census

census, a, um, Part., from 1. censeo.

census, ūs, m. [1. censeo].

• A registering and rating of Roman citizens, property, etc., a census; cf. Liv. 1, 42, 5; Dig. 50, 15, and the compendiums referred to under censor: habere, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 131: agere, Liv. 3, 22, 1; 40, 46, 8; Suet. Aug. 27; id. Tib. 21: facere, Gell. 10, 28, 1: censere, cf. censeo: censu prohibere, to refuse one admittance into the lists of citizens, Cic. Sest. 47, 101; so, censu excludere, Liv. 45, 15, 4: manumissio censu, i.e. when a slave was enrolled in the census at the request of his master, Just. Inst. 1, 5, 1.— Hence,
• II Meton.
• • A The register of the census, the censor’s lists, P. Afr. ap. Gell. 7, 11, 9; Cic. Balb. 2, 5; id. Arch. 5, 11; id. Cael. 32, 78; Liv. 39, 44, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4; 22, 3, 10.—
  • B The registered property of Roman citizens: census senatorum (800,000 sesterces), Suet. Aug. 41; id. Vesp. 17: census equester (400,000 sesterces), id. Caes. 33; id. Aug. 40; cf. Juv. 14, 326.—
  • C Wealth, riches, property, possessions, in gen. ( = divitiae, opes): homo egens, sine censu, Cic. Fl. 22, 52; so Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; id. S. 2, 3, 324; Ov. F. 1, 217; id. M. 3, 588; 8, 846; Plin. 14, prooem. § 5; Tac. A. 2, 37; Suet. Ner. 38; 44 al.: exiguus, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 43: tenuis, id. ib. 1, 7, 56: opimo onerare digitos, Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 22.—Poet., = pretium, munera, rich presents, gifts, Ov. M. 7, 739.—
  • • 2 Trop.: censu Tullius oris (by eloquence) Emeritus caelum, Manil. 1, 792; cf. id. 1, 12; 3, 71.

cēnsus, ūs, m. (1. censeo), I) die Abschätzung und Kontrollierung der Vermögensumstände u. bürgerlichen Verhältnisse eines jeden röm. Bürgers (wobei dieser des Vaters Namen und den eigenen vollständigen Namen, sein Alter, seine Familie [Gattin, Kinder], sowie insbesondere sein Vermögen [an Kapital, Grundeigentum u. Sklaven] genau angeben mußte, weil nach dieser Taxe ihm die Höhe der Kopf- u. Vermögenssteuer auferlegt u. sein Platz in einer der 35 Tribus angewiesen wurde), der Zensus, die Schatzung, aestimatio census, Cic.: professio census Romani, Oros.: censum instituere, Liv.: Romano censui ascribi, Oros.: censibus negotiatorum ascribi, zum Vermögen der H. gerechnet werden, Tac.: censum habere, Cic., od. agere, Liv., od. facere, Gell., den Zensus halten: censum a tribus Galliis agere, Liv. epit. 134: censum perficere, Liv.: censum maturare (schnell beendigen), Liv.: esse censui censendo etc., s. 1. cēnseo (no. I. A, 2, a): censum accipere (entgegennehmen), Liv., Ggstz. repudiare, Cic.: praedia dedicare in censum od. in censu, angeben, Scip. Afr. fr., Cic. u. Varr. LL.: in censum deferre, s. dē-fero: afferre in censum nihil praeter caput, Cic.: censum alcis augere, extenuare, Cic.: censum deferre od. profiteri, deklarieren, Tac. u. ICt.: censum emendare, nachdeklarieren, ICt.: censu liberari, Cic.: a censu (nach der Vermögensschätzung) et senatum et iudices legere, Liv.: u. so ex censu remiges dare, Liv.: censum alci praefinire, Cic.: censu prohibere, Cic., od. excludere, Liv., einem die Aufnahme in die Bürgerliste verweigern: habere censum eorum, qui etc., eine Zählung derer vornehmen, die usw., Caes. – II) meton.: a) Zensusrolle od. -liste, Schatzungsliste, Steuerkataster u., insofern auch die Grundstücke eingetragen waren = Lagerbuch, Grundflurbuch, Kataster, in censum referre, Liv. 39, 44, 2. Flor. 1, 6, 3. Ulp. dig. 50, 15, 4 pr.: census nostros requiris, Cic. Arch. 5, 10: censum populi Romani incendere, Cic. Cael. 78: vetera monumenta, census (Lagerbücher), auctoritas, Papin. dig. 10, 1, 11. – b) das beim Zensus anzugebende od. angegebene Vermögen, der Zensus, übtr. übh. Vermögen, Reichtum, Besitztum, census senatorius, eines Senatoren (nicht unter 800000 Sesterze), Suet.: c. equester, eines Ritters (nicht unter 400000 Sesterze), Suet.: homo sine censu, Cic.: homo tenui censu, Hor.: inops censu, ein armer Teufel, Ps. Quint. decl.: census partus per vulnera, im Kriege erworbenes V., Ov.: Romani census populi, der röm. Schatz, Lucan.: c. mobilis, Mobiliarvermögen, Amm.: demittere censum in viscera, sein V. durchbringen, Ov.: breves extendere census, sein kleines Vermögen vergrößern, Mart.: dat census honores, Ov.: non potest ad haec sumi iudex ex turba selectorum, quem census in album et equestris hereditas (ererbte Ritterstand) misit, Sen.: census (Vermögensstücke) capere, pfänden, Plaut. Men. 454 (aber s. Brix z. St.). – bildl., censu oris, durch Beredsamkeit, Manil. 1, 792. – c) die vom ganzen Zensus abhängige Kopf- u. Vermögenssteuer, Cod. Iust. 4, 47 sine censu etc.

