galea

galea , ae, f.: a helmet, either of leather or of metal, 3.468, et al.

gălĕa, ae, f. [kindred to Sancr. jal, to cover; cf. celare], a helmet (usually of leather), head-piece, morion (cf. cudo; the cassis, on the contrary, was made of metal plate: cassis de lamina est, galea de corio, Isid. Orig. 18, 14).

• I Lit.: gestandust peregre clupeus, galea, sarcina, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 195 (596): vix uni alterive cassis aut galea, Tac. G. 6: ad galeas induendas tempus defuit, Caes. B. G. 2, 21, 5; id. B. C. 3, 62, 1; 3, 63, 7; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 200; Verg. G. 2, 142; id. A. 8, 620; 9, 365: aerea, Vulg. 1 Reg. 17, 38 et saep. Furnished with a visor, Sil. 14, 636; Stat. Th. 4, 20.—Freq. and class. also of brazen helmets (cf. so the Gr. κυνέη): tinnit hastilibus umbo Aerato sonitu galeae, Enn. ap. Macr. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 433 Vahl.): loricae galeaeque aeneae, caelatae opere Corinthio, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44, § 97: aerea, Verg. A. 5, 491: leves, Hor. C. 1, 2, 38; cf.: seu caput abdiderat cristata casside pennis, in galea formosus erat, Ov. M. 8, 25.—
• II Transf., the crest of the Guinea fowl, Col. 8, 2, 2.

galea, ae, f. (vgl. griech. κυνέη, Hundsfell, dann der daraus gefertigte Helm, I) ursprünglich ein Helm aus Leder u. mit Erz beschlagen, eine Pickelhaube (hingegen cassis = ein Helm aus Metall, eine Sturmhaube), dann der Helm übh., Cl. Quadr. ann. 1. fr. 12 (bei Gell. 9, 11, 7). Caes. b. G. 2, 21, 5 u.a.: loricae galeaeque aëneae, Cic. Verr. 4, 97: gal. venatoria, Jägerhelm, Nep. Dat. 3, 2. – II) übtr.: a) die Mütze, ›tiara‹ galea sacerdotis est, Schol. Iuven. 6, 516. – b) die Haube auf dem Kopfe der afrikanischen Hühner, Col. 8, 2, 2.

1 galĕa [CL], ~eum, ~eus 1 helmet; b (fig.). c part of head. pontifices ‥ ~eum ponant super caput [regis] Egb. Pont. 103 rub.; ~ea, leþerhelm Ælf. Gl. 142; ~ea caput ‥ ornatur ut et ipse inde decoretur et ejus principale securum habeatur Simil. Anselmi app. 193 p. 98; eum ‥ lorica induit et ~eam capiti ‥ imposuit Ord. Vit. VIII 1 p. 267; H. Hunt. HA VI 4 (v. 1 cassis a); Lib. Eli. II 110, etc. (v. 1 conus 2a); 1200 robavit ei loricas suas, ~eas, caligas ferreas, et ollas suas ereas CurR I 255; induo me galĕam; galeatus duco galēam H. Avr. CG 18; 1224 (v. armatura 1c); 1235 quod unam duarum ~earum deauratarum, que sunt in custodia sua in thesaurario regis ‥, liberet Willelmo de G. Cl 118; hec ~ea vel cassis, heaume Gl. AN Ox. f. 148rb; s1367 puericia, que ‥ capita cum capillis ‥ abrasit, senectam noveritis ‥ audaciorem primipilorum colla cum †gallis abscindere J. Reading 192; in dextra sua pendebat ~ea sua triumphalis G. Hen. V 15; s1421 ~ia (v. coronella b); 1519 pro mortuario magistri J. P. nuper precentoris, viz., equo cum ‥ capucio de chamelet et uno ~eo cum pileo vel virrete nigro et cinctorio Fabr. York 98.  b capite pro ~ea adjutorio Domini fidissime contecto Gildas EB 65; meo ‥ cum capillis vertice / galea salutis esto Nunnam. 92; c1216 gala, Dei cultor, cure cristata galero (Guerra Joh.) Pol. Songs 23.  c [inunctiones] possunt confortari ‥ in temporibus, in emigranea et posterioribus, in nucca, in ovo, et ~ea Gad. 71v. 1. 2 (helmeted) soldier. s1346 exercitus Gallicorum ‥ in quo populus estimabatur ad numerum xij millium ~earum, et armatorum ad estimacionem lx millium Ad. Mur. app. 246.

