cursus

cursu cum aliquo certare
to compete with someone in running cursus honorum
a political career naves cursum tenere non poterant
the ships were not able to keep on the course

cursus , ūs, m.: a running; running, 12.890; hastening, hurrying to and fro, 4.672; speed, 5.67; way, passage, voyage, course, 1.157; career, onset, 12.489; pursuit, 9.559; hunting, the chase, 5.253; stream, current, channel, 6.313. (currō)

cursus, ūs, m. [curro], a running (on foot, on a horse, chariot, ship, etc.), a course, way, march, passage, voyage, journey, etc. (very freq.).

• I Lit.
• • • 1 Of living beings: ingressus, cursus, accubitio, etc., Cic. N. D. 1, 34, 94: ibi cursu, luctando ... sese exercebant, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 24 (428); cf. id. Most. 1, 2, 73 (156), and Hor. A. P. 412: quique pedum cursu valet, etc., Verg. A. 5, 67: cursu superare canem, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 51: milites cursu exanimati, Caes. B. G. 2, 23: huc magno cursu intenderunt, at full speed, id. ib. 3, 19: magno cursu concitatus, id. B. C. 1, 70: cursu incitatus, id. ib. 1, 79; 3, 46; Auct. B. Alex. 20; cf.: in cursu esse, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 1; cf. II. fin. infra: strictis gladiis cursu in hostem feruntur, advance at a run, Liv. 9, 13, 2: effuso cursu, id. 2, 50, 6: eo cursu proripere, ut, etc., id. 24, 26, 12; 31, 21, 6: eo cursu, Auct. B. Alex. 30: eodem cursu contendere, right onward, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; cf. id. B. G. 6, 67: citato cursu. Just. 11, 15, 2: cursus in Graeciam per tuam provinciam, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 10: quis umquam tam brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit? id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34: (terrae) tuis non dicam cursibus, sed victoriis lustratae sunt, id. ib. 2, 5: agmen cursūs magis quam itineris modo ducit, Curt. 5, 13, 5; 6, 1, 12; Just. 15, 3, 11; 11, 8, 2: Miltiades cursum direxit, quo tendebat, Nep. Milt. 1, 6; Vell. 2, 19, 4; 1, 4, 1: Ulixi per mare, Hor. C. 1, 6, 7: iterare cursus relictos, id. ib. 1, 34, 4: Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros, Ov. M. 3, 636 et saep.; cf. B.: cursum per auras Derigere, Verg. A. 6, 194; so of flying, Ov. M. 2, 838; 4, 787 al.—
    • • b Cursum tenere (in a march or on shipboard), to hold one's course, to maintain a direct course: equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant, Caes. B. G. 4, 26 fin.: Dionysius cum secundissimo vento cursum teneret, Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83; Caes. B. G. 5, 8; cf. 2. b. —
    • 2 Of inanimate objects: solis cursus lunaeque meatus Expediam, Lucr. 5, 77; cf. id. 5, 772 al.: lunae, id. 5, 629; cf. id. 5, 630: stellarum, Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17: neque clara suo percurrere fulmina cursu Perpetuo possint, Lucr. 1, 1003: si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad mare profluxisset, Cic. Div. 1, 44, 100; so of the course or flow of a stream, Ov. M. 1, 282; 9, 18; Plin. 5, 24, 20, § 85: longarum navium, Caes. B. G. 5, 8; cf. Cic. Mur. 15, 33; id. Off. 3, 12, 50 al.: Aquilonis et Austri, Lucr. 5, 688; cf. id. 6, 302: menstrui, Plin. 11, 39, 94, § 230: quadripertiti venarum, id. 16, 39, 76, § 195 et saep.—
    • • b Cursum tenere, as supra, 1. b.: tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum (navium) cursum tenere posset, Caes. B. G. 4, 28.—
  • B Meton.
  • • 1 Cursum exspectare, to wait for a fair wind (lit. for a passage), Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1.—
    • 2 (Abstr. pro concr.) Cursus publici, in the time of the emperors, posts or relays divided into stations, for the speedy transmission of information upon state affairs, Cod. Just. 12, 51; Cod. Th. 8, 5; Inscr. Orell. 3181; 3329; cf.. equi publici, Amm.14, 6, 16: vehicula publica, id. 21, 13, 7: cursus vehicularius, Capitol. Ant. P. 12, 3: vehicularis, Dig. 50, 4, 18, § 4: cursus fiscalis, Spart. Had. 7; v. Suet. Aug. 49.—
• II Trop. (freq. in Cic. and Quint.), a course, progress, direction, way: qui cursus rerum, qui exitus futurus sit, Cic. Fam. 4, 2, 3; cf. Tac. H. 4, 34; id. Agr. 39: implicari aliquo certo genere cursuque vivendi, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 117: vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus, id. Sest. 21, 47: reliquus vitae cursus, id. Phil. 2, 19, 47: totius vitae cursum videre, id. Off. 1, 4, 11: omnem vitae suae cursum conficere, id. Cael. 17, 39: in omni vitae cursu optimum visum est, ut, etc., Macr. S. 1, 2, 3: temporum, Cic. Fam. 6, 5, 2: tuorum honorum, id. ib. 3, 11, 2; cf. Tac. H. 1, 48: continuus proeliorum, id. Agr. 27 al.: cursus vocis per omnis sonos, Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 227: cursus verborum, id. ib. 1, 35, 161; so of the motion or flow of discourse, etc., id. Part. Or. 15, 52; Quint. 8, prooem. § 27; 9, 4, 70: cursus hic et sonus rotundae volubilisque sententiae, Gell. 11, 13, 4: quem enim cursum industria mea tenere potuisset sine forensibus causis, etc., Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 11; cf. id. Or. 1, 4: nos in eodem cursu fuimus a Sullā dictatore ad eosdem fere consules, id. Brut. 96, 328; so, esse in cursu, to go on, continue, Ov. M. 13, 508; id. F. 6, 362.