census [CL] 1 valuation. b assessment, census (w. ref. to Domesday survey). ~us, aestimatio GlC C 321.  b s1086 [rex] provinciales adeo nutui suo substraverat ut ‥ primus ~um omnium capitum ageret W. Malm. GR III 258. 2 (royal) revenue, tribute, tax; b (w. ref. to Matth. xxii 17). c tribute (fig.). † c733 (13c) tibi ‥ navis onustae transvectionis ~um, qui a theloneariis nostris tributaria exactione inpetitur, perdonans attribuo CS 150; 781 (11c) rex Offa ‥ concessit ut nullo majore †cessu alicujus rei essent subjectae quam praememorata sedis episcopalis Ib. 241; 940 liber ab omni mundiali ~u Ib. 748 (cf. ib. 601); 956 (? 10c) solutio agri ab omni ~u regali excepta expeditione [etc.] Ib. 935; [rex] omnium uniuscujusque anni ~uum successum bifarie ‥ ministros suos dividere ‥ imperavit Asser Alf. 99; rex ‥ jussit ut nemo abbatum ‥ sibi locellum ad hoc thesaurizaret terrenum ut solitus ~us, quem indigenae heriatua usualiter vocitant, qui pro hujus patriae potentibus post obitum regibus dari solet, unde pro eis ‥ dari posset haberet RegulC 69; c1070 clamo eos quietos ‥ ab omni mea consuetudine et ~u pecunie que geld et danegeld Anglice vocatur Regesta p. 120; s1089 taxato victu monachorum ‥ [rex] reliqua sub ~um atque in suum dominium redigi jussit Eadmer HN 31; s1105 ecclesias siquidem quas Willelmus frater Henrici ~ui subjecerat ipse [H.] in manus Anselmi liberas reddidit W. Malm. GP I 60; 1130 omnia sua sint libera ‥ ab omni collectione ~us, que geld vel scot vel denegeld Anglice nominator Cart. Rams. I 242 (cf. PQW 305b); s1366 princeps ‥ regem [Hispanie] depositum ‥ innodavit sacramento ‥ Saracenos aliosque incredulos a suo regno expellere nec aliquos tales pro aliquo ~u habitare ibidem permittere J. Reading 189; s1377 ut concederent eundem ~um de capitibus singulis tam virorum religiosorum quam ecclesiasticorum secularium, viz. pro singulis capitibus grossas singulas, novam quidem et inauditam taxam Chr. Angl. 131.  b Phariseis inquirentibus utrum liceat dari Cesari ~um annon respondit ‥ Diceto II 180; Christus noluit ut fideles prejudicarens imperatori infideli negando ei ~um Ockham Dial. 916.  c c693 exultate quod ‥ primus apostolorum Petrus, dum mentis ac conscientiae vestrae ~u laetatur, nominum quoque vestrorum reminiscitur (Lit. Papae) W. Malm. GP I 34. 3 (eccl): a payment to Pope (various). b payment in aid of Holy Land. c churchshot (cf. cyricsceattum) or wax-shot (cf. ceragium). d payment by chapel to mother church. e payment to mother house (mon.). f payment exacted from clergy. a a1100 multa ex ~u B. Petri dicitur collegisse (Lit. Papae) Ep. Anselm. (125) III 266; 1220 pro debito vobis annuo ~u, in quo ‥ minus vobis est ‥ responsum Pat 267; 1308 recepta de ~ibus Romane ecclesie (Lit. Collectorum Apostol.) EHR XLI 353; s1308 expendit in eundo ‥ versus curiam ‥ plus quam mille li., preter ~um domino pape et cardinalibus nomine primorum fructuum solutum G. S. Alb. II 114; s1309 quod ~um mille m. ‥ habitum et signatum per ‥ thesaurarium patris sui [sc. regis] mittendum ad curiam idem thesaurarius regis ‥ occupavit Ann. Lond. 167.  b 1274 quia attendatur quod, si ~us [in subsidium Terre Sancte] statuatur, processu temporis in usus alios convertetur Conc. Syn. 811 (cf. (v. censualis 1b)).  c 967 (11c) sit terra ista libera omni regi [sic] nisi ecclesiastici ~i (sic) CS 1207 (cf. ib. 1239, CD 649); cyricsceat, id est ecclesiae ~us, in festo S. Martini (Quad.) GAS 292 (cf. (Cons. Cnuti) ib. 293: ecclesiasticus ~us); omnis ~us ecclesiasticus [AS: cyricsceat] contingat monasterio veteri secundum unumquemque liberum focum. et ~us luminaris [AS: leohtgesceot] ter in anno (Cons. Cnuti) Ib. 295 (cf. (v. cera 1b)); 11‥ aecclesiastici ~i, id est duos modios de mundo grano Cart. Heming I 145.  d 1323 dicta capella tenetur ‥ ecclesie matrici de Wenloke in annuo ~u, viz. vij solidorum in signum subjeccionis; et vicarius ‥ ecclesie matricis percipit ij s. annui ~us, qui vocatur feodum confessionis Reg. Heref. 