Demetrius

Dēmētrĭus, ii, m., Δημήτριος, the name of several Greeks, among whom the most celebrated are,

• Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, and king of Macedonia, Cic. Off. 2, 7 fin.; Just. 15, 1 sq.; 16, 1 sq.—
• II Demetrius Phalereus, a famous orator, a pupil of Theophrastus, Cic. Brut. 9; id. de Or. 2, 23; id. Or. 27 et saep.—
• III Demetrius Magnes, a contemporary of Cicero, and author of a work, περὶ ὁμονοίας, Cic. Att. 8, 11 fin.—
• IV Demetrius Pharius, king of Illyria, Liv. 22, 33, 3.—
• V Demetrius Soter, son of Antiochus the Great, Just. 34, 3, 8.—
• VI The name of a singer, Hor. S. 1, 10, 79.—
• VII A noted cynic, Tac. H. 1, 16; 4, 34; Sen. Ben. 7, 1.—
• VIII A comic actor, Juv. 3, 99; Quint. 11, 3, 138.— Also,
• IX The title of a comedy by Turpilius, Non. 322, 18; v. Rib. Com. Fr. p. 87 sq.

Dēmētrius, ī, m. (Δημήτριος), griech. Männername, unter dem bei röm. Schriftstst. öfter vorkommen; I) D. Phalēreus, s. Phalērum. – II) Demetrius Poliorcetes, s. Poliorcētēs. – III) ein Zyniker unter Kaligula, Klaudius u. Nero, Sen. de ben. 7, 1 sq. 7, 8 sq. Tac. hist. 1, 16; 4, 34 sq. – IV) ein Schauspieler in der Komödie, Quint. 11, 3, 138. Iuven. 3, 99.

Dēmētrĭus, (11) ĭī, m. (Δημήτριος), nom de plusieurs rois de Macédoine et de Syrie [Démétrius Poliorcète, Démétrius Soter, Démétrius Nicanor, etc.] : Cic. Off. 2, 26 ; Liv. 31, 28 || rois et princes de différents pays : Liv. 22, 33, 3 || Démétrius de Phalère, orateur et homme dʼÉtat [à Athènes] : Cic. de Or. 2, 95 || nom de plusieurs contemporains de César et dʼAuguste : Cic. Att. 8, 11, 7 || philosophe cynique sous Caligula : Tac. H. 1, 16 || acteur comique : Juv. 3, 99 ; Quint. 11, 3, 178.

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος).

1. Son of Althaemenes, commander of one of the squadrons of Macedonian cavalry under Alexander. (Arrian, Arr. Anab. 3.11, 4.27, 5.21.)

Deme'trius or Deme'trius Pheidon

2. Son of Pythonax, surnamed Pheidon, one of the select band of cavalry, called ἑταιροι,in the service of Alexander. (Arrian, Arr. Anab. 4.12; Plut. Alex. 54.)

Deme'trius

3. One of the body-guards of Alexander, was suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of Philotas, and displaced in consequence. (Arrian, Arr. Anab. 3.27.)

Deme'trius

4. A son of Ariarathes V., king of Cappadocia, commanded the forces sent by his father in 154 B. C. to support Attalus in his war against Prusias. (Plb. 33.10.)

Deme'trius

5. A native of Gadara in Syria, and a freedman of Pompey, who shewed him the greatest favour, and allowed him to accumulate immense riches. After the conquest of Syria, Pompey rebuilt and restored at his request his native town of Gadara, which had been destroyed by the Jews. (J. AJ 14.4.4, de Bell. Jud. 1.7. %sec; 7.) An anecdote related by Plutarch shews the excessive adulation paid him in the East, on account of his well-known influence with Pompey. (Plut. Pomp. 40, Cato Min. 13.) [E.H.B]

