arma

arma inferre
to begin a war arma navis
the tackle of a ship

arma , ōrum, n.: arms, defensive and offensive, freq.; armor, 10.181; suits of armor, 8.565; (fig.), or warlike exploits, 1.1; conflict, 12.844; implements, equipments, instruments, utensils, 1.183; sails, 5.15; rudder, helm, 6.353; military power, warlike command, 12.192; war, conflict, 12.6; means of injury, weapons, 2.99; arma movēre (of the lion), to prepare for battle, 12.6; arma colligere, shorten sail.

arma, ōrum, n. (gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ΑΡΩ, ἀραρίσκω = to fit; ἄρθρον = joint; ἁρμός = armus = joint, shoulder; ἀρτάω = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; ἄρτιος = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].

• I Lit.
• • A.1 What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.: tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium, Liv. 45, 39: induere arma, id. 30, 31: arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere, id. 1, 43: pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis, id. 7, 10. —
  • • 2 Specifically, a shield: at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant, on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841: caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur, Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43: Aeneas se collegit in arma, gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,
  • B Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26: arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum, Cic. Caec. 21: armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis, id. Fam. 6, 2: illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16 (16): ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi, Ter. Heaut. 112: arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei, Lucr. 5, 1283; so, Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus, Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.: capere, Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7: sumere, id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30: accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere, ib. Psa. 34, 2: resumere, Suet. Calig. 48: aptare, Liv. 5, 49: induere, id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126: accingi armis, Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11: armis instructus, ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13: concitare ad arma, Caes. B. G. 7, 42: descendere ad arma, id. ib. 7, 33: vocare ad arma, Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21: vocare in arma, Verg. A. 9, 22: ferre contra aliquem, Vell. 2, 56: decernere armis, Cic. Att. 7, 3: armis cum hoste certare, id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so, saevis armis, Verg. A. 12, 890: dimicare armis cum aliquo, Nep. Milt. 1, 2: esse in armis, Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69: ponere, abicere, Cic. Fam. 6, 2: relinquere, Liv. 2, 10: tradere, Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10: amittere, Verg. A. 1, 474: proicere, Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43; 7, 44: deripere militibus, Hor. C. 3, 5, 19: dirimere, Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24: tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes, Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33: armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque), with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—
• II Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons: tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc., Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32: prudentiae, id. ib. 1, 38, 172: senectutis, id. Lael. 4. 9: tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine, id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33: eloquentiae, Quint. 5, 12, 21: facundiae, id. 2, 16, 10: justitiae, Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7: arma lucis, ib. Rom. 13, 12: horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas, Ov. M. 15, 471: haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit, Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67: arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt, Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.
• • • • a War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra): silent leges inter arma, Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5: arma civilia, civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9: civilia arma, id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13): ab externis armis otium erat, Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.: a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae, Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero): ad horrida promptior arma, Ov. M. 1, 126: qui fera nuntiet arma, id. ib. 5, 4; 14, 479: compositis venerantur armis, Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Aeneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7: melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis, Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.: cedant arma togae, Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest: in arma feror, Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—
      • b (Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops: nulla usquam apparuerunt arma, Liv. 41, 12: nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum, id. 9, 9; 21, 26: Hispanias armis non ita redundare, Tac. H. 2, 32: expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum, neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—
• III Transf., poet. (like ὅπλον and ἔντεα in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking: Cerealia arma, the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: ἔντεα δαιτός). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35: dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes, Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship (mast, sails, rudder, etc.): colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis, Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings: haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments, Mart. 14, 36.