cursus, ūs, m. (curro), der Lauf, zu Wagen = die Fahrt, zu Pferde = der Ritt, u. die Fahrt durch die Luft = Flug usw., im engern Sinne bes. der rasche, volle Lauf, der Eilschritt (Sturmschritt), der Eilmarsch, der Eilritt, I) eig.: ingressus, cursus, accubitio, inclinatio, sessio etc., Cic.: c. cervorum, Verg. u. Ambros.: c. equorum, Verg.: vulpeculae, Ambros.: c. longarum navium, Caes.: omnis omnium cursus est ad vos, alle kommen zu euch gelaufen (= alle nehmen ihre Zuflucht zu euch), Cic. – c. aërius, Flug durch die Luft, Ov.: c. celer, Ov.: c. effusus, Liv.: c. nimius, Cels.: praeceps (sich überstürzender), Sturmlauf, Sturm (bildl.), Vell.: vagi per omnes vias cursus, Liv.: c. vehemens, Cels.: c. volucer (v. der personif. Zeit), Phaedr. – Volsci cursu et clamore fessi, Liv.: fessum cursu trahens corpus, Liv. – raptim agmen cursus magis quam itineris modo ducere, Curt. – adaequare cursum equorum od. longarum navium, Caes.: concitare boves in cursum, Col.: flectere cursum ad puerilem vagitum (v. einer Wölfin), Liv.: deflectere cursum ad Gallos, Liv.: descendere (ex lectica) et capere cursum, zu laufen anfangen, den Weg eilig zu Fuß fortsetzen, Suet.: duplicare cursum, noch einmal so weit laufen, eine noch einmal so weite Strecke durchlaufen, Caes.: iungere cursum equis, mit den Pferden gleichen Lauf halten (v. Fußsoldaten), Liv.: inhibere paulisper cursum (v. Reiter), Curt.: cursu et lassitudine exanimari, Caes.: fatigare iaculo cursuque cervos, Verg.: cursu fatigari, Petron.: cursu et spatio pugnae defatigari, Caes.: cursu superare canem, Hor.: vincere cervum cursu, Plaut.: emetiri cursu uno die ingens spatium (v. einem Läufer), Liv.: incerto cursu ferri (v. Pferden), Liv. – cursu ire od. ferri in hostem (im Sturmschritt, griech. δρόμῳ), Curt. u. Liv.: cursu tendere ad alqm od. ad locum, Liv. u. Sall.: lustrare terras disiunctissimas non cursibus (eiligen Durchzügen), sed victoriis (Siegesbahnen), Cic.: ingenti cursu refugere (v. Reiterei), Curt. – vix ab impetu et cursu teneri, sich kaum vom Angriff im Sturmschritt abhalten lassen, Liv. – eo cursu, in solchem Laufe, in solcher Eile, so eilig, zB. vix spatium instruendi (aciem) fuit; eo cursu hostes in proelium venerunt, Liv.: u. m. folg. ut u. Konj., ad fretum eo cursu contendit, ut prope repentino adventu incautos oppresserit, Liv. – in cursu esse, im vollen Laufe sein, v. Pers. = in voller Eile reisen, Cic. ad Att. 5, 16, 1; poet. übtr. von lebl. Ggstdn. = im vollen Gange, im vollen od. im besten Zuge sein, dah. auch = noch fortdauern (s. Heinse u. Bach Ov. met. 10, 401), vox erat in cursu, Ov.: dum furor in cursu est, currenti cede furori, Ov.: sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit, in medio cursu tempora veris erunt, Ov. – im Bilde, v. raschen Gange der Rede, v. Redeflusse, interdum cursus in oratione est incitatior, interdum moderata ingressio, Cic.: tantus cursus verborum fuit et sic evolavit oratio, ut etc., Cic.: dicebat citato et effuso cursu, sed praeparato, Sen. rhet.

So nun bes.: a) der Lauf nach einem bestimmten Ziele zur Übung und um die Wette, der Wettlauf, zu Wagen od. zu Pferde = das Wettrennen, im Gymnasium, im griech. Stadium, im röm. Zirkus, cursus certamen, Ov.: c. bigarum quadrigarumque, Suet.: c. Olympiacus, Cornif. rhet.: c. equester, Pferderennen, Verg. – cursu invictus Echion, Ov.: nobiles equos cursus et spatia probant, Tac. dial.: cursu cum aequalibus certare, Sall.: cursu certare in stadio, Suet.: ibi (in gymnasio) cursu, luctando, hastā, disco se exercere (v. Jünglingen), Plaut.: cursu vincere alqm, Ov.: studere optatam cursu contingere metam, Hor. – im Bilde, der Lauf, das Rennen, Ringen nach dem Ziele, bes. nach dem Ziele der Ehre, Laufbahn, Karriere,illa iactatio cursusque popularis, jenes unruhige Treiben (Drängen) u. Rennen nach der Volksgunst, Cic.: non habet satis magnum campum ille tibi non ignotus cursus animi (meine dir wohlbekannte entschiedene Geistesrichtung), Cic.: honorum tuorum cursus cui suspectus umquam fuit? Cic.: cum numquam sit aut illius a me cursus impeditus aut ab illo meus, Cic.: iam pridem esse in cursu (Ggstz. stadium ingredi), Cic.: in eodem cursu fuisse a Sulla dictatore ad eosdem fere consules, dieselbe Laufbahn gemacht haben vom D. S. anbis zu usw., Cic.: vides in quo cursu simus, in welchem Rennen (nach den höchsten Würden) ich begriffen bin, Cic.: transcurrere cursum suum, rasch, ohne Aufenthalt zu machen, wie mit einem Sprunge seine L. durcheilen (durchmachen), Cic.