2 galēa [OF galee, ME galei, ? ultimately < Ar.; cf. MLLM, which records formsgalida, galeida] , galley, (fighting) ship, powered by oars; b (dist. as to number of oars); c (carrying cargo). s1190 quod ‥ antiqui dixere liburnam moderni ~eam ‥ nominant. que longa, gracilis ‥ lignum a prora prefixum habet quod ‥ calcar dicitur . ‥ galiones [v. l. galeones] vero, uno remorum ordine contenti, brevitate mobiles et facilius flectuntur et levius discurrunt et ignibus jaculandis aptiores existunt Itin. Ric. I 34; 1205 quamdiu ‥ Robertus et Jocelinus fuerint in servicio domini in ~iis suis CurR III 275; naves ‥ que velis feruntur ccclxj; item ~ee et vicerii clvij Gir. Spec. IV 9; 1212 misimus ‥ Johannem ‥ et Godefridum ‥ cum balistariis et servientibus et duabus †gabiis [MS prob.: galiis] ‥ (TRBk 274 f. 419) Foed. I 163; 1221 galeias (v. galio); s1225 etc. (v. chelindra); s877 fecit rex longas naves, quas cyulas sive galeias appellant, fabricare M. Par. Maj. I 433 (cf. Ciren. II 14: cyulas et galeras); rostratas ferro sentit Rupella galeas Garl. Tri. Eccl. 66; s1260 homines de V Portubus navigaverunt ‥ in caleis et aliis navibus depredantes omnes ‥ venientes in Angliam Leg. Ant. Lond. 73; s1265 comes Glocestrie iij naves piraticas ‥ quas vulgo galyas vocant in introitu portus ‥ appendebat Wykes 167; 1266 in circulis emptis et reparacione galie, cobelle et batelle ExchScot 16; 1294 expense facta circa galleam ville Suthamptun ‥: ‥ in expensis xxx operariorum dicte galeye ‥ KR Ac 5/2 m. 1; 1337 galleam (v. defucare a); s1339 venerant pirate regis Francie in galeyis et spinaciis prope Hamptonam Ad. Mur. Chr. 89; rex Francie ‥ naves onustas victualibus et gallias ad conducendum eas ‥ preparare fecit Hist. Roff. 94V; 1342 pro municione gallee (v. armatura 1a); s1377 galeyas (v. coggo); 1386 (v. arraizus); s1385 due grandes galeye et aliud genus ratis quod vocatur lyne et una bargia et septem balingarie Wals. HA II 135; Elmh. Metr. Hen. V 797, etc. (v. carraca); 1573 in servicium tradere poterit per vincula in aliquam navem aut galleam omnes ‥ tales Hibernicorum ‥ qui rebellatores ‥ fuerint Pat 1104 m. 31 (cf. ib.: in naves et triremes).  b s1191 Ricardus rex habens in comitatu suo xiij ‥ buccas ‥ etiam l ~eas triremes se vento commisit Diceto YH 93; 1257 de quadam galia ad lvj remos ‥ ij galias quarum utraque sit ad l remos Cl 155; 1312 quod ‥ unam bonam et pulcram ~eam de sexies viginti remis ‥ fieri facerent Cl 130 m. 27; 1327 in construccione j nove gallee de sexies viginti remis ‥ ad proficiscendum cum flota navium V Portuum contra inimicos regis LTR Mem 99 r. 151d.; s1264 regulus Mannie regi Scocie ‥ provideret ‥ x ~eas piraticas quarum ‥ quinque xxiiij remorum et ‥ quinque xij remorum Fordun Chr. X 18; triremes nonnulle quas Ytali ~eas dicunt Liv. Hen. V 11a.  c 1442 (v. carcare 2).

3 galea [? cf. γαλεώτης] , kind of venomous snake. invenerunt ‥ anguem modicum anguillule nigre formam preferentem; ab accolis [partium Jerosolyme] ‥ acceperunt ‥ istum ~eam vocatum Gir. TH I 36.

4 galea v. galo(2a)

gălĕa, (9) æ, f. , casque [primitiv. de cuir] : Isid. Orig. 18, 14 || casque [en gén.] galeam induere Cæs. G. 2, 21, 5, se couvrir du casque || casque [en métal] : galeæ aheneæ Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 97, casques dʼairain || casque [à visière] : Stat. Th. 4, 20 || huppe [dʼoiseau] : Col. Rust. 8, 2, 2.

galea , ae. f.
盔。胄。兜。

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galea ae, f

• 2 CAL-, a helmet, head-piece(usu. of leather): ad galeas induendas, Cs.: galeae virūm, V., Ta.—Of bronze: aerea, V.: galeae aeneae: lēves, H.

