furca

furca, ae, f. [Sanscr. bhur-ig, shears; cf. Lat. forceps, forfex; also Gr. φάρος, plough; Lat. forāre; Engl. bore, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 299; but Corss. refers furca to root dhar-,=fero, as a prop. support; v. Ausspr. 1, 149], a two-pronged fork.

• I Lit.: exacuunt alii vallos furcasque bicornes, Verg. G. 1, 264: valentes, id. ib. 2, 359: furcis detrudi, Liv. 28, 3, 7; cf. Caes. B. C. 2, 11, 2. —Prov.: naturam expellas furcā, tamen usque recurret, with might and main, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 24 (v. furcilla).—
• II Transf., of things shaped like a fork.
• • A A forkshaped prop, pole, or stake, for carrying burdens on the back or shoulder, Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 2 (438); for supporting the seats of a theatre, Liv. 1, 35, 9; for a vine, Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 32; for fishing-nets, id. 9, 8, 9, § 31; for the gable of a house, Ov. M. 8, 700; a frame on which meat was suspended in the chimney, id. ib. 8, 648.—
  • B An instrument of punishment in the form of a fork (V or II), which was placed on the culprit's neck, while his hands were fastened to the two ends, a yoke (cf.: crux, gabalus, patibulum; hence, furcifer): To. Satis sumpsimus jam supplici. Do. Fateor, manus vobis do. To. Post dabis sub furcis, Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 71 (847): canem et furcam ferre, id. Cas. 2, 6, 37 (389): servus per circum, cum virgis caederetur, furcam ferens ductus est, Cic. Div. 1, 26, 55: servus sub furca caesus, Liv. 2, 36, 1 Drak.; Val. Max. 1, 7, 4; Lact. 2, 7, 20: sub furca vinctus inter verbera et cruciatus, Liv. 1, 26, 10: cervicem inserere furcae, Suet. Ner. 49; Eutr. 7, 5; Prud. στεφ. 10, 851.—Hence poet. to designate the worst condition of slavery: ibis sub furcam prudens, Hor. S. 2, 7, 66.—
  • C A fork-shaped gallows: aliquem furcā figere, Dig. 48, 19, 28 fin.: furcae subicere, ib. 9: in furcam tollere, ib. 38: in furcam suspendere, ib. 13, 6: in furcam damnare, ib. 49, 16, 3: canes vivi in furca, sambucea arbore fixi, Plin. 29. 4, 14, § 57.—
  • D A fork-shaped yoke in which young bullocks were put to be tamed, Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 2.—
  • E Furcae cancrorum, the claws of a crab, Ap. Apol. p. 297. —
• F Furcae Caudinae, the narrow pass of Caudium, the Caudine Forks, usually called Furculae Caudinae (v. furcula, II. and Caudium), Val. Max. 5, 1, 5 ext.; 7, 2, 17 ext.