b) der Lauf als in bestimmter Richtung unternommener Weg, die Route, der Kurs, der Marsch, die Reise, die Fahrt, bes. zur See, cursus navigationum tuarum, die Routen deiner Fahrten, Cic.: c. diei totius, Mela: insidiosus rector cursus (v. einem Steuermann), Val. Max. – c. brevis, Curt.: c. maritimus, Cic.: c. prosper, Plin.: c. rectus, Plin. ep.: secundus, Caes.: longi non falsa pericula cursus (Fahrt durch die Luft, Flug), Ov.: unde (ab ora Italiae) in Epirum brevis cursus est, Curt.: in hoc medio cursu est insula, quae appellatur Mona, Caes.: in medio Achaico cursu (mitten auf meiner Fahrt nach A.) te vidi Veliae, Cic.: mihi cursus in Graeciam per tuam provinciam est, Cic.: huc rectus ex Africa c. est, direkte Fahrt, Liv.: quo cursus navibus tutus ex Africa esset, Liv. – commutare cursum (Ggstz. tenere cursum, s. unten), Cic.: imprudentiā aut tempestate paulum suo cursu decedere (abweichen), Caes.: im Bilde, quem neque periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere, kein Sturm der Gefahr, kein lockender Hauch der Ehre von seiner Bahn abbringen, Cic.: c. dirigere, m. Ang. wohin? durch Advv. od. durch Praepp. od. durch bl. Acc. loc., zB. alio (anderswohin), Val. Max.: eo (dahin), Liv.: quo tendo, Nep.: in Africam, Vell.: ad litora Apolloniatium, Caes.: ad Antiochum, Iustin.: Gades (nach G.), Iustin.: cuius classis cursum esse directum columbae antecendentis volatu, Vell.: ad nocturnos ignes cursum dirigere, Suet.: cursum dirigere per auras in lucos (v. Fluge der Tauben), Verg. – cursum exspectare, günstige Fahrt (auch im Bilde), Cic.: cursum secundum habere (v. Schiffen), Caes.: repentina tranquillitas intermittit cursum, Petron.: impedire alcis cursum (v. Winden), Mela: petere alium cursum, eine andere Route, einen andern Kurs nehmen (v. Reisenden zur See), Cic.: unde et quo tenderent cursum, Liv. – cursum tenere, Kurs halten (= den rechten, geraden Weg verfolgen), u. cursum non tenere od. tenere non posse, den Kurs nicht halten od. nicht halten können, v. Seefahrern u. Schiffen, Caes. u.a. (vgl. Schneider Caes. b. G. 4, 26, 4): u. so secundis ventis od. secundissimo vento cursum tenere, Cic.: cursum non tenere et longius deferri, Caes.: rectum cursum, recta gubernacula in periculum tenere, Plin. ep.: im Bilde, e quibus quoniam tamquam e scopulosis cotibus enavigavit oratio, reliquae disputationis cursum teneamus, in der übrigen Erörterung den geraden Lauf halten (unser vulg. »bei der Stange bleiben«), Cic.: ut te ad istum cursum tenendum, quem a prima aetate suscepisti, cohortentur, die Lebensbahn, Cic.: Polycratis felicitas semper plenis velis prosperum cursum tenuit, Val. Max. – im Bilde, der Weg, der Verlauf, die Bahn des Lebens, totus vitae cursus, Hieron.: reliquus vitae cursus, Cic.: vitae brevis est cursus, gloriae sempiternus, Cic.: aliquod certum genus cursusque vivendi, Cic. (vgl. auch oben demovere de cursu u. tenere cursum): omnem vitae suae cursum in labore corporis atque in animi contentione conficere, Cic.: medium agens cursum aetatis (im mittleren Lebensalter) placidā morte decessit, Amm. 23, 6, 4. – u. der Verlauf, Gang der Begebenheiten u. Zeiten, perspicis qui cursus rerum, qui exitus futurus sit, Cic.: di eodem cursu, quo fluxere adhuc res, ire patiantur, denselben Fortgang nehmen, Curt.: ea natura rerum est et is temporum cursus, ut non possit ista aut tibi aut ceteris fortuna esse diuturna, Cic.: cursum irrevocabilem ingressa ex destinato fluunt, was einmal seinen unveränderlichen Gang genommen hat, verläuft nach Vorherbestimmung, Sen.: inveniendum tandem Britanniae terminum continuo proeliorum cursu, durch eine fortlaufende Reihe von Schlachten, Tac.: temporum vices, volumina saeculorum, cursus annorum, Augustin. serm. 29, 1.

c) der Lauf der Flüssigkeiten, α) des Wassers, der Gewässer, c. aquae, Plin. ep.: in hac (terra) cursus amnium non torrentes rapidique, sed lenes et vineis campisque irrigui, Iustin.: ex Oceano amnium fontiumuue cursus initium capiunt, Quint.: spatio alvei segnis cursus (fluminis) est, Curt.: vehementior fluminum cursus est prono alveo, Quint.: quosdam exaruisse amnes aut in alium cursum contortos et deflexos videmus, Cic.: si lacus emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad mare profluxisset, Cic.: nec adire poterat ad iusti cursum amnis, Liv.: licet prospicere maris novos cursus, Sen.: Ggstz., maris cursus alterni et recursus, wechselnde Ebbe u. Flut, Sen. ad Helv. 20, 2. – β) (als mediz. t. t.) die Flüssigkeiten des Körpers, c. materiae, Cels.: c. pituitae (Schleimfluß) acer, acerrimus, c. pituitae tenuis, Cels.: leves pituitae cursus, sed assidui, Cels. – c. menstrui, Plin.: c. sanguinis ex naribus, Cels.: ne in inferiores partes factus cursus pedes repleret, Cels.

d) der Lauf, Umlauf der Himmelskörper, Weltkörper, c. solis, lunae, siderum, stellarum, Cic. u.a.: c. Veneris, Mercurii, Cic.: siderum modus cursusque stellarum (Plur.), Val. Max. – solis cursus annalis, Varro: annui cursus solis, Cic.: stellarum perennes cursus, Cic.: perpetui cursus conversionesque caelestes, Cic.: stellarum cursus sempiterni, Cic.: summus ille caeli stellifer cursus, Cic.: hic lunaris atque infimus c., Cic.: novem lunae cursus, Cic.: illi octo cursus, Cic.: properantis mundi volubilis c., Sen.: solis exortus, cursus, occasus nemo admiratur, Cornif. rhet.: cursus annuos conficere (v. der Sonne), Cic.: cursum suum anno od. XXX fere annis conficere (v. einem Planeten), Cic.: nullum umquam cursus sui vestigium inflectere (v. den Fixsternen), Cic. – annum ad cursum solis accommodare, Suet.: ad cursus lunae in duodecim menses describere annum, Liv.: ad siderum cursum iter dirigere, Curt. – siderum cursus numerosque cognoscere, Quint.: siderum certos constitutosque cursus numeris docere, Quint.: lunae cursu notare tempora, Curt.

e) der Lauf anderer lebl. Ggstde. nach einer bestimmten Richtung, sowohl in der Bewegung als in der Lage, hic per omnes sonos vocis cursus, das Auf-u. Absteigen durch alle Töne, Cic. de or. 3, 227. – cursus hic et sonus rotundae volubilisque sententiae, Gell. 11, 13, 4. – communia his (larici et abieti) pinoque, ut quadripertitos venarum cursus (Aderngänge) bifidosve habeant vel omnino simplices, Plin. 16, 195.

