj., or poss. adj. in subjective use, expr. perpetrator); e (w. defining or descriptive gen., or adj. of sim. function). a quid ‥ suspiria sanctorum ‥ crebris instigas ~iis? Gildas EB 32; legem quae nos ~ias oblivisci praecepit Bede Ep. Cath. 34; tribulationes et ~ias ex parte H. regis sustinere, qui saepe depraedabatur illud monasterium Asser Alf. 79 p. 65; ~ias et contumelias et mortem crucis ‥ sibi ‥ illatas Anselm (CurD II 18) II 127; fit ‥ querimonia de ~iis et oppressionibus quibus ‥ Angli affligebantur Ord. Vit. IV 4 p. 183; volo ut recta lex erigatur et omnis ~ia [AS: æghwylce unlaga; Quad.: injuste, sc. leges] deiciatur, et omnis injusticia [AS: æghwylc unriht] emundetur et eradicetur (Cons. Cnuti) GAS 309; [Deo] tantam ~iam fecimus quod eum in primo homine contempsimus Ailr. Serm. 3. 23 224A; 1220 J. de H. et S. ‥, qui appallaverunt Johannem ‥ de morte cujusdam hominis, ‥ dicunt quod ~iam habent [they are in the wrong] ‥ et nolunt sequi CurR IX 211 (v. habere 23d); quelibet ~ia [ME: mislich woh] ex facto vel verbo in te vel tuos AncrR 60.  b cujus verbis qui non credit, ~iam religioni facit W. Malm. GR III 293; posset ascribi ~ie si episcopatus suis fraudarem locis quorum ‥ nec adeo fana obscura [est] Id. GP II prol. p. 139; [mustela] ~iarum pro loco dissimulatrix et ultrix Gir. TH I 27; pedes [i. e. pawn in chess] directo tramite incedit nisi cum ~ias suas in hoste persequitur; tunc enim gressum obliquat cum predo efficitur Neckam NR II 184 p. 324.  c [sacerdotes] suas ~ias quasi Christo irrogatas amplificantes Gildas EB 66; ut ‥ beneficia simplici intentione largiamur et non ‥ per ~iam aliorum Bede Ep. Cath. 103; injuriasque tuas in fratre ulciscere noli Alcuin Carm. 62. 130; c1109 ~iam et ignominiam et regis et totius regni Anselm (Ep. 467) V 416; dummodo ‥ divinas ulcisceretur ~ias W. Malm. GR IV 371; ut [infans] ore suo pontificalem depellet ~iam Id. GP V 219 p. 366 (cf. ib.: pontificis ~ie); acer fraterne ultor ~ie Ord. Vit. VIII 15 p. 356; Christus vindicet tam suas quam alienas ~ias Hales Qu. app. III 1550; 1339 (v. defendere 1d); s1179 ~iam sui (v. exsecrabilis).  d ut paternarum ~iarum immemor filium ‥ restitueret regno W. Malm. GR IV 311; Judith ‥ de ~iis ‥ episcopi conquesta, quo potissimum auctore pertulisset mala ‥ Id. GP I 6 p. 14; colonos ‥ ab ~iis dominorum defendens G. Mon. III 16.  e pro illata doloris ~ia Anselm (CurD I 11) II 68; cum obsidionis ~iam ferre nequiret W. Malm. GR III 251; ~iam exhereditationis sue acriter vindicabat Ord. Vit. III 5 p. 82; fratricidali ‥ ~ie Ailr. Spec. Car. III 14 (v. fratricida). 2 (leg.) wrong, tort. ne cuilibet irrogatam ~iam fomenta dilata ‥ multiplicent (Leg. Hen. 9. 4) GAS 555; 1198 monachi ‥ queruntur quod H. M. ‥ detinuit averia sua injuste ‥ et quod per ~iam quam eis fecit pejorati sunt ad valentiam c marcarum CurR VII 339; c1213 actione ~iarum (v. infamare 1a); 1219 (v. de 3c); 1221 (v. facere 15b); 1247 G. ‥ et J. ‥ in misericordia pro ~ia illata Alicie SelPlMan 14; ~ia ‥ dici poterit omne id quod non jure fit, et ex ~ia sequitur actio ad tollendam ~iam Bracton f. 45b; fit ‥ ~ia non solum cum quis pugno percussus fuerit ‥ verum etiam cum ei convitium dictum fuerit vel de eo factum carmen famosum Ib. f. 155; ~iam patitur quis per ‥ servos, si pulsati fuerint ‥ in contumeliam suam Ib.; s1259 (v. frequentatio 2); de ~ia predicti R. ‥ facta predicto W. Couch. Furness I 466; State Tri. Ed. I 2 (v. error 4a); 1309 E. et H. ipsum J. ‥ de ~ia sua propria ‥ imprisonaverunt ‥, et non ea occasione qua ‥ asserunt Year Bk. I (Selden Soc. XVII) 57. 