GALEA

GA´LEA(κράνος, poet. κόρυς, πήληξ), a helmet, a casque. The helmet was originally made of skin or leather, whence is supposed to have arisen its appellation, κυνέη, meaning properly a helmet of dog-skin, but applied to caps or helmets made of the hide of other animals, not necessarily worn as armo<*> (ραυρείη, κτιδέη, Hom. Il. 10.258, 335; αἰγείη, Od. 24.230; Hdt. 7.77: compare κράνη δκύτινα, Xen. Anab. 5.4, § 13; galea lupina, Prop. 4.11, 19), and even to those which were entirely of bronze or iron (πάγχαλκος, Od. 18.377). The leathern basis of the helmet was also very commonly strengthened and adorned by the addition of either bronze or gold, which is expressed by such epithets as χαλκήρης, εὔχαλκος, χρυσείη. The helmet of Hector was made of three such layers (τρίπτυχος, Hom. Il. 11.352). Helmets which, had a metallic basis (κράνη χαλκᾶ, Xen. Anab. 1.2, § 16) were in Latin properly called cassides (Isid. Orig. 18.14; Tac. Germ. 6; Caesar, B. G. 3.45), although the terms galea and cassis are often confounded. A casque (cassis) found at Pompeii is preserved in the collection at Goodrich Court, Herefordshire. (Skelton, Engraved Illust. i. pl. 44.) The perforations for the lining (cf. OCREA) and exterior border are visible along its edge. A side and a front view of it are presented in the annexed woodcut. A casque very like this, and inscribed with an archaic dedication to Zeus, was fished up from the bed of the Alpheus, near Olympia, and is now in the British Museum (C. I. G. No. 29). Among the materials used for the lining of helmets were felt (πῖλος, Hom. Il. 10.265) and sponge (Aristot. H. A. 5.16).

The helmet, especially that of skin or leather, was sometimes a mere cap conformed to the shape of the head, without either crest or any other ornament (ἄφαλόν τε καὶ ἄλοφον, Il. 10.358). In this state it was probably used in hunting (galea venatoria, C. Nep. Dat. 3.2), and was called καταῖτυξ (Hom. Il. l. c.), in Latin CUDOThe preceding woodcut shows an example of it as worn by Diomede in a small Greek bronze, which is also in the collection at Goodrich Court. (Skelton, l. c.) The additions by which the external appearance of the helmet was varied, and which served both for ornament and protection, were the following:--

1. The (φάλος, which was either single, double (ἀμφίφαλος, δίφαλος, Hom. II. 5.743, 11.41), or quadruple (τετράφαλος, Hom. Il. 12.384; 22.314-Z2). It has been held (Liddell and Scott, s. v.) that the φάλος was the projecting peak of the helmet. According to this view, τετράφαλος is admittedly unintelligible (L. and S. loc. cit.), and it is certain that the φάλος was a ridge of metal, afterwards called κῶνος (Buttmann), which served as a support for the crest. The φάλος is well shown in the cut at p. 189 b [LORICA]. Instances occur where there are two or more such ridges. (See Helbig, Das Homerische Epos, p. 207.) In the cut below, from a gem with the head of Athene Parthenos, the φάλοι are represented by a Sphinx and two Pegasi.

2. The helmet thus adorned was very commonly surmounted by the crest (crista, λόφος, Horn. Il. 22.316), which was often of horsehair (ἵππουρις, ἱπποδάσεια, Hom. ll. cc.; λόφων ἔθειραι, Theocr. 22.186; hirsuta juba, Propert. 4.11, 19), and made so as to look imposing and terrible (Hom. Il. 3.337; Verg. A. 8.620), as well as handsome (ib. 9.365; εὔλοφος, Heliod. Aeth. vii.). The helmet often had two or even three crests. (Aesch. Sept. c. Theb. 384. Compare the cut below with the head of Athene, having a helmet with a triple crest.) In the Roman army of later times the crest served not only for ornament, but also to distinguish the centurions (Veget. 2.13). Cf. Vegetius, 2.16: Centuriones vero habebant . . . galeas ferreas, sed transversis et argentatis cristis, ut celerius noscerentur a suis. Compare the annexed cut from a part of a centurion's tomb, from Petronell, showing the transverse crest.