II) meton., cursus publicus, der öffentliche, vom Staate eingerichtete Postenlauf, die stationsweise verteilten Posten, Fahrposten, zur Beförderung von Staatsangelegenheiten u. Staatspersonen, praepositus cursus publici, Oberpostmeister, Inscr.: animalia cursus publici, Inscr. u. Cod. Theod.: publici cursus usu permisso, Amm.: vectus mutatione celeri cursus publici, Amm. – dass. c. vehicularius, Capitol. Antonin. Pius 12, 3, od. c. vehicularis, Arcad. dig. 50, 4, 18. § 4. – c. fiscalis (dem Fiskus obliegender), Spart. Hadr. 7, 5. – Vgl. E. Hudemann Geschichte des röm. Postwesens während der Kaiserzeit. Berlin. 1875.

cursus [CL] 1 running, race: a (of persons, usu. fig. of life); b (of animals). c ‘course’, chase, hunt. d charge. e raid. f course (at tilting). g ‘course’ of bull-baiting. h advance (in chess). a olim spretas agilibus / patrias petunt cursibus Carm. Aldh. 2. 100 (cf. ib. 48: cursu praepetes); Eulalia ‥ gemino ornata tropeo ~um consummatura Aldh. VirgP 46; s653 Honorius [episcopus], postquam metas sui ~us inplevit Bede HE III 20; 798 (12c) post eorum ~um vitae CS 291; 947 usque ad ultimum ~um vitae suae Ib. 820; a1094 diligenter vitae vestrae ~um discutite Anselm (Ep. 183) IV 68; nec levior cursus nec fortior effugit aetas H. Avr. Hugh 165.  b ut sonipedes / saepe sequantur cursibus / salientes praepetibus Carm. Aldh. 5. 48; ~u equi contendere coepi Bede HE V 6; equi ‥ ad certamen ~us illius attollunt W. Fitzst. Thom. prol. 11; sis doctus ‥ / noscere vulpinas fraudes, cursus leporinos D. Bec. 1767; dromedus est genus camelorum, sed longe velocioris ~us Bart. Angl. XVIII 35.  c 11‥ quieta ab omni terreno servitio ‥ excepto per ~um venationis mee Cart. Rievaulx 82; 1262 quod in transitu suo per forestam ‥ habeat cum canibus suis unum vel duos ~us ad feras regis Cl 24.  d 995 (13c) tres fratres ‥ concito ~u bellum in invicem insurgentes inierunt CD 1289.  e 1446 (v. appaticiamentum).  f s1338 audiens H. ‥ comes de Derby ‥ probos actus ‥ Willelmi de Douglas ‥, cum herollo scripsit ut secum tribus ~ibus militaribus concertaret. ‥ ad primum ~um vulneratus est W. de Douglas ‥ ruptura proprie lancee Fordun Cont. XIII 43 (cf. Plusc. IX 37).  g 1361 venit W. G. et invenit plegios ad pascendum ‥, ita quod solvat ‥ ad proximam gildam v s. et jentaculum suum una cum ~u cujusdam tauri competentis, prout moris est (Guildford) Gild Merch. II 93.  h pedes directo tramite incedit ‥; cum expleto ~u ultimam tenet lineam regine dignitatem adipiscitur Neckam NR II 184. 2 run or walk for animals; b (w. falde). c (w. anguillarum) (?) eel-fare. 1304 est ibi quidam proficuus in prato de Walhame ad ~um unius pull[ani] IPM (Glos) 113/5 r. 2; 1583 in ‥ uno ~u ovium in Wadehurste (Hunts) Pat 1235 m. 27; 1587 ~us ovium, loca vocata sheepeswalkes Pat 1298 m. 37.  b 1325 cum ~u unius falde [Cambs] Cl 143 m. 23d.; 1535 cum grege bidentium suorum depastus fuit infra libertatem ~us falde domini de Holte, viz. super Holteheth Rutland MSS (MinAc Norf etc. p. 43) ; 1573 lx acras terre arrabilis, cum ~u falde pro vjxx ovibus Pat 1107 m. 47.  c 1238 cum maris suis omnibus et ~ibus anguillarum CartINorm. 180. 3 (apparent) course of heavenly body. b course (naut.), voyage. planetarum retrogradis ~ibus Aldh. Met. 3; si quis ‥ lunaris ~us agnoscendi cupidus est Bede TR (cf. Alcuin Ep. 155); phylosophorum ‥ qui astronomia ‥ eruditi ~us stellarum ‥ observabant G. Mon. IX 12; noscere ‥ / lunam, sidereos cursus horasque diei D. Bec. 1770; ergo de die luna reluceat et Phebus de nocte ~us faciat ‥! Garl. PP 108.  b T. Mon. Will. IV 10 (v. 1 appellere c); 1606 navem quandam ‥ in ejus navali ~u de Burdeaux Londin’ versus velificantem Pat 1714 m. 28. 4 course or current (of river), water-course. b (fig.) sweep, impetus. c (med.) rheum, diarrhoea or purging. 940 (12c) in ‥ campis, pascuis, pratis †diravatisque [l. diriv-] ~ibus aquarum CS 759 (cf. ib. 767, 781, 799); W. Malm. Glast. 106 (v. burna b); ut ‥ alii fluminum ~us recto ~u Glanv. IX 11; si tibi cursus / vivus aque fuerit, sit in illis copia piscis D. Bec. 2170; 1258 (v. caium); 1269 ab illo loco ubi vetus ~us Lytele [Little Eye] incidit in Weland ‥ et ab inde per ~um aque de Weland SelPlForest 53; 1276 capiunt de quolibet capite hominis et femine interveniente per aquam Ponteburgi Ebor’ cum ~u aque j d. et de quolibet capite interveniente de Ebor’ usque Ponteburg’ contra ~um aque ob. Hund. I 105b; 1296 custus molendini: in stipendio j carpentarii pro ~u aque ante rotam exteriorem cum ‥ bordis faciendo et profund[itate] scrutand[a] MinAc 840/9; 1306 valet piscaria inde ‥ iij s., †aliquandiu [l. aliquando] plus, †aliquandiu minus, secundum fortitudinem ~us aque in eadem riparia Ext. Hadleigh 281; 1472 pro recto ~u aque habendo, una cum extraccione et reimposicione aque ad stagnum ‥ molendini Ac. Durh. 644.  b tantus potest fieri ~us in causatis causantibus alia ex se quod tam debilis esse erunt aliqua causata quod non possunt causare aliqua contraria J. Blund An. 293.  c fleubotomia / ‥ oculorum curat aquosos / cursus D. Bec. 2691; non ventris cursus in eo [tempore], nec fleubotomia / proficit Ib. 2810; diarria dicitur ingens ~us ventris cum vomitu SB 17. 5 a ‘course’ (arch.), layer. b measure of height (of fence). c row (of tiles in kiln). d row of tines or cogs. e row or line (in field-work). f (w. maritimus) stretch of coast. a 1237 exaltari facias murum retro magnam cameram ‥ altitudine unius ~us petre talliate Cal. Liberate VI 2433; 1286 (v. cursabilis).  b colliget clausturam et claudet in campo ij perticatas et dim. in longitudine et ij ~uum in altitudine pro opere j diei Cart. Rams. II 17.  c 1371 non de plure hoc anno, quia superior ~us furni non anelabat tegulas ad plenum MinAc 900/1 m. 2d. (cf. VCH Kent III 393).  d in iiij ~ubus dentium herciarum emptis, ij d. MinAc 1090/3 r. 3; 1325 in ‥ ~u gantorum [? erased] coggorum cum alio ~u fusilli lignei, iij peciis ferri pro fusillo, codd[o] et la ryne ‥ molendini emendandis LTR Ac 16 r. 39.  e 1279 ad spargendum j ~um fimi, precio oboli ad ligandum j ~um bladi, precio oboli Hund. II 485b; 1286 debet falcare ij ~us falc[acionis] vel j perticam. ‥ debet dispergere j ~um de muncellis fimi, qui continet quarentenam CoramR 98 r. 19.  f 1427 cum inter fronteram vocatam le Forlond’ de Lysard et fronteram vocatam le Forlond of the Londesende of Engelond quidam magnus ~us maritimus vocatus Montis Baia sit decurrens Pat 422 m. 22. 6 a (of coin) currency. b (of writs) currency or right of issue; v. et. 9c, d infra. a 1355 (v. capere 15a); 1468 eisdem [computantibus] per decidenciam dicte nigre monete, ex eo quod in principio fabricacionis ejusdem habuerunt in parte ~um pro obulis et postea domini de Concilio fecerunt eos habere ~um in toto †quadrantes [? l. quadrantis] et regem duplicare in subvencione pauperum ExchScot 581.  