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος), king of Bactria, son of Euthydemus. Polybius mentions (11.34), that when Antiochus the Great invaded the territories of Euthydemus, the latter sent his son Demetrius, then quite a youth, to negotiate with the Syrian king; and that Antiochus was so much pleased with the young man's appearance and manners, that he confirmed Euthydemus in his sovereignty, and promised one of his own daughters in marriage to Demetrius. The other notices we possess of this prince are scanty and confused; but it seems certain (notwithstanding the opinion to the contrary advanced by Bayer, Hist. Regni Graecorum Bactriani, p. 83), that Demetrius succeeded his father in the sovereignty of Bactria, where he reigned at least ten years. Strabo particularly mentions him as among those Bactrian kings who made extensive conquests in northern India (Strab. 11.11.1), though the limit of his acquisitions cannot be ascertained. Justin, on the con trary, calls him "rex Indorum" (41.6), and speaks of him as making war on and besieging Eucratides, king of Bactria. Mionnet (Suppl. vol. viii. p. 473) has suggested that there were two Demetrii, one the son of Euthydemus, the other a king of northern India; but it does not seem necessary to have recourse to this hypothesis. The most probable view of the matter is, that Eucratides revolted from Demetrius, while the latter was engaged in his wars in India, and established his power in Bacteria proper, or the provinces north of the Hindoo Koosh, while Demetrius retained the countries south of that barrier. Both princes may thus have ruled contemporaneously for a considerable space of time. (Comp. Wilson's Ariana, pp. 228-231; Lassen, Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 230; Raoul Rochette, Journ. des Savans, for 1835, p. 521.) It is probably to this Demetrius that we are to ascribe the foundation of the city of Demetrias in Arachosia, mentioned by Isidore of Charax (p. 8, ed. Hudson; see Lassen, p. 232). The chronology of his reign, like that of all the Bactrian kings, is extremely uncertain: his accession is placed by M. R. Rochette in B. C. 190 (Journ. des Savans, Oct. 1835, p. 594), by Lassen in 185 (Gesch. der Bactr. Könige, p. 282), and it seems probable that he reigned about 20 or 25 years. (Wilson's Ariana, p. 231.) [E.H.B]

Deme'trius I. or Deme'trius Poliorcetes

(Δημήτριος) I., king of Macedonia, surnamed Poliorcetes (Πολιορκητής), or the Besieger, was the son of Antigonus, king of Asia, and Stratonice, the daughter of Corrhaeus. He was distinguished when a young man for his affectionate attachment to his parents, and he and Antigonus continued, throughout the life of the latter, to present a rare example of unanimity. While yet very young, he was married to Phila, the daughter of Antipater and widow of Craterus, a woman of the noblest character, but considerably older than himself, in consequence of which it was not without difficulty that he was persuaded by Antigonus to consent to the match. (Plut. Demetr. 14.) He accompanied his father in his campaigns against Eumenes, and commanded the select body of cavalrv called έταῖροι at the battle in Gabiene (S. C. 317), at which time he was about twenty years old. (Diod. 19.29.) The following year he commanded the whole right wing of the army of Antigonus in the second battle of Gabiene (Id. 19.40); and it must be mentioned to his credit, that after the capture of Eumenes, he interceded earnestly with his father to spare his life. (Plut. Eum. 18.) Two years afterwards, he was left by Antigonus in the chief command of Syria, while the latter proceeded to carry on the war in Asia Minor. In the spring of B. C. 312. Ptolemy invaded Syria with a large army; and Demetrius, contrary to the advice of the more experienced generals whom his father had left with him as a council of war, hastened to give him battle at Gaza, but was totally defeated and lost the greater part of his army. This reverse compelled him to abandon Tyre and the whole of Syria, which fell into the hands of Ptolemy, and Demetrius retired into Cilicia, but soon after in part retrieved his disaster, by surprising Cilles (who had been sent against him by Ptolemy) on his march near Myus, and taking him and his whole army prisoners. (Diod. 19.80-85, 93; Plut. Demetr. 5, 6.) He was now joined by Antigonus, and Ptolemy immediately gave way before them. Demetrius was next employed by his father in an expedition against the Nabathaean Arabs, and in a more important one to recover Babylon, which had been lately occupied by Seleucus. This he accomplished with little difficulty, but did not complete his work, and without waiting to reduce one of the forts or citadels of Babylon itself, he left a force to continue the siege, and returned to join Antigonus, who almost immediately afterwards concluded peace with the confederates, B. C. 311. (Diod. 19.96-98, 100; Plut. Demetr. 7.) This did not last long, and Ptolemy quickly renewed the war, which was however almost confined to maritime operations on the coasts of Cilicia and Cyprus, in which Demetrius, who commanded the fleet of Antigonus, obtained many successes. In 307 he was despatched by his father with a powerful fleet and army to endeavour to wrest Greece from the hands of Cassander and Ptolemy, who held all the principal towns in it, notwithstanding that the freedom of the Greek cities had been expressly guaranteed by the treaty of 311. He first directed his course to Athens, where he was received with enthusiasm by the people as their liberator. Demetrius the Phalerean, who had in fact governed the city for Cassander during the last ten years, was expelled, and the fort at Munychia taken. Megara was also reduced, and its liberty proclaimed; after which Demetrius took up his abode for the winter at Athens, where he was received with the most extravagant flatteries: divine honours being paid him under the title of "the Preserver" (ὁ Σωτήρ), and his name being ranked with those of Dionysus and Demeter among the tutelary deities of Athens. (Plut. Demetr. 8_13; Diod. 20.45, 46.) It was at this time also that he married Eurydice. the widow of Ophellus of Cyrene, but an Athenian by birth, and a descendant of the great Miltiades. (Plut. Demetr. 14.)