283.  e 1330 quod Sempynghamensi ecclesie nichil in feodum detur, set, si opus est, ad †conrm [MS: censum] annuum vel ad operacionem PQW 541a.  f 12‥ quod novi ~us ecclesiis aut vicariis non imponantur nec antiqui ~us augeantur Conc. Scot. II 13 (cf. Conc. I 506a: exactiones vel tallias). 4 rent, or farm paid for land, etc., socage rent or sim.; b (contrasted w. service, or noted as paid in commutation therefor). c burgage rent or rent paid in borough by non-burgess (cf. 1 censarius 2, 1 censura 3b). d rent paid by bee-keeper. e rent derived from royal forests. f cens (Fr.). ibi est piscaria sine ~u DB I 179b; Celdefordam tenuit comes A. ‥ pro j manerio . ‥ modo Otto aurifaber tenet ad ~um in manu regis DB II 3b; s1089 [dedi] mansionem ‥ Hecham nomine, totum quod ibi habui cum terra Pagani ‥ et cum omnibus liberis hominibus quorum ~um idem P. recipiebat (Cart. Lewes) Med. E. Anglia 98; c1090 precipio ut homines de S. juste reddant monachis de Spalding’ firmam suam et sensum Regesta p. 140; s1092 rex ‥ ecclesias non amplius vendere nec ad ~um ponere ‥ promisit Fl. Worc. II 30; a1125 dando singulis annis iij s. pro ~u et viij d. pro sacha et socha DL DeedsL 77; c1164 ij bovatas terre sub annuo ~u v s. Danelaw 176; 1167 vic. r. c. de xxviij s. de ~u statuto de eadem terra Pipe 114; 1201 remisi Huberto ‥ omnes consuetudines ad terram ejus pertinentes quam de me tenet, preter solitum ~um qui ad terram ‥ pertinet, sc. xv d. per annum CurR II 13; 1219 dimisit terram illam O. persone ‥ ecclesie per servicium xij d. de ~u BNB II 20; 1237 solvent ‥ ecclesie ‥ pro dictis messuagiis xx s. annuatim ‥ de quibus vij s. ‥ fuerunt de veteri ~u debito dicte ecclesie Ch. Sal. 241; 1275 rex ‥ solet habere de annuo ~u predictorum bondorum de Lowistoft xxiij s. x d. Hund. II 161; Ockham Disp. 17 (v. censualis 1a); s1417 litem movit ‥ de annuo ~u c s. Scotorum a Dundurcus Ferr. Kinloss 29.  b c1120 in sex [virgatis] hospitatis sedent homines xij, e quibus xj reddunt ~um xxiiij s., duodecimus R. habet j waram pro servitio suo Cart. Burton 28 (cf. (v. censarius 2a)); 1181 A. [tenet] j virgatam, cujus una medietas fuit ad ~um. altera operaria Dom. S. Paul. 117 (cf. (v. censualis 1c)); c1185 hec est tenura singulorum hominum de Ewelle et ~us et servitium quod pertinet singulis hominibus et terris quas tenent Rec. Templars 21; quorum [rusticorum] servitium, cum villa fuit facta libera, divideretur in duas partes, ut sacrista ‥ acciperet liberum ~um, sc. de qualibet acra ij d., celerarius haberet araturas et alia servitia Brakelond 150; 1252 ad voluntatem domini possunt opera poni ad ~um, que quidem sunt estimanda: in hyeme opus j diei iij quad; in estate j d; in autumno ij d. Cart. Rams. I 325.  c ibi [Canterbury] viij acrae prati quae solebant esse legatorum regis modo reddunt de ~u xv sol. DB I 2; nullam aliam consuetudinem ibi [Worcester] rex capiebat preter ~um domorum sicut unicuique pertinebat DB I 172; de hac civitate [Hereford] reddebat praepositus xij li. regi E. et vj li. comiti Heraldo et habebat in suo ~u supradictas omnes consuetudines DB I 179; ipsi ‥ in novo burgo [Nottingham] statuit xiij domos, quae antea non fuerant, apponens eas in ~u veteris burgi DB I 247; c1120 in Berewyce xl s. de ~u de burgo per unumquemque annum ‥, et in burgo de Rokesburge ‥ xl s. de ~u E. Ch. Scot. 35 (cf. ib. 86, 242); c1150 omnibus burgensibus meis de L. concedo tenere de me libere et quiete ‥ per constitutes ~us suos et per crementum octo librarum Rec. Leic. I 4; c1150 libertates ‥ cum memoratis xx s. annui ~us concessi (Launceston) BBC II 380; c1175 volumus ‥ ut ‥ teneat ‥ managium quamdiu vixerit ‥ et ~um nostrum ‥ bene reddiderit FormA (Canterbury) 115; a1265 Ib. 141 (v. censarius 2c); 1281 prior ‥ attraxit ‥ sibi dominium ‥ mes[uagii], signum Hospitalis in eodem apponendo et ~um annuum a tenente ejusdem exigendo PQW (Derby) 439b; s1281 assignavimus certum redditum ad coquinam, viz. †tensum [MS: censum] burgi et mercati Ann. Dunstable 287.  