b 1291 habeant ‥ placita de frisca forcia ‥ et ~us omnimodorum brevium per sigillum cancellarie de Penbr’ cum eorum execucionibus Cl 108 m. 10d.; 1434 brevia illa de premuniri que nisi infra paucos annos in aliqua materia infra regnum aliquem habebant ~um Reg. Cant. III 256. 7 a round, circulation (of drinking-cup). b course (of meal). a is ‥ qui pincerne munere fungebatur ~um calicis sepissime ad Dacum, episcopo [Ætherico, ob. 1034] connivente, retorsit Chr. Rams. 136; subcamerarius una cum noviciis ad potum potandum surgere [debet] atque, impleto cypho de ~u videlicet quem portat ‥, licenciam [petere] ‥ priusquam e refectorio cervisiam portet Cust. Westm. 138.  b tam de utroque ~u quam de pitancia sive medio ferculo duplex ferculum cotidie, si voluerit, est ‥ habiturus Cust. Westm. 126; 1293 reficientes de misericordia de tribus ~ibus serviantur ad prandium et ad cenam de uno ~u Reg. Malm. II 383; 1336 (v. coquinagium); s1338 ordinavit. ‥ abbas ut coquinarius ‥ provideat ‥ fratribus ‥ duos bonos ~us et sufficientes G. S. Alb. II 304; 1380 quod omnes serviantur de ij ~ibus congruis ‥ et caseo ad nonam ‥ et ‥ de integris gallinis pro secundo ~u ad cenam MonA III 319; 1394 medietatem j ferculi de primo ~u cum medietate j ferculi de secundo ~u Comp. Swith. 165; 1424 omnibus terrarum tenentibus unum convivium in tribus ~ibus exhibere Cl 274 m. 5d.. 8 a course, normal process (of nature or sim.). b course, period (of time); v. et. 1a supra. c cycle, mode of reckoning time. d sequence, (canonical) round (eccl. & mon.). a [primordiales causae] hunc mundum visibilem ‥ naturali ~u perficiunt Eriug. Per. 560B; tres sunt ~us rerum, sc. mirabilis, naturalis, voluntarius Anselm (Orig. Pecc. 11) II 154; rebus ‥ solito nature ~ui incognitis Gir. TH I 2; Gros. Quaest. Theol. 200 (v. corruptio 1a).  b delituit senis annorum cursibus Aldh. VirgV 1026; si paschalis mensis xxx diebus computatus xvij sui ~us dies post Pascha retinuerit Bede TR 11 p. 204; cum bis binis annorum ~ibus dira peste vesaniae vastaretur Felix Guthl. 41; ubi ‥ corpus tanti viri usque in hodierni temporis ~um ‥ pausat Ib. 51; a822 (11c) expleto ~u dierum illorum duorum hereduum [sic] CS 304; 940 (12c) dum hujus labentis aevi ~um transeat inlaesa Ib. 759 (cf. ib. 743).  c 680 juxta Sulpicii Severi regulam, que lxxxiiij annorum ~um descripsit Aldh. Ep. 4; 1290 secundum ~um ecclesie Anglicane indiccione quarta (Instrumentum) Mon. Francisc. II 33; c1300, 1454 (v. computatio 1); 1332 vij die Januarii anno Domini mcccxxxj secundum ~um ecclesie Anglicane Lit. Cant. I 425; 1427 cum ‥ festum Pasche ex infallibili ~u propter viciniam participat cum estate, ‥ congregacio ‥ ordinavit quod ‥ liceat a festo Pasche usque festum Omnium Sanctorum ‥ uti cericis in ‥ habitibus StatOx 233.  d quatenus in monasterio suo ~um canendi annuum ‥ edoceret Bede HE IV 16 p. 241; 786 ut omnes ecclesiae publice canonicis horis ~um suum ‥ habeant Conc. HS 451 (= Ep. Alcuin. 3 c.7); Asser Alf. 24 (v. celebratio 4); tunc [fratres] cum decantatione canonici ~us [AS: rynes] et psalterii operentur ‥ usque dum audiant signum ad induendum RegulC 25; 1420 in pleno loci capitulo secundum communem ~um celebrando, vocatis ad hoc vocandis, ‥ faciatis inquisicionem Reg. Cant. I 179. 9 common use, standard procedure, routine: a w. ref. to candles; b of royal household (Scot); c of law-courts; d w. ref. to writs of course; cf. cursista, cursorius 5; v. et. 6b supra. a 1346 (v. candela 1c).  b 1330 idem [clericus Gardrobe] onerat se de ij celdris ‥ farine, de quibus ‥ in pulmento domine Burgie de Faws per communem ~um ante matutinas j bollam ExchScot 325.  c si [essoniatus de ultra mare] infra illos xl dies non redierit, observabitur solitus ~us curie et juris ordo Glanv. I 27 (cf. ib. II 12: ad hec ‥ expedienda plus proficit sequi consilium quam juris et curie ~um servare consuetum); 1389 cum ‥ uno clerico de prima forma, ‥ qui ab antiquo eruditus scit ~um ejusdem curie Chanc. Orders 3; 1508 hujusmodi litteras nostras patentes ‥ ac ‥ alias litteras nostras executorias sub magno sigillo nostro sigillandas ‥ pro debita execucione et complemento earundem secundum ~um Cancellarie nostre Cl 374 m. 8d.; 1549 ne quis ‥ scripturas semel in judicium productas supprimat, ne judiciorum ~us defectu earumdem impediatur Conc. Scot. II 123.  d 1199 assisa ‥ remanet, quia breve non fuit de ~u CurR RC II 58; 1227 quum volumus secundum consuetudinem ‥ Anglie ‥ conquerentibus de injuria in regno nostro Hibernie justiciam exhiberi, formam brevium de ~u, quibus id fieri solet, ‥ duximus ‥ ad vos transmittendam (Lit. Regis) EHR IV 516; Bracton 413b, etc. (v. brevis 11); 1279 istud breve ‥ est contra formam et ~um omnium brevium SelCKB I 56; 1389 quod nullus ‥ clericorum de secunda forma brevia sua de ~u nec aliquis cursista ‥ aliquas cartas ‥ seu brevia sua ponant ad manus domini cancellarii nisi ‥ Chanc. Orders 3; 14‥ omnia brevia de advocacione ecclesie sunt de ~u ad Bancum Reg. Brev. 29b. 10 course, sequence: a of sermons; b (acad.) of lectures; cf. cursorie, cursorius 6; c of instruction in craft. a c1340 compellor supplicare quatinus ‥ contra dictum diem sermonem unum ‥ michi ‥ mittere velitis ‥, providentes eciam ‥ sumptibus meis ‥ ~um unum de sermonibus ‥ annualem ad usus meos FormOx 309; 1431 ipsis collatoribus ad hujusmodi onus in predicando subeundum in ~u cum aliis doctoribus et bachalariis ‥ astrictis StatOx 237.  b a1350 quod quicumque scolas gramaticales deinceps tenere voluerint ‥ ab hujusmodi lectura desistant, ita quod nec in scolis suis nec alibi in universitate hujusmodi ~us legant nec legi faciant StatOx 23; Ib. 28 (v. audire 4).  c 1554 diversi artifices et homines artis manualis in ‥ civitate ‥ Cestrie inhabitantes ‥ qui nunquam fuerunt apprenticii aut educati ad vel in ~u artis mercatorum ‥ (Pat) Gild Merch. II 360. 11 turn (recurring obligation, right or sim.). 1285 cum advocacio descendit participibus, licet unus bis presentet et bis usurpet super coheredem ‥, ille ‥ qui negligens fuit ‥ alias habeat ~um suum [StRealm I 77a: turnum suum] presentandi cum accident (Stat. Westm. 5) Reg. Malm. I 77; 1293 monachi qui de ~u minuti fuerint et in refectorio comederint ‥ in omnibus percipiant Reg. Malm. II app. 384; 1298 (v. cursorie b); nec in sua novitate, postquam fuerint professi, stabunt ad skillam donec ~us ad eos venerit Cust. Cant. 175; 1384 injunctum est ‥ molendario quod molat bladum vic. diebus et vicibus opportunis, quilibet secundum ~um suum Hal. Durh. 184; 1397 Issabella recusat invenire panem benedictum in ~u suo Vis. Heref. I 281.