furca, ae, f. (verwandt mit fulcio), die (zweizackige) Gabel, I) eig.: furcā detrudere alqm, Liv.: furcā bicorni levare terga suis, Ov. – sprichw., naturam expellas furcā (mit der G. = mit aller Gewalt), tamen usque recurret. Hor. ep. 1, 10, 24; vgl. furcilla. – II) übtr.: A) die gabelförmige Stütze, zum Stützen der Reben, valli furcaeque bicornes, Verg.: furcas subdere vitibus, Plin.: vitibus aptare sudes furcasque valentes, Verg.: zum Aufrechterhalten der Netze, die Forkel (Firkel), retia furcis sublevare, Plin.: zum Stützen eines Baues, furcae duodenos ab terra spectacula alta sustinentes pedes, Liv.: furcas subiere columnae, Säulen traten an die Stelle der Stützen, Ov.: furcae utrimque suspensae fulciebant casam, Sen.: ein Bock, den man unter den Wagen beim Anspannen setzte, damit er nicht umfiel, Edict. Diocl. 15, 9 (wo φοῦρκα). – B) ein gabelförmiges Tragreff, die Gabel, Plaut. Cas. 438. – u. ein dem ähnliches Strafwerkzeug (zwei Hölzer, die, in Gestalt eines Λ zusammengefügt, Nacken und Rücken drückten, während die Hände an die beiden Enden gebunden waren), das Gabelkreuz, das Sklaven, die ein Vergehen begangen, mit sich herumtragen mußten, Plaut. Cas. 389, u. darin steckend gepeitscht wurden, Cic. de div. 1, 55. Liv. 2, 36, 1. Lact. 2, 7, 20: ebenso für Vater- (Mutter-, Geschwister-) Mörder, Liv. 1, 26, 10 (vgl. Bremi Suet. Claud. 34): u. für Staatsfeinde, Suet. Ner. 49, 2. Eutr. 7, 5. – ire sub furcam, bildl., in die schmählichste Knechtschaft geraten. Hor. sat. 2, 7, 66. – C) eine gabelförmige Art Galgen, um Sklaven, Straßenräuber usw. daran zu hängen, Plin. u. ICt. – D) ein gabelförmiges Joch, in das zahm zu machende junge Stiere gebracht wurden, die Gabel, Varro r. r. 1, 20, 2. – E) cancrorum furcae, die Scheren, Apul. apol. 35. – F) das Gestell, im Ggstz. zum Oberkörper (latus), deforme est in feminis furcam latere habere maiorem, Schol. Hor. sat. 1, 2, 93. – G) ein enger Paß in Gestalt eines V, furcae Caudinae, Val. Max. 5, 1. ext. 5. u. 7, 2. ext. 17 (vgl. Caudium).