d apum custodi, si gafolheorde, id est gregem ad ~um, teneat (Quad., Rect.) GAS 448.  e 1130 r.c. de ~u Nove Foreste Pipe 17; Dial. Scac. I 5U (v. censere 5a); c1280 abbas de Hida habet j robur per annum ad manerium suum de P. pertinens per visum summi forestarii, reddendo Johanni ‥ et ‥ Willelmo [forestariis de Savernake] annuatim ad ~um suum fac[iendum] domino regi ‥ KR Forest Proc. 2/25 (cf. (v. censaria 2)).  f c1170 ut unusquisque de domo sua in qua obtinebit masnagium ij d. de ~u domino suo annuatim reddat Act. Hen. II (St. Florent) I 511; 1199 in ‥ terris vineiis et †incensu [? l. in ~u] RChart (Marmoutier) 10b; 1202 quod ‥ ~us edificiorum que super pontem [Xancton’] ‥ idem magister scolarium faciet fieri sint in perpetuum ad eundem pontem reficiendum Pat 9b; 1289 de ‥ ~ibus balenarum et aliis que de ascensa prepositure ‥ Baione excipiuntur RGasc II 355. 5 a annual payment, pension. b (w. morthidis) (?) mortuary payment. c compensation. d hire, payment for service. e repayment (to allies), recompense. a 1235 paratus sum ‥ conferre dicto puero x m. annuas de camera nostra ‥ donec in ‥ beneficio ecclesiastico ‥ eidem fuerit provisum. affectuose rogo vestram dilectionem quatinus predictum ~um annuum ‥ predicto W. ‥ percipere permittatis Gros. Ep. 17 (cf. Reg. Whet. II 403: c1430 materiam murmuris occasione cujusdam annui ~us inter nostre obediencie priores subortam).  b †1066 (12c) cum redditibus, servitiis, ‥ donariis, ~u morthidis ‥ CD 824 (cf. ib. 809).  c si quis [furti] calumpniatus fuerit ‥, quodsi fidejussores invenire nequiverint, vincant illum ‥ et reddant callumpniatori suum ~um capitalem [AS: gilde man pam teonde his ceapgild] (Cons. Cnuti) GAS 329 (cf. (Inst. Cnuti) ib.: solvatur repetenti captale suum; (v. ceapgildum)); sin autem [furata pecunia sit] in repostaculo reperta, tunc poterit ~us anticipacionis [AS: pæt forfangfeoh] moderatior esse (Ib.) Ib. 391.  d 1305 (v. conducticius 1e).  e s1087 ingentem ~um captivorum gentilibus et Scotis Res filius Teudur tradidit Ann. Cambr. 28. 6 wealth, property. b coinage. c endowment, talent (fig.). ~us, divitiae GlC C 329; dum cernunt amplum sponsas expendere censum Aldh. VirgV 2384; quod si moreretur non diviso ~u suo, rex habebat omnem ~um DB I 179; clericus judicatus est esse in misericordia regis et de omni †cessu et de corpore suo DB II 7; qui alium de iniquitate accusare voluerit, quod ipse utro aut ~u aut commodo [AS: oðe feo oðe freme] deterior sit (Cons. Cnuti) GAS 321 (cf. (Inst. Cnuti) ib.: ita ut accusatus perditurus sit propter delationem accusantis pecuniam aut vitam); si venditor careret plegiis, retineretur cum ~u (Leg. Ed. Retr.) Ib. 668 (cf. (Leg. Ed.) ib.: cum pecunia); omnem ecclesie ~um sive thesaurum tam in auro et argento quam in lapidibus preciosis Cust. Westm. 42; 13‥ si prepositus burgensem percutiat extra curiam, in misericordia est de suo scensu Cust. Preston 499; catelle, cattallum, ~us PP.  b circa ~us emendam [AS: feos bote], ut per totam gentem una moneta eat ‥ quam nemo repudiet (Cons. Cnuti) GAS 315 (cf. (Quad.) ib.: de correctione pecunie; (Inst. Cnuti) ib.: stabilitatem monetae); c1370 falsos mutabit, sic censum multiplicabit [gl.: i. aurum et argentum] (J. Bridl.) Pol. Poems I 192–3.  c p705 quatenus ‥ me ‥ ex omni paternae prudentiae diviti ~u ‥ ditare non recuses (Æthelwald) Ep. Aldh. 2 (7) (cf. ib.: opulenti paternae philosophiae ~u exheredem); sub modio lumen, census sub clave sepultus / non multum prodest H. Avr. Poems 2. 1. 7 (math.) unknown quantity (x). b (dist. from radix) square. multiplicavi tertiam partem ~us et denarium unum cum quarta parte ~us et cum denario uno, et provenerunt 63. quantus igitur est ~us? respondetur ex regula 24. Rob. Angl. (I) Alg. 146.  b ~us et octo radices ejus 33 denariis equipollent. queritur ergo: quantus est ~us Rob. Angl. (I) Alg. 128.

