Apollonia
- The name of several celebrated towns.
- A In Aetolia, Liv. 28, 8, 9.—
- B In Crete, Plin. 4, 12, 20, § 59.—
- C In Thrace, on the Pontus Euxinus, Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 39; 4, 11, 18, § 42; Mel. 2, 2.—
- D In Macedonia, Liv. 45, 28; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 37.—
- E In Illyria, Cic. Phil. 11, 11; Caes. B. C. 3, 12; Plin. 3, 23, 26, § 145.—
- F In Cyrenaica, Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 31; Mel. 1, 8 al.—
- II Derivv.
- A Ăpol-lōnĭātes, ae, a native of Apollonia (in Crete): Diogenes Apolloniates, Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29.—Plur.: Ăpollōnĭātae, ārum, m., the inhabitants of Apollonia (in Caria), Plin. 5, 29, 29, § 109; in Illyria, Cic. Pis. 35, 86; Liv. 33, 3, 10; Plin. 2, 106, 110, § 238.—
- B Ăpollōnĭātes, ium, plur. m., the inhabitants of Apollonia (in Illyrĭa), Caes. B. C. 3, 12; Liv. 24, 40, 10; Plin. 3, 11, 16, § 100.—
- C Ăpollōnĭensis, e, adj., belonging to Apollonia, Apollonian: civitas (in Sicily), Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 43.—Plur.: Ăpollōnĭenses, ium, m., its inhabitants, Just. 9, 2.—
- D Ăpollōnĭātĭcus, a, um, adj., the same: bitumen, dug in the neighborhood of Apollonia (in Epirus), Plin. 35, 15, 51, § 178.
APOLLO´NIA(Ἀπολλώνια) is the name of a propitiatory festival solemnized at Sicyon, in honour of Apollo and Artemis, of which Pausanias (Paus. 2.7.7) gives the following account:--Apollo and Artemis, after the destruction of the Python, had wished to be purified at Sicyon (Aegialea) ; but being driven away by a phantom (whence in after-times a certain spot in the town was called Φόβος), they proceeded to Carmanos in Crete. Upon this the inhabitants of Sicyon were attacked by a pestilence, and the seers ordered them to appease the deities. Seven boys and the same number of girls were ordered to go to the river Sythas, and bathe in its waters; then to carry the statues of the two deities into the temple of Peitho, and from thence back to that of Apollo. Similar rites, says Pausanias, still continue to be observed; for at the festival of Apollo the boys go to the river Sythas, and carry the two deities into the temple of Peitho, and thence back to that of Apollo.
Although festivals under the name of Apollonia, in honour of Apollo, are mentioned in no other place, still it is not improbable that they existed under the same name in other towns of Greece.
[L.S]APOLLO´NIA(Ἀπολλωνία: Eth. Ἀπολλωνιάτης, Apolloniates, Apollinas,--ātis, Apolloniensis), in Europe.
1.A city of Sicily, which, according to Steph. Byz., was situated in the neighbourhood of Aluntium Calacte. Cicero also mentions it ( Or. in Verr. 3.43) and in conjunction with Haluntium, Capitium, and Enguium, in a manner that seems to imply that it was situated in the same part of Sicily with these cities; and we learn from Diodorus (Diod. 16.72) that it was at one time subject to Leptines, the tyrant of Enguium, from whose hands it was wrested by Timoleon, and restored to an independent condition. A little later we find it again mentioned among the cities reduced by Agathocles, after his return from Africa, B.C. 307 (Diod. 20.56). But it evidently regained its liberty after the fall of the tyrant, and in the days of Cicero was still a municipal town of some importance. ( Or. in Verr. 3.43, 5.33.) From this time it disappears from history, and the name is not found either in Pliny or Ptolemy.
Its site has been much disputed; but the passages above cited point distinctly to a position in the north-eastern part of Sicily; and it is probable that the modern Pollina, a small town on a hill, about 3 miles from the sea-coast, and 8 or 9 E. from Cefalù, occupies its site. The resemblance of name is certainly entitled to: much weight; and if Enguium be correctly placed at Gangi, the connexion between that city and Apollonia is easily explained. It must be admitted that the words of Stephanus require, in this case, to be construed with considerable latitude, but little dependence can be placed upon the accuracy of that writer.