3 a (in ~iam, ad ~iam w. objective gen. or sim.) with injustice (towards), to the hurt or detriment (of). b (sine ~ia, absque ~ia (facienda)) without injustice, fairly, without (doing) injury (to). c (per ~iam) unjustifiably, wrongfully. d (abl. sg. as adv.) without justification, without reason. a in sui conditoris ~iam Bede Gen. 130 (v. exserere 1); in ~iam ‥ tuam fieri videtur si ‥ unum hoc [bonum] ‥ velut singulare predicetur Anselm (Ep. 7) III 109; indecentes de me cantilenas ‥ composuit, ad ~iam mei palam cantavit Ord. Vit. XII 39 p. 461.  b a716 (11c) quod semel acceperit homo donatione alterius ‥, nullatenus sine ~ia illud iterum domittet CS 92 p. 134 (cf. CS 93: [AN: ]: sauns a li fere tort); 1309 ipsum J. ‥ arestaverunt ‥ absque ~ia seu transgressione aliqua eidem J. facienda Year Bk. I (Selden Soc. XVII) 57; c1340 (v. denegatio 1).  c s1350 Philippus ‥ dictus per ~iam rex Francorum Avesb. f. 120b.  d terra ‥, quia tantum hominis germinat, non ~ia Germania vocatur W. Malm. GR I 5; pro tantorum successuum gloria ‥ non ~ia versificus exclamat ‘regia progenies ‥’ Ib. II 133. 4 a (deliberately inflicted) physical injury, hurt (suffered by person or thing). b (verbal) insult. a sugillationem, ~iam Gl. Leid. 34. 47; cum homo homini facit ~iam, unde ab illo occiditur Anselm (Praesc. II 3) II 262; ecclesia sancti sepulcri capax ‥ nullam umquam ab inimicis fidei tulit ~iam W. Malm. GP IV 367 p. 423; atrocem ~iam sui proprii corporis prosequendo Glanv. II 3 p. 25 (cf. ib. IX 1 p. 105: si manus violentas quis in dominum suum injecerit ‥ atroci ~ia eum afficiendo); milites solebant homines concutere et per ~ias et violentias aliquid ab eis extorquere T. Chobham Praed. 278; 1250 cum igitur proponamus pro nostris viribus vindicare †infuriam [MS: injuriam] crucifixi Cl 358; post jurgia surgunt ad verbera, et mutuis se ~iis affecerunt Flor. Hist. I 106.  b hoc inproperium -rii i. injuria vel derisio Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 434. 5 damage, hurt, nuisance; b (w. ref. to physical damage). prohibuit eos [sc. corvos] ‥ ne hanc ~iam [sc. removal of roofing material] fratribus nidificantes facerent V. Cuthb. III 5; cornices ‥ ~iam ‥ faciunt ‥ suis vocibus Ælf. Bata 5. 9 (v. gallinula); [Alfredus] provincialibus grandem amorem studiorum infudit, hos premiis illos ~iis hortando, neminem illitteratum ad ‥ dignitatem aspirare permittens W. Malm. GR II 123 p. 132; hoc miraculum ‥ fidem facit multa fuisse que obscuraverit annorum ~ia Id. GP V 259 p. 415; nec in hoc fit ~ia sacramento; si enim prius fuit ordinatus [diaconus], non suscipit secundo characterem Hales Sent. IV 416.  b cujus [coloris] rubor ‥ nulla valet pluviarum ~ia pallescere Bede HE I 1 p. 10; nec alius lapis facilis esset inventu [sc. for use as sarcophagus], nec corpus curvando ~iam vellent Sancti Spiritus facere organo W. Malm. GP I 66 p. 123; nec ulla earum [sc. crucum] vetustates sensit ~iam Ib. V 230 p. 384; postulato vase, ne sacrum pavimentum cruoris sentiret ~iam Ib. V 266 p. 423; grana ‥ variis per hibernos imbres et estivos ardores ~iis afflicta difficulter crescunt Ord. Vit. XI 33 p. 278; ut [cornices] testam ‥ lapidis altique casus ~ia collisione confringant Gir. TH I 22; preter hyemales elementorum ~ias Ad. Marsh Ep. 237 (v. fatigatio 1a).