arma, ōrum, n. (Stamm AR-o, griech. ΑΡ-ω, ich füge an; vgl. τὰ ἄρμενα, Segel u. Tauwerk der Schiffe), griech. ἔντεα u. ὅπλα, u. altd. Zeug, Gezeug, Wehr u. Waffe, I) im allg., alles, was zu einer Ausrüstung od. Zurüstung gebraucht wird, das Rüstzeug = Gerät, Werkzeug, arma equestria, die ganze Ausrüstung eines Pferdes, »Sattel u. Zeug«, Liv. 35, 23, 11. – das »Segelwerk, Takelwerk, Ruderwerk eines Schiffes«, Verg. Aen. 5, 15: 6, 353: dah. für »Flügel« (als Ruder in der Luft), Ov. art. am. 2, 50. – arma cerealia, Geräte zum Kornstoßen u. Brotbacken, Verg. Aen. 1, 177. – arma venatoria, Jagdgerät, Sen. de ben. 1, 11, 6. – vom »Geräte des Landmanns«, Verg. georg. 1, 160: arma operis sui, Ov. met. 11, 34 sq. – v. »Werkzeugen zum Haarscheren«, Mart. 14, 56. – v. »Baugerätschaften, Bauwerkzeug«, repente lintribus in eam insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit, Cic. Mil. 74. – II) prägn., das Kriegszeug, Kampfzeug, 1) im weitesten Sinne, das ganze Kriegsgerät, die Kriegsrüstung, Kriegsmaterialien, armorum custos, factor, doctor, s. cūstōs usw.: pars utraque suos exercitus, sua arma, suos habitura duces, Liv.: armis et castris tentata res est, Cic.: bes. in der Verbindung arma virique, viri armaque u. dgl., Liv.; s. Fabri Liv. 24, 28, 4. – 2) im engern Sinne, die angelegte Rüstung, Wehr, Waffen, sowohl die, die zum Schutz den Leib bedecken (wie Harnisch, Helm, Schild), als auch die, die man zur Verteidigung u. zum Angriff in der Hand behält (wie Schwert, Keule, Streitaxt), Ggstz. tela (Geschosse u. Angriffswaffen in die Ferne übh., dah. oft verb. tela et arma, arma atque tela, Trutz- u. Schutz- [Schutz- u. Trutz-] waffen; vgl. Fabri Liv. 22 57, 10 Ruperti Tac. Germ. 6, 2), a) eig.: arma auro et argento caelata od. distincta, Curt.: arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere, Liv.: tot milia armorum detracta corporibus hominum, Liv.: armorum et equitandi peritissimus, in Handhabung der W. und im Reiten, Suet.: exercitationes campestres armorum et equorum, kriegerische Waffen- u. Reitübungen, Suet.: arma virique, bewaffnete Männer, Gewappnete, Curt. – arma induere, Curt.: arma capere, sumere, Cic.: arma sumere pro alqo adversus alqm, Liv.: arma ferre contra alqm, Vell.: ad arma ire, zu den Waffen greifen = sich zum Kampfe (zum Kriege) rüsten, Cael. in Cic. ep.: arma movere, inferre, s. moveo, infero: armis congredi, Acc. fr.: armis decertare od. decernere, Cic., od. dimicare, Nep., od. cernere, Acc. fr., od. certare, Verg.: milites ad arma vocare, Curt.: in armis esse, unter den W. stehen, Liv. u. Curt.: in armis stare, in voller Rüstung, s. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 14, 36. Curt. 4, 13 (47), 10.: CL milia habere in armis, Liv.: in armis aevom agere, Pacuv. fr.: in armis mori, mit den Waffen in der Hand, Sen.: arma deponere, Cic., arma dimittere, proicere, Sen.: arma tradere, Liv.: ad arma! »zu den Waffen!« Caes. u. Liv.: armis od. vi et armis expugnare, mit Waffengewalt, Sall. u. Liv.: u. so vi ac per arma, Suet. – b) meton.: α) die Waffenerhebung, der Kampf, Krieg, Galli inter ferrum et arma nati, Liv.: auctor armorum, Cic.: arma civilia, Cic.: arma inferre, Liv.: Graeciae arma movere, Curt.: arma referre, den Kr. erneuern, Verg.: arma proferre longius ab urbe, Liv.: arma componere, den Kr. endigen, Hor.: arma virumque cano, Verg.: auch für Treffen, Gefecht, in arma feror, Verg. Aen. 2, 337; u. so ibid. 655. – β) die Waffenmacht, Kriegsmacht, Heeresmacht, et Persarum et Spartanorum arma, Curt.: Romana arma ingruere, Liv.: quam diu illa Sullani temporis arma valuerunt, Cic.: arma in Augustum cessere, Tac.: nulla iam publica arma, Tac. – γ) Bewaffnete, Soldaten, Krieger (vgl. Fabri u. Weißenb. Liv 22, 3, 9), levia, Leichtbewaffnete, Liv.: auxiliaria, Hilfstruppen, Ov.: excubiae, arma, cetera aulae, Tac.: vallum armis ambire, Tac.: Hispanias armis non ita redundare, Tac. – dah. δ) Partei im Kriege, neutra arma sequi, neutral bleiben, Ov.: dass. nulla arma movere, Ov. – c) bildl., ein Schutz-, Verteidigungsmittel, eine Waffe, arma senectutis, prudentiae, Cic.: arma quaerere, auf Arglist sinnen, Verg.: amico arma (Lehren) dedit, Hor. – 3) im engsten Sinne (wie auch ὅπλα) der Schild als Hauptübungs- und Schutzwaffe der Alten, bes. der Fußsoldaten, fluitantia arma, Liv.: arma armis pulsare, Curt.: alqm exanimem super arma ferre. Verg.: in arma se colligere (sich decken), Verg.: arma Aeneae describere, Plin. ep.; vgl. Heyne Verg. Aen. 1, 118. Ruperti Tac. Germ. 11 extr. – ➳ Genet. Plur. synk. armûm, Pacuv. tr. 34. Acc. tr. 319; vgl. Cic. de or. 155.