The coins which have been published as of this city belong either to Apollonia, in Illyria, or to Tauromenium (Eckhel, vol. 1. p. 198.) [E.H.B]
2.The name of two cities in Crete, one near Cnossus (Steph. B. s. v.), the inhabitants of which were most treacherously treated by the Cydoniatae, who were their friends and allies. (Plb. 27.16.) The site is on the coast near Armyro, or perhaps approaching towards Megalo Kastron, at the Ghiófero. (Pashley, Crete, vol. 1. p. 261.) The site of the other city, which was once called Eleuthera(Ἐλεύθερα, Steph. B.), is uncertain. The philosopher Diogenes Apolloniates was a native of Apolloniates in Crete. ( Dict. of Biog. s. v. ) [E.B.J]
3.（ Pollína, or Pollóna), a city of Illyria, situated 10 stadia from the right bank of the Aous, and 60 stadia from the sea (Strab. 7. p. 316), or 50 stadia according to Scylax (p. 10). It was founded by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans in the seventh century before the Christian era, and is said to have been originally called Gylaceia (Γυλάκεια), from Gylax, the name of its oecist. (Thuc. 1.26; Scymnus, 439, 440; Paus. 5.21.12, 22.3; Strab. l. c.;Steph. B. s. v.) Apollonia soon became a flourishing place, but its name rarely occurs in Grecian.history. It is mentioned in the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey, as a fortified town with a citadel; and the possession of it was of great importance to Caesar in his campaign against Pompey in Greece. (Caes. B.C. 3.12, seq.) Towards the end of the Roman republic it was celebrated as a seat of learning; and many of the Roman nobles were accustomed to send their sons thither for the purpose of studying the literature and philosophy of Greece. It was here that Augustus spent six months before the death of his uncle summoned him to Rome. (Suet. Aug. 10; Vellei. 2.59.) Cicero calls it at this period urbs magna et gravis.Apollonia is mentioned by Hierocles (p. 653, ed. Wesseling) in the sixth century; but its name does not occur in the writers of the middle ages. The village of Aulon, a little to the S. of Apollonia, appears to have increased in importance in the middle ages, as Apollonia declined. According to Strabo (p. 322), the Via Egnatia commenced at Apollonia, and according to others at Dyrrhachium; the two roads met at Clodiana. There are scarcely any vestiges of the ancient city at the present day. Leake discovered some traces of walls and of two temples; and the monastery, built near its site, contains some fine pieces of sculpture, which were found in ploughing the fields in its neighbourhood. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. 1. p. 368, seq.; Tafel, De Via Fgnatia, p. 14, seq.) COIN OF APOLLONIA, IN ILLYRIA.
COIN OF APOLLONIA, IN ILLYRIA.（ Sizeboli), a town of Thrace, on the Pontus Euxinus, a little S. of Mesambria, was a colony of the Milesians. It had two large harbours, and the greater part of the town was situated on a small island. It possessed a celebrated temple of Apollo, and a colossal statue of this god, 30 cubits in height, which M. Lucullus carried to Rome and placed in the Capitol. (Hdt. 4.90; Strab. 7. p. 319, 12. p. 541, Plin. Nat. 34.7. s. 18. § 39; Scymnus, 730; Arrian, Peripl. p. 24, Anon. Peripl. p. 14.) It was subsequently called SOZOPOLIS(Σωζόπολις, Anon. Peripl. p. 14). whence its modern name Sizeboli.
5.（ Pollina), a town of Mygdonia in Macedonia, S. of the lake Bolbe (Athen. 8. 334e.), and N. of the Chalcidian mountains, on the road from Thessalonica to Amphipolis, as we learn from the Acts of the Apostles (17.1) and the Itineraries. (Anton. Itin. pp. 320, 330; Itin. Hierosol. p. 605; Tab. Peuting.) Pliny (Plin. Nat. 4.10. s. 17.38) mentions this Apollonia.