cursŭs, (7) ūs, m. (curro), ¶ 1 action de courir, course : ingressus, cursus Cic. Nat. 1, 94, la marche, la course ; huc magno cursu contenderunt Cæs. G. 3, 19, 1, ils se portèrent là dʼune course précipitée || course, voyage : mihi cursus in Græciam per tuam provinciam est Cic. Att. 10, 4, 10, pour aller en Grèce je passe par ta province ; tantos cursus conficere Cic. Pomp. 34, accomplir de si grands parcours ; cursum dirigere aliquo Nep. Milt. 1, 6, diriger sa course qq. part ; cursus maritimi Cic. Nat. 2, 131, courses (voyages) en mer || direction : cursum tenere Cæs. G. 4, 26, 5, maintenir sa direction [en mer], gouverner ( G. 5, 8, 2 ) ; ut nulla earum (navium) cursum tenere posset Cæs. G. 4, 28, 2, en sorte quʼaucun dʼeux (navires) ne pouvait conserver sa direction || course, cours : stellarum Cic. Rep. 6, 17, cours des étoiles ; siderum Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, des astres ; cours dʼun fleuve ( Div. 1, 38) || cours, circulation du sang : Sen. Ben. 4, 6, 3 || course, marche des navires : Cic. Nat. 2, 87 ; Mur. 33 ; Liv. 21, 49, 9, etc. ¶ 2 [sous lʼEmpire] : cursus publici Cod. Just. 12, 51, etc., service des dépêches, poste impériale ¶ 3 [fig.] cours, marche : cursus rerum Cic. Div. 1, 127, le cours des choses ; totius vitæ cursum videt Cic. Off. 1, 11, il embrasse tout le cours de la vie ; cursum vitæ conficere Cic. Tusc. 3, 2 ; Cæl. 39, etc., achever le cours de son existence || [poét.] in cursu meus dolor est Ov. M. 13, 508, ma douleur suit son cours, persiste, cf. F. 5, 245 ; 6, 362 || cursus Cic. Br. 3 ; cursus honorum Cic. CM 60, carrière politique ; tuorum honorum cursus Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 2, le cours de tes magistratures || [rhét.] marche, allure du style : verborum cursus incitatus Cic. Br. 233, allure vive, impétueuse du style, cf. de Or. 1, 161 ; 3, 136 ; Or. 201 || [en part.] allure du rythme, mouvement réglé de la phrase : esse quosdam certos cursus conclusionesque verborum Cic. Or. 178, [on a remarqué] que les phrases se déroulent et sʼachèvent suivant un rythme défini.

cursus , us. m.
跑。走遠路。渡海。Aeris cursus 飛。Excutimur cursu 别向渡。差水道。Cursum tenere 直渡。 Vitae brevis cursus 短生命。