1 arma , (f. s.) weapon or piece of armour. b tool (cf. 2 arma 4). isti portant ~as in naves Tap. Bayeux XL; 1295 meliorem ~am Cal. IPM III p. 190; 1514 puncto cujusdam ~e vocate a poleaxe Entries 49.  b permittat ‥ eosdem homines ‥ colligere sekkiliones sine secure et ~a moluta Cl 514.

2 arma [CL] 1 (n. pl.) arms (weapons) or armour. b (w. ferre or sim.). c (dist. as offensive and defensive). d war, fighting. e (fig.). Aldh. PR 140 (v. armatura 1a); cum moriebatur, habebat rex equum et ~a ejus DB I 179; si quis alteri prestet ~a sua [AS: his wæpnes] in occisione alicujus (Quad.) GAS 61; nihil damnabilius est in milite quam otium, per quod usus ~orum dediscitur P. Blois Ep. 94. 294D; clamant, “~a, ~a, viri!” W. Fitzst. Thom. 136; s1181 rex Angl i fecit hanc assisam de ~is habendis in Anglia G. Hen. II I 278; 1198 venit cum vi sua et ~is et cum hominibus suis armatis ad domum domini sui CurR I 63; s1226 ut omnes qui possent ~a movere se cruce signarent Wend. II 305; 1275 cum maciis et aliis †apinis [l. armis] Hund. I 292; s1295 monstratis ~is et numeratis capitibus que apta essent ad bella procedere Lanercost 169; 1324 jurati sunt in ~is et arreati per constabularies pacis IMisc 99/10 r. 2; 1327 ad abbaciam [de S. Edmundo] vi et ~is, sc. lanceis, gisarmis, hachiis, gladiis, arcubus et sagittis, accesserunt (JustIt) MonA III 109b; s1332 Scoti ‥ clamaverunt statim “ad ~a, ad ~a!” et preliari ferociter ceperunt Knighton I 463; s1385 l paria ~orum integralia, cum totidem lanciis et targiis Plusc. X 7; 1410 pro extraccione ~orum violenta StatOx 205; 1471 pro ‥ tribus paribus ~orum dictorum forharnes ExchScot 120; 1533 pro cingulis et preparacione aliorum ~orum equorum Ac. Durh. 197.  b non ‥ licuerat pontificem sacrorum ‥ ~a ferre Bede HE II 13; sacerdotes ‥ ~a portantes ut laici erant G. Crispin Herl. 15; tractandum est ‥ de modo portationis vel positionis ~orum (Leg. Hen.) GAS 602; tunc Hugo ~a pro senio non ferebat Ord. Vit. VIII 16 p. 363; 1268 quicunque in clericali ordine constitutus ~a detulerit ‥ vinculum excommunicationis incurrat Conc. Syn. 752; a1322 noctivagus, percuciens aliquem, portitor ~orum et consimiles StatOx 87; 1340 occasione delacionis ~orum, que contra pacem detulerat FormOx 138; 1457 convictus de lacione ~orum MunAcOx 668 (cf. ib. 717: de portacione ~orum); 1476 quod nulla persona ‥ gerat ~a, viz. duploida, defensum, gladium, arcus, sagittas, lanceas, secures guerre March. S. Wales 86.  c ~is offensivis et defensivis Alb. Lond. DG 303; 1322 quod omnia convictorum ~a, sive defensiva sive offensiva fuerint, ‥ procuratoribus ‥ liberentur StatOx 125 (cf. ib. 293: 1482 quod nullus uteretur ~is invasivis aut defensivis ‥ infra precinctum universitatis); s1350 cum multis navibus ‥ cum telis et ~is aliis defensivis munitis Avesb. 121.  