1 cēnsus, a, um, part. de censeo.

2 cēnsŭs, (9) ūs, m. , ¶ 1 cens, recensement (quinquennal des citoyens, des fortunes, qui permet de déterminer les classes, les centuries, lʼimpôt) : censum habere Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 63 ; agere Liv. 29, 15, 9, faire le recensement ; censu prohibere Cic. Sest. 101 ; excludere Liv. 45, 15, 4, ne pas admettre qqn sur la liste des citoyens || [en part.] census equitum Liv. 29, 37, 8, revue des chevaliers ; in equitum censu prodire Cic. Clu. 134, comparaître lors du recensement des chevaliers ¶ 2 rôle, liste des censeurs ; registres du cens : Cic. Balbo 5 ; Clu. 141 ; Cæl. 78 ; Arch. 11 ¶ 3 cens, quantité recensée, fortune, facultés : Cic. Leg. 3, 44 ; 2, 68 ; Com. 42 ; Liv. 1, 42, 5 ; homo sine censu Cic. Fl. 52, homme sans fortune.

census , us. m.
烟戶册。田宅單。估家 產。家貲。税。Censui censendo legem ferre 定估税之律。Homo tenui censu 薄富之士。Dat census honores 發財就體面。人富則榮。Habere vel agere censum 数烟戶。 籍民。