6.（ Políghero), the chief town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated N. of Olynthus, and a little S. of the Chalcidian mountains. That this Apollonia is a different place from No. 5, appears from Xenophon, who describes the Chalcidian Apollonia as distant 10 or 12 miles from Olynthus. (Xen. Hell. v. 12§ 1, seq.) It was probably this Apollonia Which struck the beautiful Chalcidian coins, bearing on the obverse the head of Apollo, and on the reverse his lyre, with the legend Χαλκιδέων.
7.A town in the peninsula of Acte, or Mt. Athos in Macedonia, the inhabitants of which were called Macrobii. (Plin. Nat. 4.10. s. 17. § 37.)
8.A town in Thrace, situated according to Livy's narrative (38.41), between Maroneia and Abdera, but erroneously placed by the Epitomizer of Strabo (7. p. 331) and by Pomponius Mela (2.2) west of the Nestus.
The four towns last mentioned (Nos. 5--8) are frequently confounded, but are correctly distinguished by Leake, who errs, however, in making the passage of Athenaeus (Athen. 8. 334e.), refer to No. 6, instead of to No. 5. ( Northern Greece, vol. 3. p. 457, seq.)
9.A town on the frontiers of Aetolia, near Naupactus. (Liv. 28.8.)
APOLLO´NIAin Asia.
1.The chief town of a district in Assyria, named Apolloniatis. Apollonia is incorrectly placed by Stephanus (s. v. Ἀπολλωνία) between Babylon and Susa. Strabo (p. 732, and 524) says that Apolloniatis is that part of Babylonia which borders on Susis, that its original name was Sittacene, and it was then called Apolloniatis. The names Apollonia and Apolloniatis were evidently given by the Macedonian Greeks. Apolloniatis is in fact one of the divisions of Assyria in the geography of the Greeks; but it is impossible to determine its limits. Polybius (Plb. 5.44) makes Mesopotamia and Apolloniatis the southern boundaries of Media, and Apolloniatis is therefore east of the Tigris. This appears, indeed, from another passage in Polybius (Plb. 5.51), which also shows that Apollonia was east of the Tigris. The country was fertile, but it also contained a hilly tract, that is, it extended some distance east of the banks of the Tigris. There is evidently great confusion in the divisions of Assyria by the Greek geographers. If we place Apolloniatis south of the district of Arbela, and make it extend as far as Bagdad, there may be no great error. There seems to be no authority for fixing the site of Apollonia.
2.An island on the coast of Bithynia (Arrian, Peripl. p. 13), 200 stadia from the promontory of Calpe ( Kirpe). It was called Thynias, says Pliny (Plin. Nat. 6.12), to distinguish it from another island Apollonia. He places it a Roman mile from the coast. Thynias, Thyne, Thynia, or Thynis (Steph. B. s. v. Θυνιάς), may have been the original name of this island, and Apollonia a name derived from a temple of Apollo, built after the Greeks. The other name is evidently derived from the Thyni of the opposite coast.
3.A town of Mysia, on an eminence east of Pergamum, on the way to Sardis. (Strab. p. 625; Xen. Anab. 7.8. 15) It seems to have been near the borders of Mysia and Lydia. The site does not appear to be determined.
4.Steph. B. (s. v. Ἀπολλωνία) mentions Apollonia in Pisidia, and one also in Phrygia; but it seems very probable, from comparing what he says of the two, that there is some confusion, and there was perhaps only one, and in Pisidia. In Strabo (p. 576) the name is Apollonias. The ruins were discovered by Arundell ( Discoveries, &c. vol. 1. p. 236) at a place called Olou Borlon. The acropolis stands on a lofty crag, from which there is an extensive view of the rich plains to the NW. This place is in 38° 4′ N. lat., and in the direct line between Apamea and Antioch, so far as the nature of the country will admit. (Hamilton, Researches, &c. vol. 2. p. 361.) The Peutinger Table places it 24 miles from Apameia Cibotus. Several Greek inscriptions from Apollonia have been copied by Arundell and Hamilton., One inscription, which contains the words ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ἀπολλωνιατῶν, decides the question as to the site of this place. Two Greek inscriptions of the Roman period copied by Arundell give the full title, the Boule and Demus of the Apolloniatae Lycii Thraces Coloni,from which Arundell concludes that a Thracian colony established themselves in Lycia, and that some of the latter founded the city of Apollonia;an interpretation that may be not quite correct.