1 furca [CL], ~us 1 fork, two-pronged implement; b (of wood); c (of wood bound w. iron); d (of iron). e pitchfork for hay, straw, or sim.. f muck fork. g fire-fork, fork used for stoking fire. h fork used in plastering. i fork used in road-making. j (man., w. ref. to tenure ad or per ~am et flagellum or sim.) by fork and flail, i. e. by villein’s services. ~a, furcula diminutive, gœfle GlH F 974; urgentur calibes furcos aptare bicornes, / et sterili funes nexare labore trilices Frith. 888; 12‥ debet operari ‥ ad voluntatem domini ‥ cum carecta, cortina, vanga, flagello, tribulo, ~a, falce (Reg. Spalding Pri. f. 272) Villainage in Eng. 170n; 1351 quelibet biga habebit ij homines et j forcam Reg. S. Aug. 79; 1573 eorum uterque habens unum baculum cum firco ferreo in alterutrum insultum fecerunt, et predictus Johannes Marten cum predicto ferro baculi ‥ predictum Timotheum in ventre ‥ percussit et pupugit, dans eidem Timotheo ‥ quoddam [sic] ictum sive plagam mortalem extendentem in ‥ profunditate quinque pollicum Pat 1105 m. 26.  b ~a, genus ligni bicipitis GlC F 372; c1300 ij ~e ‥ sine ferro (v. 1e infra); 1308 in iij ~is ligneis emptis Rec. Elton 139; 1345 item iij rastra et ij ~e lignee Ac. Durh. 206.  c 1287 in ~is ‥ ferrandis (v. 1 ferrare 2); c1300 iij ~e ferrate (v. 1e infra); 1306 in j ~a fimali ferranda MinAc 991/28 (v. fimalis); 1338 item v ~e pro fimo ferro ligate Ac. Durh. 200.  d W. Cant. Mir. Thom. VI 114 (v. 1e infra); 1202 robavit ei j †pelium [MS: pelvim] et j ~am †firiam [? for ferream cf. OF: forche fiere] (JustIt 479 m. 1) Linc. Rec. Soc. XXII 103; 1202 vulneravit eum in brachio quadam ~a ferrea SelPlCrown 18; 1323 quidam ignotus de villata ‥ de quadam ~a ferrea ipsum J. percussit in oculo ainistro SelCCoron 79; 1350 ij ~e ferrate pro blado et iiij ~e ferrate pro fimo Rec. Elton 386.  e merga, ~a cum qua garba segetis portatur Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 366; ~am ferream, qua stramenta in culmen congesserat W. Cant. Mir. Thom. VI 114 (v. bidentalis); 1250 ~e ferr’ ad fenum, ij; ~a ferr’ ad fimum, j MinAc 766/20d.; c1300 iij ~e ferrate ad levandas garbas, ij ~e ad fenum colligendum sine ferro FormMan 22; 1345 item ij ~e pro blado et feno et ij pro fimo Ac. Durh. 206; 1375 vi et armis, viz. gladiis, ~is pro feno, fustibus, et cultellis SessPLincs 207; 1419 (v. faenalis); ~am vel perticam manu tenens duplici cuspide peracutam (tali quippe instrumento utuntur agricole) sursum stramina porrigebat Mir. Hen. VI IV 134.  f 1250, 1345 (v. 1e supra); 1306, 1338 (v. 1c supra); 1365 ~am fimariam (v. fimarius 1); 1419 iij ~e fimales precii ix d. Wills N. Country 24; a1444 due furse fimose (v. fimosus 1); 1466 in j forca pro fimo empta v d. ob. MinAc Wistow 94; 1493 ij ~is †funalibus [l. fimalibus] Bristol Rec. Soc. XXII 53 (v. fimalis).  g rotabulum, ‥ i. ~a illa unde ignis movetur in fornace Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 505; pes ego decrepitis, offensis virga, levamen / fessis, obscuris orbita, furca focis Gir. Symb. app. 370 (Baculus) ; 1311 ~e ferree ad ignem (Invent. Cant.) Arch. J. LIII 273.  h 1345 ij furc’ ad dabband’ MinAc Essex (Langenhoe) D/DE1 M 22.  i 1335 in j spittle et j ~a curva emptis pro calceto Sacr. Ely II 67.  j c1160 (13c) fecit eum francum de terra patris sui, que fuerat ad ~am et flagellum, ut redderet inde per annum iiij s. pro j virgata terre Cart. Rams. II 270; 1196 habuit patrem et matrem illius M. in terra sua consuetudinarios ad ~am et ad facellum [but ? l. flagellum] CurR I 22; 1200 dicunt quod non debent ei dotem facere quia tenent in vilenagio ad ~am et flagellum de domino suo Ib. 313; 1214 tenuerunt tenementum illud per consuetudines serviles ad ~am et flagellum Ib. VII 61; a1216 terra Willelmi de Brazceur ad operacionem cum ~a et flagello ‥ terra Alurici Penec ad ~am et flagellum ‥ Cart. Ciren. I 267 (cf. CurR XII 1477: 1225); 1220 per ~am et flagellum (v. defendere 4a); 1268 distringit eos pro consuetudinibus et servitiis que nec antecessores eorum nec ipsi facere consueverunt, ut cum ~is et flagellis (CoramR) Villainage in Eng. 170n. 2 object having a forked shape: a (~a arboris) fork of a tree. b Y-shaped frame used for carrying loads. a me ‥ tota longitudine lancee sue dejecit in ~am arboris proxime Map NC III 2 f. 36v.  b trifurcifer, -ri, i. †potarius [MS: portarius] qui tres habet ~as ad honus gerendum Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 219. 