3. The two cheek-pieces (bucculae, Juven. 10.134; παραγναθίδες, Eustath. in Il. 5.743), which were usually attached to the helmet by hinges, so as to be lifted up and down. They had buttons or ties at their extremities for fastening the helmet on the head. (Val. Flacc..) A strap passed under the wearer's chin, in the case of the Homeric helmet (Il. 3.371), but apparently cheek-pieces were not movable. The cheek-pieces were often elaborately adorned with reliefs. (Cf. Antiq. du Bosp. Cimm. pl. xxviii. fig. 1; Baumeister, fig. 2214.)

4. The beaver, or visor, a peculiar form of which is supposed to have been the αὐλῶπις τρυφάλεια, i. e. the perforated beaver. (Hom. Il. 11.353: cf. Hesych. s. v., and Helbig, Das Homerische Epos, p. 205.) The gladiators wore helmets somewhat of this kind (Juven. 8.203), and specimens of them, not unlike those worn in the Middle Ages, have been found at Pompeii. See the woodcut to GLADIATORES

The five following helmets are selected from antique gems, and are engraved of the size of the originals.

[J.Y] [A.H.S]

Galea

(κράνος, poet. κόρυς, πήληξ). A helmet, casque. The helmet was originally made of skin or leather, whence is supposed to have arisen its appellation, κυνέη, meaning properly a helmet of dogskin, but applied to caps or helmets made of the hide of other animals, not necessarily worn as armour (ταυρείη, κτιδέη, Hom. Il. x. 258, 335; αἰγείη, Homer Od. xxiv. 230; Herod.vii. 77; galea lupina, Propert. iv. 11, 19), and even to those which were entirely of bronze or iron ( Od. xviii. 377). The leathern basis of the helmet was also very commonly strengthened and adorned by the addition of either bronze or gold (Il. xi. 352). Helmets which had a metallic basis were in Latin properly called cassides (Germ. 6), although the terms galea and cassis are often confounded. A casque (cassis) found at Pompeii is preserved in the collection at Goodrich Court in England. The perforations for the lining and exterior border are visible along its edge. Among the materials used for the lining of helmets were felt (πῖλος, Il. x. 265) and sponge (Aristot. H. A. v. 16).

The helmet, especially that of skin or leather, was sometimes a mere cap conformed to the shape of the head, without either crest or any other ornament. In this state it was probably used in hunting (galea venatoria, C. Nep. Dat. iii. 2), and was called καταῖτυξ, in Latin cudo. The preceding illustration shows an example of it as worn by Diomede in a small Greek bronze, which is also in the collection at Goodrich Court. The additions by which the external appearance of the helmet was varied, and which served both for ornament and protection, were the following: (1) The φάλος, which was either single, double (ἀμφίφαλος, δίφαλος), or quadruple (τετράφαλος). It has been held that the φάλος was the projecting peak of the helmet. According to this view, τετράφαλος is admittedly unintelligible, and it is certain that the φάλος was a ridge of metal, afterwards called κῶνος (Buttmann), which served as a support for the crest. Instances occur where there are two or more such ridges. In the illustration below, from a gem with the head of Athené Parthenos, the φάλοι are represented by a Sphinx and two Pegasi.

(2) The helmet thus adorned was very commonly surmounted by the crest (crista, λόφος), which was often of horse-hair (ἵππουρις, ἱπποδάσεια, hirsuta iuba, Propert. iv. 11, 19), and made so as to look imposing and terrible. The helmet often had two or even three crests (cf. the illustration above with the head of Athené, having a helmet with a triple crest). In the Roman army of later times the crest served not only for ornament, but also to distinguish the centurions (Veget. ii. 13). The annexed illustration from a part of a centurion's tomb, from Petronell, shows the transverse crest.

(3) The two cheekpieces (bucculae, παραγναθίδες), which were usually attached to the helmet by hinges, so as to be lifted up and down. They had buttons or ties at their extremities for fastening the helmet on the head. A strap passed under the wearer's chin, in the case of the Homeric helmet (Il. iii. 371), but apparently cheek-pieces were not movable.

(4) The beaver, or visor, a peculiar form of which is supposed to have been the αὐλῶπις τρυφάλεια—i. e. the perforated beaver (Hom. Il. xi. 353). The gladiators wore helmets somewhat of this kind (Juv.viii. 203), and specimens of them, not unlike those worn in the Middle Ages, have been found at Pompeii. See the illustration to Gladiatores.