Stephanus says that Apollonia in Pisidia was originally called Mordiaeon, and was celebrated for its quinces. (Athen. p. 81.) It is still noted for its quinces (Arundell), which have the great recommendation of being eatable without dressing. The coins of Apollonia record Alexander the Great as the founder, and also the name of a stream that flowed; by it, the Hippopharas. (Forbiger, vol. 2. p. 334.)
5.Of Mysia (Ἀ. ἐπὶ Ῥυνδακῷ, Strab. p. 575), a description which misled some travellers and geographers, who fixed the site at Ulubadon the Rhyndacus. But the site is Abullionte, which is on a lake of the same name, the Apolloniatis of Strabo, who says that the town is on the lake. Some high land advances into the lake, and forms a narrow promontory, off the SW. point of which is an island with the town of Abullionte. (Hamilton, Researches, &c. vol. 2. p. 87.) The remains of Apollonia are inconsiderable. The Rhyndacus flows into the lake Apolloniatis, and issues from it a deep and muddy river. The lake extends from east to west, and is studded with many islands in the NE. part, on one of which is the town of Apollonia. (Hamilton.) The circuit of the lake is estimated by some travellers at about 50 miles, and its length about 10; but the dimensions vary considerably, for in winter the waters are much higher. It abounds in fish.
6.In Lycia, is conjectured by Spratt (Lycia, vol. 1. p. 203) to have been at Sarahhajik, where there are remains of a Greek town. The modern site is in the interior NW. of Phaselis. The author discovered an inscription with the letters Apon it. Stephanus (s. v.) mentions an island of the name belonging to Lycia; but there is no authority for a town of the name. There are, however, coins with the epigraph Ἀπολλωνιατων Λυκ.and Ἀπολλωνιατων Λυκ. Θρακ., which might indicate some place in Lycia. But these belong to Apollonia of Pisidia. [G.L]
7.（ Arâf), a town of Palestine, situated between Caesarea and Joppa. (Steph. B.; Ptol. 5.16; Plin. Nat. 5.14; Pett. Tab.) The origin of its name is not known, but was probably owing to the Macedonian kings of either Aegypt or Syria. After having suffered in their wars, it was repaired by Gabinius, proconsul of Syria. (Joseph. B. J. 1.6.) Arsûfon the coast, a deserted village upon the Nakr Arsûf, represents the ancient Apollonia. (Robinson, Bibl. Res. vol. 3. p. 46; Irby and Mangles, Trav. p. 189; Chesney, Exped. Euplhrat. vol. 1. p. 490.) Arsûfwas famous in the time of the Crusades. (Wilken, die Kresuzz, vol. ii. pp. 17, 39, 102, vol. 4. p. 416, vol. vii. pp. 325, 400, 425.) The chroniclers confounded it with Antipatris, which lies further inland.
8.A town of Syria. The name attests its Macedonian origin. (Appian. Syr. 57.) Strabo (p. 752) mentions it as tributary to Apamea, but its position is uncertain. [E.B.J]
APOLLO´NIA(Marsa Sousah), in Africa, one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis in Cyrenaica. It was originally the port of Cyrene, and is mentioned by Scylax (p. 45) simply as such, without any proper name; but, like the other ports on this coast, it grew and flourished, especially under the Ptolemies, till it eclipsed Cyrene itself. It was the birthplace of Eratosthenes. (Strab. 17. p. 837; Mela, 1.8; Plin. Nat. 5.5; Ptol. 4.4; Diod. 18.19; Steph. B. s. v.) It is almost certainly the Sozusa (Σώζουσα) of later Greek writers (Hierocl. p. 732; Epiphan. Haeres.73. 26); and this, which was very probably its original name, has given rise to its modern appellation. The name Apollonia was in honour of the patron deity of Cyrene. The site of the city is marked by splendid, though greatly shattered ruins, among which are those of the citadel, temples, a theatre, and an aqueduct. (Barth, Wanderungen, &c., pp. 452, foll.)