3 crutch-post, forked timber used as support; also cruck, pair of curved timbers, sts. a forked tree w. trunk split and joined at the branches, to form arch which supports roof; b (w. ref. to ship). Cf.Building in Eng. 195–7. ~as, columnas GlH F 996; a1188 in branchis et in ~is (v. gloarius); 1223 quod habere facias R. ‥ duas ~as et duas paunas ‥ ad domum suam et hospicium nostrum ampliandam et reparandam Cl 539b; 1241 fieri facias quandam coquinam infra castrum nostrum de Roffa ad familiam nostram super sex ~as vel iiij Liberate 15 m. 17; 12‥ in petris amplis ‥ ad subponendas ~as in fundamento Cust. Taunton lviii; 1251 (v. chevero a); precium hyemalis domus est tale: de qualibet ~a, sc. que laquear sustinet, id est nenbren, xx d. Leg. Wall. B 236; 1298 una aula de ~is constructa cum muro de terra et stramine cooperta KR Ac 233/6; 1308 de viij copulis †furtarum (v. copula 4b); 1325 W. edificabit ad predictum cotagium duas ~as viz. crockus AncD C 6239.  b 1296 in ~is emptis ‥ ad palyceam faciendam circa galeam Ac. Galley Newcastle 163; in ~is emptis ad unam logeam Ib. 165; in vij lignis emptis ‥ pro ~is faciendis ad hurdiceam galee Ib. 176. 4 (pl.) gallows; b (w. judicialis); c (sg.); d (~a et fossa, as liberty, Sc.); e (fig.). 1088 (v. dignitas 4b); erexerunt ~as ante portam civitatis obsessisque mandaverunt quod obsides ‥ in patibulo suspenderent G. Mon. III 9; c1150 terram illam in qua ~e latronum stare solent Regesta 988; uxor furis ‥ falcem ferens, impetrata licencia mortuum sepelire, veniebat. quam cum pendens a patibulo ululantem audiret, ‥ proclamavit et ipse, postulans auxilium sibi. illa festinanter ~as ascendens, desecto torque vimineo, suspensum detrusit W. Cant. Mir. Thom. V 1; 1177 pro homine quem traxerunt ad ~as qui erat suspendendus ‥ Pipe 13; ille qui fecit furtum in Italia, ubi furtum punitur tantum pena pecuniaria, si veniret in Franciam, de eodem furto convictus ~arum suspendio puniretur P. Blois Ep. Sup. 61. 10; c1210 quandam libertatem que appellatur infongeneþef ‥ et ~as in eadem villa ad pendendum latrones indicatos per visum servientum nostrorum Kal. Samson 100; 1229 latro vero si captus fuerit in terra prioris et in curia ejus fuerit judicatus, execucio judicii fiet per ballivos prioris ad ~as episcopi Feod. Durh. 215; 1270 concessimus ei ‥ quod ~as super montanam extra terras arabiles erigere et levare et in eis latrones cum manu opere captos et convictos suspendere ‥ possit; et quod ipsi et heredes sui habeant ‥ infangenethef cum omnibus libertatibus ad hujusmodi ~as et infangenethef pertinentibus Pat 88 m. 16; 1276 abbas de Waltham ‥ levavit ~as in Haywode de hoc anno et suspendit ibi quandam mulierem contra libertatem domini regis et sine waranto Hund. I 12a; s1326 Hugo ‥ ad caudas equorum tractus usque ad ~as latronum et ibidem cum catena ferrea suspensus remansit Avesb. 77v; 1341 sciatis nos ‥ concessisse ‥ quod ~as in solo suo manerii predicti erigere et judicium de malefactoribus quos ibidem deprehendi contigerit juxta dictas libertates de infangenthef et outfangenthef facere possint ChartR 128 m. 8; pro falsacione monete regie seu falsa metallorum mixtione justo condemnari judicio et pro honoris apice ~as ascendere Ripley 186.  b 1296 vj d. in ~is judicialibus faciendis DL MinAc 1/1 r. 5; 1306 ~e judiciales ejusdem manerii debent stare apud le Hirst Ext. Hadleigh 244.  c furcimen, ~a, wearhrod GlH F 976; a1153 si quis malefactor judicio suspensus fuerit et postea evadat de ~a, quietus sit (Ass. David) APScot I 317.  d a1153 omnes barones qui habent ~am et fossam de latrocinio et de occisione hominis habeant ~am APScot I 319; 1178 concedo ‥ ferrum et duellum, fossam et ~as Reg. Aberd. I 4; c1228 vidit priorem [Dunelm’] habere fossam et ~as Feod. Durh. 298; 1237 sciant ‥ nos dedisse [terras] ‥ cum ~a et fossa, cum socco et sacca, cum tol et them et infangenethef Melrose I 205; c1316 sciatis nos concessisse ‥ omnes terras suas de Lowdone ‥ cum ~a et fossa, soc et sac, thol et theme et infangandthefe et cum omnibus aliis libertatibus RMS Scot 11; qui habent et tenent curias suas cum socco et sacca, ~a et fossa, toill et theme, infangtheife et outfangthiefe RegiamM I 4. 2; 1396 terras ‥ tenendas et habendas ‥ cum curiis et curiarum exitibus, ‥ cum ~a et fossa, sok, tholl et theame, infangandthef ‥ et aliis omnibus libertatibus Reg. Paisley 91.  e non restat nisi ut ducatur ad ~as infernales [ME: þe galcforke, þe waritreo of helle] AncrR 58. 5 rax, iron support from which pot hangs over fire (cf. ME galowes). ~as ferreas in quibus pannus pendet dedi sacerdotibus templi ad cacabos sustinendos (Brendanus) NLA I 150 (cf. ib. I 149: velum ‥ pendens inter furcellas ferreas); 1455 j par ~arum ferri vocatarum galous Test. Ebor. II 179. 6 fork, branching of two roads. 1135 per viam magnam usque ad ~am viarum et inde per viam a dextra Cart. Rievaulx 19; 12‥ ad ~um viarum Cart. Buckfast 8; 1298 sic ad ‥ quarentenam que vocatur Burnegrove, usque ~as de Brehull, et exinde ‥ Cart. Boarstall 576; 1305 una triroda jacet in Normangate ‥ sc. ad ~as de Castre Carte Nativ. 365. 7 (pl. as place-name) Fourches (Norm.). 1085 Heribertus de ~is (Chirog.) EHR XLIV 372; Robertus ‥ in eminenti loco qui ~as vulgo dicitur castellum condidit Ord. Vit. VIII 16 p. 358; 1230 Willelmus de ~is Pipe 221.