d armis diffisus Aldh. VirgV 2080; insulani ‥ ~a ~is repellebant Bede HE IV 24; illum in ~is omnique rei militaris usu ‥ attollebant G. Crispin Herl. 4; 1100 quodsi ipse preventus vel ~is vel infirmitate pecuniam suam non dederit (Ch. Hen. I) GAS 522; s1086 rex Willelmus, quem ~a confregerant et cure ardue sollicitaverant M. Par. Min. I 30; 1262 cum ‥ quidam ‥ ad ~a ire proponant, viz. ad torneandum aut aventuras querendum Cl 133; 1341 ne quis ‥ turneare, burdeare, justas facere seu alia facta ~orum exercere presumat (Cl) Foed. V 223; 1347 secundum jus ~orum TreatyR 25 m. 8.  e ~orum instrumenta bellica, ‥ hoc est divini macheram verbi et loricam fidei Aldh. VirgP 11; ut diris certaret demonis armis Id. VirgV 1858; accinctus ~is militiae spiritalis Bede HE I 7; instrue spiritualibus ~is virtutibus inermem Anselm (Or. 15) III 64; oratores ‥ quibus acuenda precipue sunt ~a facundie Gir. TH intr. p. 6; quinque ~a spiritualia que recitat Augustinus Wycl. Ver. I 167. 2 arms as mark of rank or class: a (of freeman or serf); b (of adult); c (of knight); d (of serjeant or man-at-arms). a qui servum suum liberat ‥ lanceam et gladium vel que liberorum ~a sunt in manibus ei ponat. ‥ si quis in servum transeat, ‥ in signum transitionis hujus billum vel stumblum vel deinceps ad hunc modum servitutis ~a suscipiat (Leg. Hen.) GAS 594; c1210 tradat illi libera ~a, sc. lanceam et gladium; deinde liber homo efficitur (Leg. Will. retr.) Ib. 491.  b s1149 Henrico nepoti suo David rex Scotorum virilia tradidit ~a. ‥ Eustachius vero filius regis Stephani ‥ eodem anno virilia sumpserat ~a H. Hunt. HA VIII 29.  c de harieta lagemannorum habuit ‥ unius militis ~a DB I 189; regis armiger factus ei servivit donec ab eo ~a militaria accepit Ord. Vit. III 9 p. 109 (cf. ib. VI 10 p. 105: ~a militiae ab eo accepit); hunc [filium Henrici I] Lanfrancus ‥, dum juvenile robur attingere vidit, ad ~a pro defensione regni sustulit eumque lorica induit et galeam capiti ejus imposuit eique ut regis filio ‥ militie cingulum ‥ cinxit Ib. VIII 1 p. 267; 1260 quod omnes illos ‥ qui tenent de nobis in capite et milites esse debent et non sunt distringas ad recipiendum a nobis ~a militaria Cl 171; 1277 a die quo dictus comes [Lincolnie] ~a militaria a domino Henrico rege patre nostro cepit et cinctus fuit gladio comitatus illius (Breve Regis) Ambrosden I 408; s1327 Edwardus [rex] juvenis suscepit ~a militaria per ‥ comitem Lancastrie Wals. HA I 188.  d 1225 in liberationibus servientum ad ~a KR Ac 364/1 m. 4; 1264 rogamus quatinus ‥ aliam gentem ad ~a regnum illud ‥ invadere ‥ nullatenus permittatis Cl 396; 1266 stipendiis militum et servientum ad ~a Cl 234; 1297 generalem servientem hominum nostrorum ad ~a RGasc III 372; s1343 comites et barones et alii homines ~orum Avesb. 