[P.S](Ἀπολλωνία). (1) An important town in Illyria, not far from the mouth of the Aoüs, and sixty stadia from the sea. It was founded by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans, and was equally celebrated as a place of commerce and of learning. Many distinguished Romans, among others the young Octavius, afterwards the emperor Augustus, pursued their studies here. Persons travelling from Italy to Greece and the East usually landed either at Apollonia or Dyrrhacium.
(2) A town in Macedonia, on the Via Egnatia, between Thessalonica and Amphipolis, and south of the lake of Bolbé.
(3) A town in Thrace, on the Black Sea, a colony of Miletus, which had a celebrated temple of Apollo, from which Lucullus carried away a colossus of this god, and erected it on the Capitol at Rome.
(4) A castle or fortified town of the Locri Ozolae, near Naupactus.
(5) A town on the northern coast of Sicily.
(6) A town in Bithynia, on the lake Apolloniatis, through which the river Rhyndacus flows.
(7) A town in Cyrenaica, and the harbour of Cyrené, one of the five towns of the Pentapolis, in Libya; it was the birthplace of Eratosthenes (q.v.).
(Ἀπολλώνια). A propitiatory festival solemnized at Sicyon in honour of Apollo and Artemis. See Pausan. ii. 7. 7.
An ancient city near the mouth of the Aous river (the Vojussa). The remains are scattered over the hill of Pojani near a monastery which is said to have been built on the site of a temple of Apollo on the hill of Sthyllas. In the monastery a single Doric column is preserved, belonging to a hexastyle temple of the 5th c. B.C. The necropolis is in the valley of Kryegyata. The founding of Apollonia, in 588 B.C., is attributed to colonists from Corinth and Kerkyra. Its location favored its development. Quite early, the city must have defended itself against incursions by Macedonians and Illyrians as a result of which it sought an alliance with Rome in 260 B.C., and in 229 it came under Roman protection. Cicero called it an “urbs gravis et nobilis” and the city had a renowned school of rhetoric which even Octavian attended.
The walls, ca. 4 km long and well preserved, are constructed of limestone blocks and fortified with towers. The S side of the acropolis is buttressed by a beautifully terraced wall of ornamentally bossed stones. A gate with a pointed arch is set in the walls.
The theater, set apart on the W slopes of the hill of the acropolis, is identified by limestone blocks with a molding characteristic of theater seats.
A Hellenistic portico at the foot of the acropolis had a wall with 17 arched niches in front of which were Ionic half-columns with limestone capitals. In another niche, larger than the others, a small rectangular Hellenistic temple, with angular pilasters, is set. In front of the temple is an elegant altar.
The small odeon or covered theater next to the temple is Roman in design, rectangular in plan, with a semicircular cavea.
The monument of the public games superintendents is rectangular (19 x 15 m) on the outside, with a portico along the front and with a pedimental roof. There is a small vestibule inside and a small cavea with an orchestra. There were Corinthian columns on the facade and a richly carved cornice. On the architrave, there is an inscription in Greek which says that the building was constructed in the Antonine period by Q. Villius Crespinus Furius Proculus, a prytaneus, or superintendent of the public games, and high priest for life, in honor and memory of his brother Villius Valerius Furius Proculus, prefect of a cohort in Syria, tribune of Legio X (or XIV) in Pannonia, and a superintendent designate of the public games. The plan and structure of the building are quite similar to those of the bouleuterion of Miletos.
The acropolis had two summits, the major one being to the S. The lower level of a Greek temple was uncovered there and perhaps a limestone Ionic frieze found in the vicinity is part of that temple. The frieze has relief figures of warriors in combat.
A bath complex has been partially excavated near the W section of the city walls. Two rooms are visible, one of which has a mosaic pavement, as well as the heating room.