injūrĭa, (6) æ, f. (injurius), ¶ 1 injustice : injuriam facere, accipere Cic. Rep. 3, 23, faire, essuyer une injustice ; injuriis in socios inferendis Cic. Sest. 58, en se livrant à des actes dʼinjustice contre les alliés ; tuæ injuriæ Cic. Par. 18, les injustices que tu as commises, cf. suas injurias persequi Cæs. G. 7, 38, 10, venger les injustices dont on est victime [ulcisci Cæs. G. 1, 12, 7 ] ; imperatoris injurias defendere Cæs. C. 1, 7, 8, repousser les injustices faites au général ; injuriæ alicujus in aliquem Cæs. C. 1, 7, 1, injustices de qqn à lʼégard de qqn || per injuriam Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 226, ou abl. injuria Cic. Mil. 57 ; Fin. 5, 54, etc., injustement ; nec injuria Cic. Q. 3, 8, 6, et à bon droit ¶ 2 atteinte à lʼhonneur [dʼune femme, etc.] : Pl. Aul. 794 ; Liv. 1, 13, 1 ¶ 3 violation du droit, tort, dommage : actio injuriarum Cic. Cæc. 35, action en dommages, cf. Ter. Phorm. 329 || [fig.] frigorum Plin. 13, 134, les injures du froid ; oblivionis Plin. Min. Ep. 3, 5, 4, les injures de lʼoubli, un oubli injurieux || injuriam obtinere Cic. Phil. 2, 3, maintenir une injustice, empêcher la réparation dʼun dommage [en soulevant une intercessio contre la sentence du juge], cf. Liv. 29, 1, 17.