101b; s1351 dc viri ~orum congregati in Vasconia Ib. 121; s1346 captivatis ‥ centum militibus ac hominibus ad ~a sexcentis J. Reading 155; s1346 putans regnum Anglie gentibus ~orum omnino evacuatum Plusc. IX 40; s1405 fugit papa cum sua ~orum gente ad Viterbium Ad. Usk 99; omnes ville et burgi [Francie] solvunt regi annuatim ingentes summas ‥ pro stipendiis hominum ad ~a Fortescue LLA 35 (cf. ib.: si gentes ad ~a comedunt alitilia sua); 1496 nostrum servitorem ad ~a Pat 578 m. 11. 3 arms (her.), blazon. b (w. Domini) representation of the instruments of the Passion. 1237 pro j platello ‥ ad opus regine ‥ et pro auro ad deauranda scuta in ipso platello de ~is regis Pipe 81 r. 15; 1243 emi faciant unum pulcrum lapidem ponendum super corpus Geroldi ‥ justiciarii Hibernie, in quo fieri faciant scutum ipsius G., cum ~is suis Liberate 20 m. 19; c1250 vexilla nova parata aureis pellis de ~is regiis Vis. S. Paul. 15; 1261 scutum de ~is suis propriis KR Mem 34 r. 8 d.; 1303 cyphus cum aymallo de ~is regis Anglie (KR Ac 363/6) DocExch 277; 1315 casula ‥ consuta ~is diversorum Invent. Ch. Ch. 52; 1320 pro armis domini regis faciendis ad quatuor portas Rec. Leic. I 333; s1339 ~a gerit quadrata de ~is Francie et Anglie compaginatis Baker 117; 1357 cuidam heraldo ~orum Ac. Durh. 557; s1326 vestierunt eum [H. Dispensatorem] uno vestimento cum ~is suis reversatis missa corona de urticis in capite ejus Knighton I 436; s1377 inter cetera probra que duci [Lancastrie] intulerat ~a ejus in foro sunt publico reversata Wals. HA I 325; 1386 cum uno homine armato de ~is meis, cooperto de russeto cum scochons de ~is meis FormA 429; 1391 pro j scuto ~orum domini Ac. H. Derby 107; 1395 in quadam causa ~orum ‥ de certis ~is de goules cum tribus cheverons de argento Pat 341 m. 8; imagineris te esse retro illa ~a et quod essent super pectus tuum ante te, et sic potes cognoscere dexterum latus a sinistro Bad. Aur. 143; potest ‥ portare ~a illa duplicata que fuerunt patris sui una cum ~is matris sue Ib. 136; ~a et insignia ad cognoscendum homines sunt inventa Upton 59; [T. abbas, ob. 1396] penticium cum ~is diversorum dominorum ‥ lucidissime depinxit G. S. Alb. III 389; 1404 item x panni de blueto de ~is Ac. Durh. 395; [W. episcopus, ob. 1406] de omnibus edificiis suis arma sua, viz. vj virgas vicissim flexatas in forma cribri, imposuit Hist. Durh. 5; 1415 ego Ricardus Brigge alias dictus Lancastr’ rex ~orum Reg. Cant. II 186; 1417 homines qui in viagiis nostris ‥ ~a ac tunicas ~orum vocatas cotearmures in se sumpserunt (Cl) Foed. IX 457a; 1447 volo quod executor meus ‥ ponet supra sepulcrum meum ‥ lapidem marmoreum ‥ cum ~is meis suprasculptis supra eundem MunAcOx 557.  b 1448 j tecam cum ~is Domini gemmis textam ‥ cum duobus corporalibus in eadem (Invent. All Souls) Arch. J. LI 120. 4 tools, instruments, organs. Brigidam ‥ domum reversam, relictis ibidem quibusdam insigniis suis, viz. pera, monili, nola et textrilibus ~is W. Malm. Glast. 24; si aliquam vi oppressisset, genitalibus privabatur ~is H. Hunt. HA VI 39; 1251 siccum quod jacuit per terram, quod colligere possent manibus suis sine ~is emolitis IMisc 5/24.