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census , a, um. part. p. v. censeo.
Capite censi 無田宅單之民。Censi — orum plur. 財主。富翁。

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cēnsus (1)

• P. of censeo.

cēnsus (2) ūs, m

• censeo, a registering of citizens and property by the censors, census, appraisement: censum habere: agere, L.: censu prohibere, to exclude from the list of citizens.—A counting, numbering: eorum, qui domum redierunt, Cs.—The register of the census, censor's lists. —A fortune, estate, wealth, riches, property, possessions: homo sine censu: in senatoribus cooptandis neque censūs neque aetates valuisse: Ars illi sua census erat, his fortune, O.: Tulli, Iu.: exiguus, H.: cultus maior censu, beyond your means, H.— Poet., rich presents, gifts, O.

CENSUS

CENSUS

1. Greek.

The Greek term for a man's property as ascertained by the census, as well as for the act of ascertaining it, is τίμημα. The only Greek state concerning whose arrangement of the census we have any satisfactory information, is Athens; for what we know of the other states is only of a fragmentary nature, and does not enable us to form an accurate notion of their census. Previous to the time of Solon no census had been instituted at Athens, as a citizen's rights were always determined by birth; but, as Solon substituted property for birth, and made a citizen's rights and duties dependent upon his property, it became a matter of necessity to ascertain by a general census the amount of the property of the Athenian citizens. According to his census, all citizens were divided into four classes: 1. πεντακοσιομέδιμνοι, or persons possessing landed property which yielded an annual income of at least 500 medimni of dry or liquid produce.2. ἱππεῖς, i. e. knights or persons able to keep a war-horse, wore those whose lands yielded an annual produce of at least 300 medimni, whence they are also called τριακοσιομέδιμνοι. 3. ζευγῖται, i. e. persons able to keep a yoke of oxen (ζεῦγος), were those whose annual income consisted of at least 150 medimni.4. The θῆτες contained all the rest of the free population, whose income was below that of the Zeugitae.(Plut. Sol. 18, and the Lexicographers, s. vv.) These classes themselves were called τιμήματα: and the constitution of Athens, so long as it was based upon these classes, was a timocracy (τιμοκρατία or ἀπὸ τιμημάτων πολιτεία). The highest magistracy at Athens, or the archonship, was at first accessible only to persons of the first class, until Aristides threw all the state offices open to all classes indiscriminately. (Plut. Arist. 1, 22.) The maintenance of the republic mainly devolved upon the first three classes, the last being exempted from all taxes. Sometimes we indeed find mention of a θητικὸν τέλος, and the expression θητικὸν τελεῖν, to pay the tax of θῆτες (Lex ap. Dem. c. Macart. p. 1067.54; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. p. 261; Etym. M. s. v.); but this cannot be understood of a special tax which the fourth class had to pay, but must be explained in a more general sense, for τέλος τελεῖν means generally, to perform the duties arising out of persons being connected with one or other of the classes, and need not therefore refer to any special tax.