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cursus ūs, m

• 1 CEL-, a running, course, way, march, passage, voyage, journey: cursum quom institeris, T.: navium, Cs.: ingressus, cursus, accubitio: cursu cum aequalibus certare, S.: cursu contingere metam, H.: se cursu miratur in ipso, O.: quique pedum cursu valet, V.: huc magno cursu intenderunt, at full speed, Cs.: cursu Troas agebat, V.: cursu in hostem feruntur, advance at a run, L.: cursum in medios dedit, rushed, V.: effuso cursu, L.: eodem cursu contendere, right onward, Cs.: tam brevi tempore tantos cursūs conficere: cursum direxit, quo tendebat, N.: iterare cursūs relictos, H.: Hunc morem cursūs docuit, sort of race, V.: Cursibus decernere, in racing, V.: Quo cursu deserta petiverit, flight, V.: in hoc medio cursu, i. e. half-way across, Cs.: secundissimo vento cursum tenere.—Of things, a course, way, flow: stellarum: mutata suos flumina cursūs, movement, V.: Cursibus obliquis fluens, O.— A passage: cursum exspectare, i. e. a fair wind.—Poet.: et vi cursus in altum Vela vocet, V.—Fig., a course, progress, direction, way, passage, access, succession: rerum: vitae: quem dederat cursum fortuna, V.: temporum: continuus proeliorum, Ta.: vocis per omnīs sonos: invectus contexere cursu, i. e. in a breath, Iu.: In cursu meus dolor est, i. e. is permanent, O.: recto depellere cursu, from virtue, H.

CURSUS

CURSUS(δρόμος, τρόχος). Foot-racing, being one of the most natural, was also one of the most primitive of athletic sports. We often read of it in the Homeric poems (e.g. Il. 23.759 ff.). In historic times, at the national festivals of Greece, several species of it had come into vogue. We may distinguish four sorts: (a) the στάδιον (or simply δρόμος), (b) the δίαυλος, (c) the ἐφίππιος or ἵππιος δρόμος, (d) the δολιχὸς δρόμος (or δόλιχος, proparox). A strange feature in these races was that they were (according to Lucian, Anachars. 27) run not on hard and firm ground, but over a deeply-sanded surface.

(a.) The στάδιον (see fig. 1) was a race in which the runners (σταδιοδρόμοι) traversed the arena in a direct line (whence it was called εὐφύς, ἄκαμπτος from one extremity to the other. This distance, as measured by the Olympic stade, which became the general standard, was about 600 feet. The στάδιον corresponds to our sprint, in which the runner does the whole race at his highest speed. Describing its origin, Philostratus (who lived in the 3rd century A.D.) says: When the Eleans had slain the customary victims, and the pieces of flesh were laid upon the altar on which as yet no fire had been kindled, the runners (οἱ δρομεῖς) were posted at the space of a stade from the altar, just in front of which stood the priest, torch in hand, and acting as umpire. Towards him they ran, and the runner who came in first received the torch, lit the sacred fire, and was hailed as Olympionikês. (Philostr. Gymn. 5.) From the same writer we learn that the Olympic games up to the date of their thirteenth celebration consisted only of this contest.

(b.) The δίαυλος, or double course (properly= double pipe), required that the runners (διαυλοδρόμοι should, after traversing the arena as in the στάδιον, turn round a post (καμπτήρ) and run back to their starting-point. Hence it was called δρόμος κάμπειος (from καμπή =flexus). Explaining the origin of this race, Philostratus says: When the Eleans had sacrificed, and it became the duty of the deputies from the rest of Greece to perform this ceremony, that the latter might lose no time in approaching, the runners ran a stade from the altar in their direction as if to summon the Hellenic nation, and then, without stopping, ran back to the place they had started from as if to announce that Hellas was about to come with joy to discharge the holy rite. He tells us also that the δίαυλος did not form part of the games until the 14th Olympiad.

(c.) The ἐφίππιος or ἵππιος (as it is termed Eurip. Elect. 825) did not, as might seem from its name, signify a horse-race, but a race of sufficient length to try the power of a horse (see Hermann-Blümner, Privatalt. p. 346). It was a test therefore of endurance as well as speed, being four stades in length; that is, twice as long as the δίαυλος.

(d.) The true test of staying power, however, was the δόλιχος or long race (vid. fig. 2), added to the Olympic games (according to Philostratus, Gymn. 12) in Olymp. 15. The length of this race has been variously described as 7, 12, 20, or 24 stades. We may suppose that it differed on different occasions. Boeckh conjectured that 7 stades was the normal length, and that, when we read of its being 24, we must suppose the δόλιχος ἵππιος to be intended. To a modern 24 stades does not appear excessively long for a race of this kind, and Plato (Legg. 8. 833apassage in which the proposer of regulations for an ideal state seems to keep close to the limits of the actual: notice, for example, the words καφάπερ νῦν) would have his δολιχοδρόμοι, though wearing heavy armour, run 60 to 100 stades over most difficult ground. Being ignorant of important details, such as the time in which the race was run, we cannot form a decided opinion on questions as to its length.

In the more ancient times runners, like other athletes, contended at the games wearing a girdle (διάζωμα, subligaculum) around the waist (see Thuc. 1.6; Plat. Rep. p. 452 D). In historic times, however, they competed either quite naked, or more or less fully armed. As to the origin of the armed-race (ὁπλίτης δρόμος), Philostratus mentions several traditions, the most probable being that which he himself adopts as true ; viz. that, since with the termination of the games the truce also terminated, prudence suggested that the competitors should wear armour in the final race. The fact of the armed-race having been generally, though not always, the last event in the games, in some measure confirms this theory of Philostratus, whose words are: παριέναι [τὸν ὁπλίτην δρόμον] ἐς τοὺς ἀγῶνας πολέμου ἀρχῆς ἕνεκα, δηλούσης τῆς ἀσπίδος ὅτι πέπαυται ἐκεχειρία, δεῖ δὲ ὅπλων. The institution of this race goes back into the mythical times, being attributed to Tydeus, and the rest of the famous seven. It was practised first at the Nemean games, and long afterwards introduced at Olympia. In it the runners bore either helmet, shield, and greaves, or helmet and shield only (as in fig. 3).