arma, (5) ōrum, n. ¶ 1 ustensiles, instruments : Virg. En. 1, 177 ; 5, 15 ; Hor. P. 379 ¶ 2 armes [en gén.] : Cic. , Cæs. , Liv. , etc. || hommes armés, troupe : Cic. Prov. 33 ; Mil. 3 || les combats, la guerre : Cic. Att. 7, 3, 5 ; Br. 308 ; Mil. 10, etc. || [fig.] armis et castris rem tentare Cic. Off. 2, 24, essayer une chose par tous les moyens possibles ; arma prudentiæ Cic. de Or. 1, 172, les armes de la prudence, cf. Cat. 2, 14 ; CM 9, etc.

➳ gén. pl. armum Pacuv. 34 ; Acc. Tr. 319 ; cf. Cic. Or. 155.

arma , orum. n.
盔甲兵器。戰船物。 舟榦。傢伙。— tonsoria 剃具。— cerealia 燒麵頭之具。— agrestia 種地之具。Ad arma 打。拏兵器可也。 Ad arma currere 急操兵器。Vocare ad arma 呼孥兵器。Armum pro Armorum.

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arma ōrum, n

• 1 AR-, implements, outfit, instruments, tools: cerealia, for making bread, V.: (coloni) operis, O.: omne genus: armorum, Cs.: Conligere arma iubet, the ship's tackle, V.—Armor fitted to the body, defensive armor(the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.): arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere, L.: auro caelata, L.: Lausum super arma ferre, on his shield, V.: caelestia, quae ancilia appellantur, L.: se collegit in arma, covered with his shield, V.— In gen., implements of war, arms, weapons: alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum: belli, T.: pugnis, dein ... Pugnabant armis, H.: arma capere: ferre posse, Cs.: aptare, L.: induere, O.: armis accingi, V.: vocare ad arma: ad arma concurri, Cs.: armis uti: in armis esse, under arms, Cs.: cum alquo armis dimicare, N.: deponere, Cs.: amittere, V.: deripere militibus, H.: ad bellum polliceri, L.: armorum atque telorum portationes, S.— Fig., means of protection, defence, weapons: prudentiae: mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit, H.: contra Borean, i. e. covering, O.: quaerere conscius arma, i. e. ways of attacking me, V.: silent leges inter arma, in war: cedant arma togae: externa erat, foreign, L.: civilia, Ta.: inferre Italiae, N.: ad horrida promptior arma, O.: compositis armis, H.: Arma virumque cano, V.: in arma feror, battle, V.—A side, party in war: isdem in armis fui.—Soldiers, troops: nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, L.: machina Feta armis, V.: auxiliaria, auxiliary troops, O.