2 furca [Ar. fuqqāʿ] , sort of malt-liquor. ~a fit de ordeo, que est diuretica sed verius contracta Alph. 70.

3 furca v. furtum

furca, (12) cæ, f. , ¶ 1 fourche : Cæs. C. 2, 11, 2 ; naturam expelles furca Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 24, tu peux chasser le naturel à coups de fourche ¶ 2 bois fourchu, étançon : Virg. G. 1, 264 ; Liv. 1, 35, 9 ; Sen. Ep. 90, 10 || [instrument de supplice pour les esclaves et qqf. pour les criminels] : Pl. Cas. 389 ; Men. 943, etc. ; Cic. Div. 1, 55 ; Liv. 2, 36, 1 ; sub furcam ibis Hor. S. 2, 7, 66, tu iras te mettre la fourche au cou || fourche patibulaire, gibet : Plin. 29, 57 ; Isid. Orig. 5, 27, 44 || joug fourchu pour dresser de jeunes taureaux : Varro R. 1, 20, 2 || pinces de lʼécrevisse : Apul. Apol. 35.

furca , ae. f.
杈。枷。

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furca, ae, f.: (al pl.), chele, pinze Apul.

furca ae, f

• 1 FOR-, a two-pronged fork: bicornes, V.: valentes, V.: furcis detrudi, L.— Prov.: Naturam expellas furcā, tamen usque recurret, with violence, H.—A fork-shaped prop, split stake, triangular brace: furcis spectacula sustinentibus, L.: furcas subiere columnae, O.—A wooden yoke(on the neck of a slave, for punishment): per circum furcam ferens ductus est: servus sub furcā caesus, L.: sub furcā vinctus, L.: Ibis sub furcam, H.

