tegula
tegula, a tile, roof-tile
domus ‥ ~is contecta
~as ‥ integras et lapides quos invenit aptos ad edificia seponens ad fabricam ecclesie reservavit
prorupit inundacio pluvialis ‥ abradens scindulas domorum et ~as
in teculis, clavis latis, et calse emptis ad novam domum
in ‥ tiglis emptis ad cooperturam grangie(
pro sex tigulis vocatis ‘crestis’ ad cooperiendum tectum aule
Willelmo le Pavor pro m ~is ad pavimentum
solut' Willelmo Tegulatori pro factura ‥ ~arum muralium
factores tegularum ‥ non vendant mille ~arum muralium carius quam pro quinque solidis
super constructura ejusdem monasterii de lapidibus vel saltem ~a vocat'bryk
~is ‥ ereis fastigia ecclesiarum nudavit
officina regularia decenter constructa lapidibus et ~is ligneis tecta
Constans discooperuit Pantheon ~is ereis
de d ~is lingneis receptis de empcione
capellam ‥ ~a picta decenter paveari faciatis
in xxm iiij tegulis et c ~is concavis
in j ~a cornar' et viij crestis ad dictam domum putei emptis
de ~is subtilibus(
Waltero ‥ pro dim' c ~arum cavatarum
exitus tegularie: ‥ in vendicione ‥ cccc de cornariis, c mill' de ~is planis
in c ~is Flandrensibus pro pulvere inde faciendo ad idem symentum
in vijm ~is Flandrensibus pro parietibus circumquaque domum predictam inde conficiendis
sanctum manutergium ‥ habet vultum Salvatoris ‥ sancta ‥ ~a in qua apparuit et ipse vultus Christi de sancto manutergio
quoddam mesuagium ~a coopertum in magno vico Oxonie
dedit ‥ ad ‥ capellam paviendam totam ~am que remansit de pavimento capituli Westmonasterii
in coopertorio et ~o
ad maeremium, petram, ferrum, plumbum, ~am, focale, et alia necessaria pro turri nostra Lond' ‥ providenda
J. R. habet de bonis et mercandizis predictis xxx ~as de soope albo
dapifer super ~am que in promptuario trabibus erat superposita ‥ ascendit
~a ‥ trabibus cellarii superposita fuerat que panes sustinere antea diutius solita erat, quia panibus [sic ] talis custodia munditie integritate tenuit
4 ~is vocatisblankets
- 1. dakpan; meton. (meestal plur.) pannendak;
- 2. (postklass.) plur. dekplaten van baksteen of marmer.
- a tile, roof-tile: tegulam in Italiā nullam relicturus, not a tile: prohibebat imbrem Tegula, O.: quem tegula sola tuetur A pluviā, Iu. — Esp., plur, a tiling, tiled roof: decidere de tegulis, T.: per tegulas demitti: per scalas pervenisse in tegulas, L.
TEGULA(κέραμος, κεραμίς), a tile, made of baked clay, yellow or red. Under the name of tegulae are included (1) wall-tiles = testae or lateres cocti, so called to distinguish them from the lateres or sun-dried bricks [LATER]; for the manner in which these were used in building, see MURUSpp. 189, 190, and DOMUSVol. 50. p. 684: (2) having tiles either laid simply as. large flat tiles 1 1/2 feet or 2 feet square (tegulae sesquipedales, bipedales, Vitr. 5.10, 2; Pallad. 1.19, 1), or in small pieces (tesserae) to form patterns (see Birch, Ancient Pottery, p. 478; BALNEAE, Vol. 1. p. 278; PICTURAp. 397): (3) flue tiles, either tubi or tegulae mammatae [see BALNEAEVol. 1. p. 277]: (4) roofing tiles, which have more particularly to be described in this article. At Rome the houses were (after the period of the ruder thatch) roofed with shingles (scandulae), down to the time of Pyrrhus, when tiles began to supersede the old roofing material (Plin. Nat.16.36; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. 3. p. 559). [For Greek roofs, see DOMUSVol. 1. p. 663.]
Tiles were originally made perfectly flat, or with nothing more than the hook or nozzle underneath the upper border, which fulfilled the purpose of fixing them upon the rafters. They were afterwards formed with a raised flange on each side, as is shown in the annexed woodcut representing the section of four of the tiles remaining at Pompeii.
In order that the lower edge of any tile might overlap the upper edge of that which came next below it, its two sides were made to converge downwards. This is illustrated in Birch by the annexed flange-tile. See also the next woodcut representing a tiled roof, from a part of which the joint-tiles are removed in order to show the overlapping and the convergence of the sides. It was evidently necessary to cover the lines of junction between the rows of flat tiles, and this was done by the use of semicylindrical tiles called imbrices (καλυπτῆρες, Dionys. 6.92; Poll. x.
157). The first woodcut on preceding page shows the section of three imbrices found at Pompeii, and indicates their position relatively to the flat tiles. This is also shown in the cut below. The roof, by the exact adaptation of the broad tcgulae and the narrow imbrices throughout its whole extent, became like one solid and compact framework (Ken. Mem. 3.1.7; confringit tegulas imbricesque, Plant. Most. 1.2, 28; Plin. Nat.35.159). The rows of joint-tiles divided the roof into an equal number of channels, down which the water descended into the gutter (canalis) to be discharged through openings made in the lions' heads, the position and appearance of which are shown in the woodcuts. An ornamental arrangement of tiles called pavonaceum is mentioned by Pliny (Plin. Nat.36.159): probably the tiles were then semicircular and overlapped like the feathers in the tail of a peacock. The rows of flat tiles terminated in a variously ornamented front, which rose immediately above the cornice, and of which four specimens are shown in the first woodcut. The first and fourth patterns are drawn from tiles found at Pompeii, and the two intermediate from tiles preserved in the British Museum and brought thither from Athens. The lions' heads upon the third and fourth are perforated. [ANTEFIXA] The frontons, which were ranged along the cornice at the termination of the rows of joint-tiles, were either painted or moulded in various forms. The first woodcut shows three example of such frontons, which belong to the Elgin Collection in the British Museum. They are drawn on a much larger scale than the other objects in the same woodcut. The invention of these ornaments is ascribed to Butades of Corinth (Plin. Nat.35.153).
For greater splendour, especially where tiles were to be used in temple-roofs [TEMPLUM], marble slabs cut like tiles were used (marmoreae tegulae, Liv. 42.3; Val. Max., 20): the invention was ascribed to Byzes of Naxos in the 7th cent. B.C. (Paus. 5.10, 2). We hear also of bronze and bronze-gilt tiles (Plin. Nat.33.57). For the construction of roofs, see DOMUSVol. I. pp. 668, 685. (Birch, Ancient Pottery, pp. 469-481; Blümner, Technologie, 2.29 ff.; Marquardt, Privatleben, pp. 636 ff.)
[J.Y] [G.E.M](κέραμος, κεραμίς). A tile of baked clay. The name is applied as a generic term to (a) testae or wall-tiles; (b) tubi, tegulae mammatae, flue-tiles; and (c) tiles for roofing. In early Rome shingles (scandulae) were generally used for covering houses, but from the third century on tiles replaced them (Pliny H. N. xvi. 36). Tiles were originally flat, but afterwards were made with a rustic flange on each side, as shown below. See more fully under fictile.