ARMA

ARMA, ARMATU´RA(ὅπλα, Hom. ἔντεα, τεύχεα), arms, armour. Homer describes in various passages the entire suit of armour of some of his greatest warriors, viz. of Achilles, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Paris (11. 3.328-339, 4.132-138, 11.15-45, xvi. 130-142, 19.364-391); and we observe that it consisted of the same portions which were used by the Greek soldiers ever after. Moreover, the order of putting them on is always the same. The heavy-armed warrior, having already a tunic around his body, and preparing for combat, puts on,--first, his greaves (κνημῖδες, ocreae); secondly, his cuirass (θώραξ, lorica), to which belonged the μιτρη underneath, and the zone (ζώνη, ζωστῆρ, (cingulum) above; thirdly, his sword (ξιφος, ensis, gladius) hung on the left side of his body by means of a belt which passed over the right shoulder; fourthly, the large round shield (σκκος, ἀσπίς, clipeus, scutum), supported in the same manner; fifthly, his helmet (κόρυς, κυνέη, cassis, galea) ; sixthly and lastly, he took his spear (ἔγχος, δόρυ, hasta), or, in many cases, two spears (δοῦρε δύω). The form and use of these portions are described in separate articles under their Latin names. The foregoing woodcut exhibits them all in the form of a Greek warrior attired for battle, as shown in Hope's Costume of the Ancients (1.70).

Those who were defended in the manner which has now been represented, are called by Homer ἀσπισταί, from their great shield (ἀσπίς); also ἀλχέμαχοι, because they fought hand to hand with their adversaries; but much more commonly πρόμαχοι, because they occupied the front of the army: and it is to be observed that these terms, especially the last, were honourable titles, the expense of a complete suit of armour (πανοπλίη, Hdt. 1.60) being of itself sufficient to prove the wealth and rank of the wearer, while his place on the field was no less indicative of strength and bravery.

In later times, the heavy-armed soldiers were called ὁπλῖται, because the term ὅπλα more especially denoted the defensive armour, the shield and thorax. By <*>earing these they were distinguished from the light-armed, whom Herodotus (Hdt. 9.62, 63), for the reason just mentioned, calls ἄνοπλοι, and who are also denominated ψιλοί, and γυμνοί, γυμνῆται, or γυμνῆτες. Instead of being defended by the shield and thorax, their bodies had a much slighter covering, sometimes consisting of skins, and sometimes of leather or cloth; and instead of the sword and lance, they commonly fought with darts, stones, bows and arrows, or slings.

Besides the heavy-and light-armed soldiers, the ὁπλῖται and ψιλοί, who in general bore towards one another the intimate relation now explained, another description of men, the πελτασταί, sometimes formed a part of the Greek army after the Persian wars, and regularly after the expedition of the Ten Thousand. Instead of the large round shield, they carried a smaller one called the πέλτη, and in other respects their armour was much lighter than that of the hoplites. The weapon on which they principally depended was the spear.

The Roman soldiers had different kinds of arms and armour; but an account of the arms of the different kinds of troops cannot be separated from a description of the troops of a Roman army, and the reader is therefore referred to EXERCITUSThe following cut represents two heavy-armed Roman soldiers, and is taken from the reliefs on Trajan's Column. On comparing it with that of the Greek hoplite in the other cut, we perceive that the several parts of the armour correspond, excepting only that the Roman soldier wears a dagger (μάχαιρα, pugio) on his right side instead of a sword on his left, and, instead of greaves (which were abandoned in imperial times) upon his legs, has femoralia and caligae. All the essential parts of the Roman heavy armour (lorica, ensis, clipeus, galea, hasta) are mentioned together in an epigram of Martial (Mart. 9.57); and all except the spear in a well-known passage (Eph. 6.14-17) of St. Paul, whose enumeration exactly coincides with the figures on the Arch of Severus, and who makes mention not only of greaves, but of shoes or sandals for the feet.

The soft or flexible parts of the heavy armour were made of cloth or leather. The metal principally used in their formation was that compound of copper and tin which we call bronze, or more properly bell-metal. [AES] Hence the names for this metal (χαλκός, aes) are often used to mean armour, and the light reflected from the arms of a warrior is called αὐγὴ χαλκείη by Homer, and lux aëna by Virgil (Aen. 2.470). Instead of copper, iron afterwards came to be very extensively used in the manufacture of arms, although articles made of it are much more rarely discovered, because iron is by exposure to air and moisture exceedingly liable to corrosion and decay. Gold and silver, and tin unmixed with copper, were also used, more especially to enrich and adorn the armour.

[J.Y]