From Athens Demetrius was recalled by his father to take the command of the war in Cyprus against Ptolemy. He invaded that island with a powerful fleet and army, defeated Ptolemy's brother, Menelaus, who held possession of the island, and shut him up in Salamis, which he besieged closely both by sea and land. Ptolemy himself advanced with a numerous fleet to the relief of his brother; but Demetrius was prepared for his approach, and a great sea-fight ensued, in which, after an obstinate contest, Demetrius was entirely victorious: Ptolemy lost 120 ships of war, besides transports; and his naval power, which had hitherto been regarded as invincible, was utterly annihilated. (B. C. 306.) Menelaus immediately afterwards surrendered his army and the whole of Cyprus into the hands of Demetrius. It was after this victory that Antigonus for the first time assumed the title of king, which he bestowed also at the same time upon his son,--an example quickly followed by their rival monarchs. (Diod. 20.47_53 ; Plut. Demetr. 15_18; Polyaen. 4.7.7; Justin, 15.2.)

Demetrius now for a time gave himself up to luxury and revelry in Cyprus. Among other prisoners that had fallen into his hands in the late victory was the noted courtezan, Lamia, who, though no longer in the prime of her youth, soon obtained the greatest influence over the young king. (Plut. Demetr. 16, 19, 27; Athen. 4.128, xiii. p. 577.) From these enjoyments he was, however, soon compelled to rouse himself, in order to take part with Antigonus in his expedition against Egypt: but the fleet which he commanded suffered severely from storms, and, after meeting with many disasters, both father and son were compelled to retreat. (Diod. 20.73-76; Plut. Demetr. 19.) In the following year (B. C. 305) Demetrius determined to punish the Rhodians for having refused to support his father and himself against Ptolemy, and proceeded to besiege their city both by sea and land. The siege which followed is rendered one of the most memorable in ancient history, both by the vigorous and able resistance of the besieged, and by the extraordinary efforts made by Demetrius, who displayed on this occasion in their full extent that fertility of resource and ingenuity in devising new methods of attack, which earned for him the surname of Poliorcetes. The gigantic machines with which he assailed the walls, the largest of which was called the Helepolis or city-taker, were objects of admiration in succeeding ages. But all his exertions were unavailing, and after the siege had lasted above a year, he was at length induced to conclude a treaty, by which the Rhodians engaged to support Antigonus and Demetrius in all cases, except against Ptolemy, B. C. 304. (Diod. 20.81_88, 91_100; Plut. Demetr. 21, 22.)