In regard to the duties which the above-mentioned census imposed upon the first three of the classes, we must distinguish certain personal obligations or liturgies (λειτουργίαι) which had to be performed by individuals according to the class to which they belonged [LEITURGIAE ], and certain taxes and burdens which were regulated according to the classes; so that all citizens belonging to the same class had the same burdens imposed upon them. As the land in the legislation of Solon was regarded as the capital which yielded an annual income, he regulated his system of taxation by the value of the land which was treated as the taxable capital. There is a passage in Pollux (8.130, 132) in which he says that a pentacosiomedimnus expended one talent on the public account, a ἱππεὺς thirty minae, and a ζευγίτης ten minae. Now this seems to be impossible; for, as Solon (Plut. Sol. 23) reckoned the medimnus of dry produce at one drachma, we must suppose that a member of the first class was reckoned to have an annual income of 500 drachmae, or the twelfth part of a talent. But the difficulty may be solved in this manner. The valuation which Solon put upon the land of an Athenian citizen was in reality neither the real value of the property, nor the amount of the property tax, but only a certain portion of the real property which was treated as the taxable capital. Solon in his census ascertained a person's landed property from its net annual produce; and the number of medimni which it was supposed to produce were reckoned as so many drachmae. But the produce was probably not calculated higher than was done when the estate was let out to farm. The rent paid by a farmer was probably not much more than 8 per cent., as it was in the time of Isaeus (Or. 11 [Hagn.], § 42). Now, if we suppose that in the time of Solon it was 8 1/3 per cent., the net produce of an estate was exactly 1/12 of the value of the property, and accordingly the value of the property of a person belonging to the first class was one talent; in the second, 3600 drachmae; and in the third, 1800 drachmae. Solon, in taxing the citizens, was wise enough to see that the same standard could not be applied to all the three classes; for the smaller a person's income is, the smaller ought to be the standard of taxation. Accordingly, a person belonging to the first class, being the wealthiest, had to pay a tax on his entire property, while only a portion of the property of the persons belonging to the two other classes was regarded as taxable capital; viz. persons of the second paid the tax only of 5/6 and persons of the third class only of I of their property. Lists of this taxable property (ἀπογραφαί) were kept at first by the naucrari, who also had to conduct the census (Hesych. s. v. ναύκλαρος), and afterwards by the demarchi (Harpocrat. s. v. δήμαρχοι). As property is a fluctuating thing, the census was repeated from time to time, but the periods differed in the various parts of Greece, for in some a census was held every year, and in others every two or four years. (Aristot. Polit. 5.8.) Every person had conscientiously to state the amount of his property; and if there was any doubt about his honesty, it seems that a counter-valuation (ἀντιτίμησις) might be made. Now, supposing that all the taxable capital of the Athenian citizens was found to be 3000 talents, and that the state wanted 60 talents, or 1/30 part of it, each citizen had to pay away 1/50 part of his taxable property: that is, a person of the first class paid 120 drachmae (the 50th part of 6000); a person of the second, 60 drachmae (the 50th part of 3000); and a person of the third class, 20 drachmae (the 50th part of 1000). It is, however, not improbable that persons belonging to the same class may have had to pay a different amount of taxes according as their property was equal to the minimum or above it; and Böckh, in his Public Economy of Athens, has made out a table, in which each class is subdivided into three sections.

This system of taxation according to classes, and based upon the possession of productive estates, underwent a considerable change in the time of the Peloponnesian war, though the division into classes itself continued to be observed for a considerable time after. As the wants of the republic increased, and as many citizens were possessed of large property without being landed proprietors, the original land-tax was changed into a property-tax. In this manner we must explain the proposal of Euripides, shortly before B.C. 393, to raise 500 talents by imposing a tax of one-fortieth part. (Aristoph. Eccles. 823, &c.) For the taxable capital, viz. 20,000 talents, far exceeds the amount of all the landed property in Attica. This property tax, which was substituted for the land tax, was called εἰσφορά, concerning which see EISPHORACompare LEITURGIAE; and for the taxes paid by resident aliens, METOECI. (Böckh, Publ. Econ. of Athens, p. 495, &c., 2nd edition; comp. Schömann, Antiq. 1.455, E. T.)

(Appendix). In this article the property qualification of the Zeugitae is given, on the authority of Boeckh and Schömann, at 150 medimni a year. The more usual statement, following Plutarch (Plut. Sol. 18) and several passages of the grammarians, puts the figure at 200: a view strongly maintained by Grote (2.320 n., ed. 1862). Gilbert (Staatsalterth. 1.133) declares that the question cannot be positively decided. To the testimony of later writers in favour of the number 200 is now added the earlier and better authority of Aristotle (Ἀθ. πολ. 100.7), and this must be pronounced by far the most probable opinion.

2. Roman.

[CENSOR]

[L.S]

Census

(τίμημα). A register of persons and property, constituting a claim to the rights of citizenship at Athens and at Rome.