The remains of a gymnasium have been partially excavated about 300 m S of the monastery. It is perhaps the gymnasium mentioned by Strabo which was destined for other uses in the Roman period. Two archaic antefixes belonged to an older structure as did a stater struck at Metapontion. It was decorated with statues and the base was discovered there for a statue of Aphrodite, as is clear from a Greek inscription on one of its sides which mentions the prytaneus Psillus and the hieromnemones. During the Hellenistic period, the building was provided with a terracotta bathing tub set into the pavement, but in the Roman period it was turned into a home. Coins dating to the 4th c. A.D., have been discovered there.
Minor monuments include the remains of Roman houses, a triple-opening triumphal arch, a row of shops along a street, and a large hall in which it is tempting to recognize a library.
The necropolis, in the valley of Kryegyata, includes Greek tombs dating to the 6th c. B.C. as well as Roman tombs. The Roman tombs of the Imperial period are often shaped like small temples.
Various works of art have been found in the area of the ancient city. The most important is certainly the previously mentioned archaic frieze, coming perhaps from a temple on the acropolis. In the Louvre is a copy of the Anapauomenos of Praxiteles; in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna is a copy of the head of the Ludovisi Ares; and in Tirana is the Meleager of Skopas. The limestone stelai, which are somewhat reminiscent of Tarentine art works, are the most characteristic, in form and decoration, and can be considered Apollonian originals. Among Apollonian works of art is the votive offering dedicated to Olympia for a victory over Thronion. It is the work of Lykios, the son of Myron.
BIBLIOGRAPHYStrab. 7.322, 9.424; Ptol. 3.12.2; Plin. NH 3.145; Cic. Ad Fam. 13.29.2.
C. Praschniker, “Muzakhia und Malakastra,” JOAIBeibl 21-22 (1921) 16ff; P. C. Sestieri, “Sculture romane rinvenute in Albania,” Bull. del Musea dell'Impero 13 (1942) 7ff; id., “Le stele d'Apollonia,” Le Arti 5 (1943) 115ff.
P. C. SESTIERIOn the coast about 184 km NE of Benghazi (Euesperides and later Berenice). The town served from its foundation as the port for Cyrene, whose history it shared until achieving autonomy during Roman times, if not before, when it was recognized as one of the five cities of the Libyan Pentapolis. As the fortunes of both Cyrene and Ptolemais waned in later times, Apollonia grew in prestige and power, until it was created the provincial capital in the 6th c. A.D. During Christian times it was more commonly called Sozusa, from which it developed its modern Arab name of Marsa Susa. Urban life ceased with the Arab invasion of A.D. 643.
Excavations fall into two phases: those of the 1920s and 1930s and those following the Second World War. The first phase saw the clearance and restoration of the large E basilica (6th c.), excavation of tombs, recovery of statuary, and the documenting of some topographical features, such as the aqueduct and an extra-mural triconch church. The latter monument, notable for traces of a triple apse at its E end, has not been excavated.
The second phase led to the investigations of remaining important features, underwater and land. The S edge of the walled town ran ca. 1,000 m parallel to the coast before turning N to meet the line of the sea. While its width today nowhere exceeds 200 m, the original town must have included a third more territory than it does at present since its outer and inner harbor facilities, with their moles, warehouses, docks, shipsheds, and slipways, have almost completely disappeared beneath the sea.
The principal buildings found inside the town walls are Roman or later. However, earlier inhabitation is documented by tombs in its SW corner and on the acropolis, in which pottery and coins of the 5th through the 3d c. have been found. Furthermore, pottery from a settlement of the first half of the 6th c. B.C. has been brought to light in the lowest occupation stratum W of the acropolis in the vicinity of the eastern basilica. In all probability Apollonia was used as the main port for Cyrene as early as the second generation of settlers following the foundation of the metropolis ca. 631 B.C.