INJURIA

INJU´RIAInjuria, in the general sense, signifies a violation of law, what is not jus ( Injuriam autem hic accipere nos oportet non quemadmodum circa injuriarum actionem contumeliam quandam, sed quod non jure factum est, hoc est contra jus, Dig. 9, 2, 5.1). Similarly a person acting unlawfully is called injurius (compare inlex), but later injustus (Voigt, Zwölf Tafeln, 1.39). Hence the phrase damnum injuria datum means unlawful damage to property [DAMNUM&c.].

Injuria, in a special sense, is the term which denotes a particular kind of wrong or delict, committed against a man's person, as distinct from his property. Injuria, in this sense, is any unlawful act by which an insult (contumelia, ὕβρις) is conveyed by one person to another. Thus every intentional violation of the right of another is injuria, as implying contumelia, though, if such a wrongful act falls under the category of any other offence, the penalty of the latter is applicable, and not that of injuria (Windscheid, Pandekten, § 472, n. 1). It follows from the nature of this delict that it cannot arise without an intention to act unlawfully (dolus). The external acts constituting it might be various in kind. Thus it might be done by assaulting a man, as by striking or beating him; by other conduct likely to bring a man into contempt or derision, as by vociferous abuse (convicium), scurrilous songs and verses, libellous writings of any kind; by insulting gestures, by spitting at a man (Plant. Curc. 4.2, 17; Cic. ad Quint. fr. 2.3, 2); by going about unkempt and unshorn, or in mourning attire, with the object of falsely suggesting that the person so acting was suffering by the misconduct of another person; by demanding a debt in a way likely to injure a man's character (clamore, flagitare, poscere, Plaut. Pseud. 1.5, 143; 4.7, 46; Curc. 5.3, 5); by summoning a debtor to court (in jus vocatio) in an illegal manner (Porph. in Hor. Sat. 1.9, 77); by obtaining an execution order against a person as if he were insolvent; by illegally distraining on a man's goods, &c. A man might sustain injuria either in his own person, or in the person of members of his family who were in his power. Injuria to a wife was also injuria to her husband. No injuria could be done to a slave, but certain acts done to a slave were an injuria to his master, when the acts were such as appeared from their nature to be insulting to the master; as, for instance, if a man should flog another man's slave: but for verbal abuse of a slave, or striking him with the fist, Gaius (3.222) says, there was no formula provided, nor would an action be readily granted by the praetor.

The Twelve Tables had various provisions on the subject of injuria. The penalty of injuria for a limb broken was retaliation (Gaius, 3.223, propter membrum ruptum talio erat; cf. Festus, s. v. Talio); for a bone broken or bruised, three hundred asses if the person injured was a freeman, one hundred and fifty if he was a slave. It seems probable, however, that Gaius made a mistake in classifying these punishments under injuria, the prominent idea in the law of the Twelve Tables respecting them being that of damage to the person rather than that of insult. (Voigt, Zwölf Tafeln, 2.129.)

The ordinary penalty for injuria in the Twelve Tables was twenty-five asses (Gaius, 3.223). Gaius adds that such a sum seemed an adequate compensation in those days of excessive poverty. Libellous songs or verses (occentus: cf. Hor. Ep. 2.1, 145, Fescennina per hunc inventa licentia), by which persons were frequently defamed at public festivities, were followed in addition by a punishment affecting the caput of the offender, which involved scourging as well as loss of liberty (cf. Hor. Ep. 1. 100.154), or which, according to one interpretation of a passage of Cicero (Rep. 4.10), was death. The penalty of twenty--five asses provided by the Twelve Tables was subsequently found insufficient in many cases, and so an action was established by the praetor (actio injuriarum aestimatoria), in which the injured party was allowed to claim such damages as he thought he was entitled to, and the judex might give the full amount or less. This became the ordinary remedy on account of injuria, but a Lex Cornelia gave a special action in cases of pulsatio, verberatio, and forcible entry into a man's house.

In determining the damages in the actio aestimatoria the praetor had to distinguish between an atrocious outrage (atrox injuria) and that of a less serious kind. An injuria had the character of atrox, either from the act itself, or the place where it was done, as for instance a theatre or forum; or from the condition of the person outraged, as if he were a magistratus, or if he were a senator and the wrong-doer were a person of low condition. Infamia was a sequence of condemnation in an actio injuriarum [INFAMIA].

The actio injuriarum was regarded as a vindictive action, in satisfaction of a purely personal injury (actiones vindictam spirantes), and so could not be maintained by the heir of the person outraged. It became the rule that every kind of injuria might be made the subject of either criminal or civil proceedings (Inst. 4.4, 10). The criminal proceedings and punishment were extra ordinem [CRIMEN]. Various imperial constitutions affixed the punishment of death to libellous writings [LIBELLI ]. (Gaius, 3.220-225; Paul. Sent. Rec. 5, 4; Cod. Theod. 9.34; Cod. 9.35, 36; Inst. 4.4; Dig. 47, 10; Keller, Inst. 141, &c.; Huschke, Gaius, 118, &c.; Rein, Criminalrecht, § 354, &c.; Voigt, Zwölf Tafeln, 2. § § 129, 130.)

[G.L] [E.A.W]