This treaty was brought about by the intervention of envoys from Athens; and thither Demetrius immediately hastened, to relieve the Athenians, who were at this time hard pressed by Cassander. Landing at Aulis, he quickly made himself master of Chalcis, and compelled Cassander not only to raise the siege of Athens, but to evacuate all Greece south of Thermopylae. He now again took up his winter-quarters at Athens, where he was received as before with the most extravagant flatteries, and again gave himself up to the most unbounded licentiousness. With the spring of 303 he hastened to resume the work of the liberation of Greece. Sicyon, Corinth, Argos, and all the smaller towns of Arcadia and Achaia, which were held by garrisons for Ptolemy or Cassander, successively fell into his hands; and it seems probable that he even extended his expeditions as far as Leucadia and Corcyra. (See Droysen, Gesch. d. Nachfolg. p. 511; Thirlwall's Greece, vii. p. 353.) The liberty of all the separate states was proclaimed; but, at a general assembly held at Corinth, Demetrius received the title of commander-in-chief of all Greece (ήγεμὼν τῆς Ἑλλάδος), the same which had been formerly bestowed upon Philip and Alexander. At Argos, where he made a considerable stay, he married a third wife--Deidameia, sister of Pyrrhus, king of Epeirus--though both Phila and Eurydice were still living. The debaucheries in which he indulged during his stay at Athens, where he again spent the following winter, and even within the sacred precincts of the Parthenon, where he was lodged, were such as to excite general indignation; but nothing could exceed the meanness and servility of the Athenians towards him, which was such as to provoke at once his wonder and contempt. A curious monument of their abject flattery remains to us in the Ithyphallic hymn preserved by Athenaeus (vi. p. 253). All the laws were, at the same time, violated in order to allow him to be initiated in the Eleusinian mysteries. (Plut. Demetr. 23-27; Diod. 20.100, 102, 103; Polyaen. 4.7. §§ 3, 8; Athen. 6.253, xv. p. 697.)

The next year (B. C. 302) he was opposed to Cassander in Thessaly, but, though greatly superior in force, effected little beyond the reduction of Pherae. This inactivity came at a critical time: Cassander had already concluded a league with Lysimachus, who invaded Asia, while Seleucus advanced from the East to co-operate with him. Antigonus was obliged to summon Demetrius to his support, who concluded a hasty treaty with Cassander, and crossed over into Asia. The following year their combined forces were totally defeated by those of Lysimachus and Seleucus in the great battle of Ipsus, and Antigonus himself slain, B. C. 301. (Diod. 20.106-113; Plut. Demetr. 28, 29.) Demetrius, to whose impetuosity the loss of the battle would seem to be in great measure owing, fled to Ephesus, and from thence set sail for Athens: but the Athenians, on whose devotion he had confidently reckoned, declined to receive him into their city, though they gave him up his fleet, with which he withdrew to the Isthmus. His fortunes were still by no means hopeless: he was at the head of a powerful fleet, and still master of Cyprus, as well as of Tyre and Sidon; but the jealousies of his enemies soon changed the face of his affairs; and Ptolemy having entered into a closer union with Lysimachus, Seleucus was induced to ask the hand of Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius by his first wife, Phila. By this alliance Demetrius obtained the possession of Cilicia, which he was allowed to wrest from the hands of Pleistarchus, brother of Cassander; but his refusal to cede the important towns of Tyre and Sidon, disturbed the harmony between him and Seleucus, though it did not at the time lead to an open breach. (Plut. Demetr. 30-33.)

We know nothing of the negotiations which led to the conclusion of a treaty between Demetrius and Ptolemy almost immediately after the alliance between the former and Seleucus, but the effect of these several treaties was the maintenance of peace for a space of near four years. During this interval Cassander was continually gaining ground in Greece, where Demetrius had lost all his possessions; but in B. C. 297 he determined to reassert his supremacy there, and appeared with a fleet on the coast of Attica. His efforts were at first unsuccessful; his fleet was wrecked, and he himself badly wounded in an attempt upon Messene. But the death of Cassander gave a new turn to affairs. Demetrius made himself master of Aegina, Salamis, and other points around Athens, and finally of that city itself, after a long blockade which had reduced the inhabitants to the last extremities of famine. (B. C. 295. Concerning the chronology of these events compare Clinton, F. H. ii. p. 178, with Droysen, Gesch. d. Nachfolger, pp. 563-569, and Thirlwall's Greece, viii. p. 5, not.) Lachares, who from a demagogue had made himself tyrant of Athens, escaped to Thebes, and Demetrius had the generosity to spare all the other inhabitants. He, however, retained possession of Munychia and the Peiraeeus, and subsequently fortified and garrisoned the hill of the Museum. (Plut. Demetr. 33, 34; Paus. 1.25. §§ 7, 8.) His arms were next directed against the Spartans, whom he defeated, and laid siege to their city, which seemed on the point of falling into his hands, when he was suddenly called away by the state of affairs in Macedonia. Here the dissensions between Antipater and Alexander, the two sons of Cassander, had led the latter to call in foreign aid to his support; and he sent embassies at once to Demetrius and to Pyrrhus, who had been lately reinstated in his kingdom of Epeirus. Pyrrhus was the nearest at hand, and had already defeated Antipater and established Alexander on the throne of Macedonia, when Demetrius, unwilling to lose such an opportunity of aggrandizement, arrived with his army. He was received with apparent friendliness, but mutual jealousies quickly arose. Demetrius was informed that the young king had formed designs against his life, which he anticipated by causing him to be assassinated at a banquet. He was immediately afterwards acknowledged as king by the Macedonian army, and proceeded at their head to take possession of his new sovereignty, B. C. 294. (Plut. Demetr. 35-37, Pyrrh. 6, 7; Just. 16.1; Paus. 1.10.1, 9.7.3; Euseb. Arm. p. 15.i.)