FURCA

FURCAdim. FURCULA, FURCILLA (δίκρανον, δίκρουν ξύλον), a fork. 1. A two-pronged fork used for various agricultural purposes, e. g. haymaking (Varr. R. R. 1.49.1). It is this kind which gave rise to the proverbial expression to turn out with a pitchfork, i. e. forcibly and without ceremony (δικροῖς ὠθεῖν, Aristoph. Pax, 637; δικράνοις ἐξωθεῖν, Lucian, Tim. 12; furcillis extrudimur, Cic. ad Att. 16.2, § 4; musae furcillis praecipitem ejiciunt, Catull. 105.2; naturam expellas furca, Hor. Ep. 1.10, 24). 2. A wooden fork used as a prop, e. g. for vines (Verg. G. 1.264; 2.359-Z2); for planks to stand on in the Circus Maximus (Liv. 1.35.9); for supporting a two-wheeled carriage while the animals were being yoked to it (Greek στήριγξ, Lys. ap. Poll. 10.157); or as explained by Plutarch of props in general (ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ φούρκιφερ· ὃ γὰρ Ἕλληνες ὑποστάτην καὶ στήριγμα, τοῦτο Ῥωμαῖοι φούρκαν ὀνομάζουσι, Coriol. 24). 3. The end of the pole of a carriage, forked like a Λ where it joins the axle (Ginzrot, Wagen und Fahrwerke, 1.96). This, Marquardt thinks, was the original furca placed round the necks of slaves as an old domestic punishment (Privatl. 182). 4. From the earliest times the furca was a well-known instrument for punishing not only slaves, but freemen (Liv. 1.26). Here, however, we must distinguish between the punishment awarded to Horatius at his first trial, which was scourging under a furca followed by hanging (not crucifixion: see CRUXp. 567 a), and the punishment believed in later times to have been more majorum, in which the criminal was scourged to death (Tac. Ann. 2.32, 16.11-Z2; Suet. Nero 49[where it is described]; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 5). In these cases the furca was a piece of wood in the form of the letter A, which was placed upon the shoulders of the offender, whose hands were tied to it. Slaves were frequently flogged in this way, and were obliged to carry about the furca wherever they went (Liv. 2.36; Cic. de Div. 1.2. 6, § 55; Plut. Cor. l. c.; cf. Plant. Cas. 2.6, 37, Pers. 5.2, 78; Donat. ad Terent. Andr. 3.5, 12);. whence furcifer as a term of reproach (Cic. in Vatin. 6, § 15; Hor. Sat. 2.7, 22). A some-what similar instrument was used in carrying burdens on the neck, and occurs in the reliefs of the Column of Trajan. For the furca in crucifixion, see PATIBULUM5. The question of the use of table forks in antiquity has lately been re-opened, but the negative conclusions o<*> Beckmann (Hist. of Inventions, 2.407-414, ed. Bolin) have not been seriously shaken. Forks were doubtless used for kitchen purposes, such as taking down meat from the carnariumn (Petron. 95), carving, &c.; but the fact that forks for eating are neither mentioned by authors, represented in paintings or sculptures, nor found among the ample domestic stores of Herculaneum and Pompeii, was rightly judged decisive of the question. Some doubtful and unverified exceptions are discussed by Beckmann (l. c. p. 411),. and more recently by Marquardt (Privatl. 308 n.). Some slightly better evidence is now produced. Two silver forks of tasteful design were dug up in Rome in 1874, and pronounced by Castellani to be of the second century; from which date, he thinks, forks were in constant use among the cultivated classes: a bronze fork was also found at Rome, and an iron one at Rondineto, in 1878. Marquardt, while recording these facts, remarks cautiously that further discoveries will perhaps yield a solution. The use of fingers is too well attested to be easily disposed of; cf. CENApp. 394 a, 397 a. (Rich, s. v.; Marquardt, Privatl. 182 f., 307 f.)

[W.S] [W.W]

Furca

(δίκρανον). (1) A two-pronged fork, a hay-fork, pitchfork, etc. (Georg. i. 264). The name is also given to a flesh-fork (Petron.95), and to any forked prop or stay—e. g. for vines (Georg. ii. 259); for planks (Livy, i. 35); for fishingnets (Pliny , Pliny H. N.lx. 9). Table-forks were not used by the ancients, who took their food from the plate with their fingers, except in the case of shellfish and eggs, for which they had a sort of combination fork and spoon. (See Cena, p. 313, and Coclear.) The diminutive Furcilla denotes a smaller fork, but still a large one according to our notions.

(2) As an instrument of punishment, furca means a contrivance something like a yoke passing around the back of the neck and down each arm. This the criminal or slave wore while being whipped through the streets—whence Furcĭfer is an expression equivalent to our “gallows-bird” (Plaut. Amphit. i. 1, 132, and often).

(3) The word is also used of the gibbet or gallows ( Dig. 33).

(4) (στῆριγξ, στήριγμα). The part of a carriage-pole which fastens into the axle.