The side of the town facing seaward was never walled. The defensive system was constructed in the Hellenistic period (ca. 250 B.C.) and then extensively overhauled and repaired in early Byzantine times. It consisted of three elements: towers, gates, and curtain wall. Nineteen towers survive on land, two round and the remainder rectangular. Only one major gateway survives at the W end of the city, while traces of smaller posterns have been found by each tower along the W and S perimeter. The original curtain consisted throughout of stone headers and stretchers. Each tower was connected by a short line of straight curtain to form an indented trace.
Within its walls Apollonia was divided lengthwise by a broad avenue, which ran from the W end of town to the acropolis hill occupying the E quarter. Here the rise in ground level halted the further progress of the decumanus, which was crossed at right angles by narrow cardines at intervals of every 35 m, at least in the urban center where traces of two such streets have been located.
The first monument to be encountered in the W sector is a Byzantine mortuary chapel, built against an exterior angle of the city wall. This structure, which has four central pillars supporting a dome, housed the remains of a saint or bishop in a Roman sarcophagus, recut in Byzantine times. Just inside the line of the city wall is the restored western basilica, whose apse occupies a former rectangular wall tower. Its nave and side aisles are divided by columns of varying types, sizes, and materials. A complex of rooms E of its narthex contained a small baptistery with sunken baptismal tank. Both the church and baptistery date to the 6th c. Nearby, along the inner face of the city wall, are three excavated rooms of Byzantine date. Their design, as well as their proximity to the main W gate and its associated small oval piazza, suggest that their function was largely governmental and bureaucratic.
The 6th c. central basilica lies ca. 200 m E of the west gate. Its restored interior was originally entered from the W through a small atrium, which in turn led into a long narrow narthex with apses at either end. Local limestone provided the material for some of its columns as well as sections of its paving. Since the rest of its fittings were of marble, evidently pre-cut materials were shipped to Apollonia where a structure had to be improvised for their accommodation. A substantial Roman bath, which, prior to its conversion around A.D. 100, served as a Late Hellenistic palazzo signorile, is located E of the church. Immediately N are remains of the late baths, built to replace the Roman baths after the earthquake of A.D. 365. Their construction indicates that they were never completed.
The Palace of the Byzantine Dux (ca. A.D. 500) was erected on the hillside SE of the Roman baths. This major complex was divided into two sections, with its W half containing the ceremonial chambers of the governor when Apollonia was the provincial capital. These include an audience hail, guardroom, armory, atrium, and chapel. The E wing is less monumental and appears largely residential in nature. An early Roman villa and small houses belonging to the Byzantine period are located ca. 100 m to the NE of the palace. Separated from the Byzantine housing quarter is the restored E basilica (5th or 6th c.), built on top of an unidentified Hellenistic building. The nave of this imposing monument is divided by large monolithic columns of cipollino marble. A baptistery of triconch plan is attached to its NE corner.
As ground rises toward the acropolis hill a rocky outcropping marks the site of a heroon dedicated to the nymph (?) Callicrateia. Further NE are a series of chambers, probably functioning as warehouses, hewn out of the rock ledge facing the sea. Remains of vaulted cisterns and Byzantine houses are located close by. The top of the acropolis hill was left open, with a series of rooms of late date grouped around. No sure identification of this area's use has been made.
The Hellenistic theater, whose scene building was reconstructed during the reign of Domitian, is located just outside the city walls E of the acropolis. A small section of slipways is visible about half a kilometer off shore from the center of the city. These once belonged to the inner harbor and today rise above the sea in the form of an island. A second island slightly to the E preserves traces of the base of an ancient pharos. About a kilometer W of the city are foundations of a Hellenistic temple, as yet unidentified.
BIBLIOGRAPHYR. G. Goodchild, “A Byzantine Palace at Apollonia (Cyrenaica),” Antiquity 34 (1960) 246-58; Cyrene and Apollonia. An Historical Guide (1963) MI; Kyrene und Apollonia (1970) MPI; J. du P. Taylor, Marine Archaeology (1965) 168-78M; D. White, “Excavations at Apollonia, Cyrenaica,” AJA 70 (1966) 259-65MP; J. G. Pedley, “Excavations at Apollonia, Cyrenaica,” AJA 71 (1967) 141-47MP. See also J. Ph. Lauer, “L'enceinte d'Apollonia à Mersa Souza (Cyrénaïque),” RA 7.1 (1963) 130-53.