I. At Athens. The census at Athens seems to date from the constitution of Solon. This legislator made four classes (τιμήματα, τέλη). (a) Pentacosiomedimni, or those who received 500 measures, dry or liquid, from their lands. (b) Knights (ἵππεις), who had an income of 300 measures. (c) Zeugitae (ζευγῖται), whose income was 150 measures. (d) Thetes (θῆτες), or capite censi. The word τίμημα, as used in the orators, means the valuation of the property—i. e. not the capital itself, but the taxable capital. Now, if the valuation of the income was that given in the distribution of the classes just mentioned, it is not difficult to get at the valuation of the capital implied. Solon reckoned the dry measure, or medimnus, at a drachma. But it is probable that the income was reckoned at a twelfth part of the value of the land, on the same principle which originated the unciarium foenus, or 8 1/3 per cent., at Rome; and if so, the landed property of a pentacosiomedimnus was reckoned at a talent, or 12X500=6000 drachmas; that of a knight at 12X300=3600 drachmas; and that of a zeugites at 12X150=1800 drachmas. In the first class, the whole estate was considered as taxable capital; but in the second, only 5/6, or 3000 drachmas; and in the third, 5/9, or 1000 drachmas; to which Pollux alludes when he says, in his clumsy way, that the first class expended one talent on the public account; the second, 30 minas; the third, 10 minas; and the thetes, nothing.

In order to settle in what class a man should be entered on the register (ἀπογραφή), he returned a valuation of his property, subject, perhaps, to the check of a counter-valuation (ὑποτίμησις). The valuation was made very frequently; in some states, every year; in others, every two or four years. The censors, who kept the register at Athens, were probably at first the naucrari; but afterwards the demarchs performed the office of censor. Although this institution of Solon's seems particularly calculated for the imposition of the property tax (εἰσφορά), Thucydides (i. 141), speaking of the year B.C. 428, says that it was then that the Athenians first raised a property tax of 200 talents. It seems, however, that the amount of the tax constituted its singularity; for certainly property-taxes were common not only in Athens, but in the rest of Greece, before the Peloponnesian War, and Antipho expressly says that he contributed to many of them. In the archonship of Nausinicus (Olym. 100, 3; B.C. 378) a new valuation of property took place, and classes (συμμορίαι) were introduced expressly for the property taxes. The nature of these classes, our knowledge of which principally depends on a note of Ulpian, is involved in considerable obscurity. Thus much, however, may be stated, that they consisted of 1200 individuals—120 from each of the ten tribes—who, by way of a sort of liturgy, advanced the money for others liable to the tax, and got it from them by the ordinary legal processes. In a similar manner classes were subsequently formed for the discharge of another and more serious liturgy, the trierarchy; and the strategi, who nominated the trierarchs, had also to form the symmoriae for the property taxes. (See Liturgia.) What we have here said of the census at Athens renders it unnecessary to speak of the similar registrations in other states of Greece. When the constitution essentially depended on this distribution according to property, it was called a timocracy, or aristocracy of property (τιμοκρατία, ἀπὸ τιμημάτων πολιτεία).

(2) At Rome. After the establishment of the constitution of Servius Tullius, the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years (though not always with perfect regularity), to determine their legal liability to the payment of taxes and to military service. This process was called census. The census was originally taken by the kings; after the expulsion of the kings, by the consuls; and after B.C. 444, by special officers called censores. (See censor.) The censors took the auspices on the night preceding the census; on the next day, their herald summoned the people to the Campus Martius, where they had an official residence in the Villa Publica. Each tribe appeared successively before them, and its citizens were summoned individually according to the existing register. Each had to state on oath his age, his own name, those of his father, his wife, his children, his abode, and the amount of his property. The facts were embodied in lists by the censors' assistants. The census of the provinces was sent in by the provincial governors. There was a special commission for numbering the armies outside the Italian frontier. The censors, in putting up the new lists, took into consideration not only a man's property, but his moral conduct. (See censor.) The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army (lustrum). (See lustrum.) The republican census continued to exist under the early Empire, but the last lustrum was held by Vespasian and Titus in A.D. 74. The provincial census, introduced by Augustus and maintained during the whole imperial period, had nothing to do with the Roman census, being only a means of ascertaining the taxable capacities of the provinces.