About the length of the ὁπλίτης δρόμος have not much information. We gather from Aristoph. Av. 292, with the Scholiast's note, that the δίαυλος was occasionally run in armour, and from the words of Philostratus (Gymn. 7), ἐνόπλους τε καὶ ἱππίους, that the armed-race was sometimes 4 stades long. Nor need the absence of positive testimony on the point prevent us from assuming that the latter varied in length, just as did the other races above described. Plato, as we saw, would have his ὁπλιτοδρόμοι run 60 to 100 stades--an extravagant proposal, if it were not customary in his time to run the δόλιχος in armour.

Competition in foot-racing was open to runners of all ages, whether boys (παῖδες), striplings (ἀγένειοι), or grown men (ἄνδρες). See, for this division of ages, the passage in the de Legg. already referred to. Only those who belonged to the same class, as regards age (ἡλικιῶται were permitted to compete with one another; seniors, of course, not being allowed to enter against their juniors. In Sparta even maidens competed. That boys contended even in the armed-race appears from an extant vase, representing two boys running with shields, which bear the letters ΑΘΕ, indicating in all probability the occasion of the Panathenaic festival (Grasberger, Die leibl. Erzieh. bei den Griechen und Römern, p. 318).

The competitors being too numerous to contend all together, were entered in successive groups (τάξεις); those who should form each group, as well as the order in which the groups should run, being determined by lot (συνταχφῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ κλήρου). When all the τάξεις in turn had run, the victors in each were formed into one group, which ran a final heat for the prize.

If we compare figs. 1 and 2, representing men competing in the στάδιον and δόλιχος respectively, we notice that in the former case the runners wave their hands violently backwards and forwards, whereas, in the latter, they have their elbows closely pressed against their sides. This is in keeping with modern practice; but yet there are grounds for doubting whether the Greeks entertained the views inculcated by modern trainers as to the proper method of managing the hands while running. Photius has the note: παρατεῖναι τὰς χεῖρας τὸ ἐν τῷ τρέχειν γιγνόμενον: and it is significant that in Homer (Hom. Il. 23.772) Athenê, in answer to the prayer of Odysseus, rendered his hands as well as his lower limbs nimble (γυῖα δ'ἔφηκεν ἐλαφρά, πόδας, καὶ χεῖρας ὕπερφεν). But perhaps the words of Photius, as well as those of Homer, refer only to sprint racing. Another variation from the practice of modern runners is referred to by Cicero (Tusc. 2.23.56), where he speaks of them as shouting: Nisi forte ut se intendat ad firmitatem, ut in stadio cursores exclamant quam maxime possunt. But this too was, perhaps, confined to the stadium.

It is doubtless owing to their want of instruments for accurately measuring small portions of time that the Greeks have left us scarcely any means of computing the speed which footracers attained in the various kinds of running.

For some special forms of the foot-race, see LAMPADEDROMIAand STAPHYLODROMIA.

We have very meagre information regarding foot-racing as practised by the Romans. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (7.71, 73), it formed part of the Ludi Magni from the time of their institution. He, too, tells us that the runners wore the subligaculum round their loins. In the Capitoline games (according to Dio Cassius (Dio Cass. 67.8) young women, after the Spartan fashion, took part in the competition. Beyond these scanty notices and vague references to running for healthful exercise in the Campus Martius, very little has been handed down to us. This running in the Campus was not always competitive: that it was sometimes so, however, is plain from Martial (Mart. 4.19( sive levem cursu vincere quaeris Athan).

For chariot-racing, see under CIRCUSand HIPPODROMUS(Cf. Krause, Gymnastik u. Agonistik der Hellenen.)

[J.I.B]

Cursus

(δρόμος, τρόχος). Foot-racing. In historic times, at the national festivals of Greece, several species of it had come into vogue. We may distinguish four sorts: (a) the στάδιον (or simply δρόμος); (b) the δίαυλος; (c) the ἐφίππιος or ἵππιος δρόμος; (d) the δολιχὸς δρόμος (or δόλιχος, proparox). A strange feature in these races was that they were not run on hard and firm ground (Lucian, Anachars. 27), but over a deeply sanded surface.

(a) The στάδιον was a race in which the runners (σταδιοδρόμοι) traversed the arena in a direct line (whence it was called εὐθύς, ἄκαμπτος) from one extremity to the other. This distance, as measured by the Olympic stadium, which became the general standard, was about 600 feet. The στάδιον corresponds to our “sprint,” in which the runner does the whole run at his highest speed.

(b) The δίαυλος, or double course (properly= double pipe), required that the runners (διαυλοδρόμοι) should, after traversing the arena as in the στάδιον, turn round a post (καμπτήρ) and run back to their starting-point. Hence it was called δρόμος κάμπειος (from καμπή=flexus).

(c) The ἐφίππιος or ἵππιος did not, as might seem from its name, signify a horse-race, but a race of sufficient length to try the power of a horse. (See Hermann-Blümner, Privatalt. p. 346.) It was a test therefore of endurance as well as speed, being four stadia in length; that is, twice the δίαυλος.

(d) The true test of staying power, however, was the δόλιχος or long race, added to the Olympic Games (according to Philostratus, Gymn. 12) in Olymp.15.The length of this race has been variously described as seven, twelve, twenty, or twentyfour stadia. We may suppose that it differed on different occasions.

Competition in foot-racing was open to runners of all ages, whether boys (παῖδες), striplings (ἀγένειοι), or grown men (ἄνδρες). Only those who belonged to the same class, as regards age (ἡλικιῶται), were permitted to compete with one another; seniors, of course, not being allowed to enter against their juniors. In Sparta even girls ran.

The competitors, being too numerous to contend all together, were entered in successive groups (τάξεις); those who should form each group, as well as the order in which the groups should run, being determined by lot (συνταχθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ κλήρου). When all the τάξεις in turn had run, the victors in each were formed into one group, which ran a final heat for the prize.

It is doubtless owing to their want of instruments for accurately measuring small portions of time that the Greeks have left us scarcely any means of computing the speed which foot-racers attained in the various kinds of running.

For some special forms of the foot-race, see Lampadedromia and Staphylodromia.

We have very meagre information regarding foot-racing as practised by the Romans. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (vii. 71, 73), it formed part of the Ludi Magni from the time of their institution. He, too, tells us that the runners wore the subligaculum round their loins. In the Capitoline Games (Dio Cass. lxvii. 8) young women, after the Spartan fashion, took part in the competition. Beyond these scanty notices and vague references to running for healthful exercise in the Campus Martius, very little has been handed down to us. This running in the Campus was not always competitive. That it was sometimes so, however, is plain from Martial, iv. 19. For chariotracing, see Circus and Hippodromus.