D. WHITEA town on the Mediterranean coast, between Jaffa and Caesarea (Plin. HN 5.14), ca. 24 km from Jaffa. The Semitic-Phoenician name of the place was Rishpon, “the city of the god Resheph,” identified by the Greeks with Apollo. It is possible that Apollonia had already been conquered by John Hyrcanus I, but certainly by the time of Alexander Jannaeus it was incorporated into the Hasmonaean kingdom (Joseph. AJ 13.395). The city was freed by Pompey in 64 B.C. and was subsequently rebuilt by Gabinius (Joseph. BJ 1.166). Although there is no written evidence, it is certain that Apollonia was given to Herod at the beginning of his reign and received the status of a polis. After the destruction of the Temple it was once again made autonomous by Vespasian.
Apollonia was one of the few coastal cities that did not mint coins. It is possible therefore that during most of the Late Roman period, for which we have no written records, Apollonia was an insignificant town, and revived only in the Byzantine period when its name was changed from Apollonia to Sozusa, “City of the Savior (Hierocles Synecd. 719.5). It has not been excavated.
BIBLIOGRAPHYM. Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land from the Persian to the Arab Conquests (536 B.C. to A.D. 640). A Historical Geography (1966).
A. NEGEVCity in Lycia 12 km E of Kaş, not mentioned by the ancient writers (except that Stephanos Byzantios records an island off the coast of Lycia under Apollonia) and known chiefly from its inscriptions. There is said to be a coin of Lycian League type inscribed ΑΠΟ; if this is correct it must be ascribed to Apollonia, which cannot then have been merely a subordinate member at that time, as it was later, of a sympolity under Aperlae.
The ruins are on a hill some 90 m above the village, with a small walled area at the highest point. Otherwise, apart from a poorly preserved theater, a large vaulted reservoir, and a number of cisterns of the familiar bell shape, there remain only tombs. Among them are four or five Lycian pillar tombs, none inscribed, proving the antiquity of the site, and one Lycian rock tomb with a Greek inscription.
BIBLIOGRAPHYR. Heberdey & E. Kalinka, Bericht über zwei Reisen (1896) 17-18.
G. E. BEANAn unexplored city on the N coast (Commune of S. Fratello, Province of Messina) between Halontion and Kalakta (Steph. Byz.). Historical references to the site are few: around the middle of the 4th c. B.C. it was dominated by Leptines, tyrant of Engyon; in 342 B.C. Timoleon made the two cities autonomous, after having defeated the tyrant and exiled him to the Peloponnese (Diod. 16:72). The site was sacked by Agathokles in 307 B.C. (Diod. 20:56). In the 1st c. B.C. it was civitas decumana (Cic. Verr. 3.43,103), and it was represented by one ship in the fleet gathered against the pirates (Cic. Verr. 5.33, 86; 34,90).
The city occupies a vast rocky plateau on the summit of Monte Vecchio, a foothill of the central Nebrods; from this position it dominates a large stretch of the coastline from Kephaloidion to Agathyrnon. The ruins of the ancient city are visible on the mountain peak. On the entire S and W sides one can follow the line of the fortification walls built with isodomic masonry of local marble; the remains of at least two buildings, in the same isodomic technique, lie on the E side of the plateau, to the W and to the NE of the Norman Church (12th c.) of the Three Saints; on the summit of the mount a large cistern (?) has been cut into the rock, as well as a kind of altar and a few units at the end of a stairway climbing from the E.
BIBLIOGRAPHYA. Salinas & S. Fratello, NSc (1880) 198.
G. SCIBONA- Hdt. 4.90, Hdt. 4.93
- Paus. 6.14.13, Hdt. 9.90
- founded by colonists from Corcyra: Paus. 5.22.4
- inhabitants dedicate statues at Olympia: Paus. 5.22.3
- in Epirus, the people of Elephenor inhabit: Apollod. E.6.15