While Demetrius had by this singular revolution become possessed of a kingdom in Europe, he had lost all his former possessions in Asia: Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy having taken advantage of his absence in Greece to reduce Cilicia, Cyprus, and the cities which he had held on the coasts of Phoenicia and Asia Minor. He, however, concluded a peace with Lysimachus, by which the latter yielded to him the remaining portion of Macedonia, and turned his whole attention to the affairs of Greece. Here the Boeotians had taken up arms, supported by the Spartans under Cleonymus, but were soon defeated, and Thebes taken after a short siege, but treated with mildness by Demetrius. After his return to Macedonia he took advantage of the absence of Lysimachus and his captivity among the Getae to invade Thrace; but though he met with little opposition there, he was recalled by the news of a fresh insurrection in Boeotia. To this he speedily put an end, repulsed Pyrrhus, who had attempted by invading Thessaly to effect a diversion in favour of the Boeotians, and again took Thebes after a siege protracted for nearly a year. (B. C. 290.) He had again the humanity to spare the city, and put to death only thirteen (others say only ten) of the leaders of the revolt. (Plut. Demetr. 39, 40; Diod. xxi. Exc. 10, Exc. Vales. p. 560.) Pyrrhus was now one of the most formidable enemies of Demetrius, and it was against that prince and his allies the Aetolians that he next directed his arms. But while he himself invaded and ravaged Epeirus almost without opposition, Pyrrhus gained a great victory over his lieutenant Pantauchus in Aetolia; and the next year, Demetrius being confined by a severe illness at Pella, Pyrrhus took advantage of the opportunity to overrun a great part of Macedonia, which he, however, lost again as quickly, the moment Demetrius was recovered. (Plut. Demetr. 41, 43, Pyrrh. 7, 10.)

It was about this time that Demetrius concluded an alliance with Agathocles, king of Syracuse, whose daughter Lanassa, the wife of Pyrrhus, had previously surrendered to him the important island of Corcyra. (Plut. Pyrrh. 11; Diod. xxi. Exc. 11.) But it was towards the East that the views of Demetrius were mainly directed: he aimed at nothing less than recovering the whole of his father's dominions in Asi`a, and now hastened to conclude a peace with Pyrrhus, that he might continue his preparations uninterrupted. These were on a most gigantic scale: if we may believe Plutarch, he had assembled not less than 98,000 foot and near 12,000 horse, as well as a fleet of 500 ships, among which were some of 15 and 16 banks of oars. (Plut. Demetr. 43.) But before he was ready to take the field, his adversaries, alarmed at his preparations, determined to forestall him. In the spring of B. C. 287, Ptolemy sent a powerful fleet against Greece, while Pyrrhus (notwithstanding his recent treaty) on the one side and Lysimachus on the other simultaneously invaded Macedonia. But Demetrius's greatest danger was from the disaffection of his own subjects, whom he had completely alienated by his proud and haughty bearing, and his lavish expenditure on his own luxuries. He first marched against Lysimachus, but alarmed at the growing discontent among his troops, he suddenly returned to face Pyrrhus, who had advanced as far as Beraea. This was a most unfortunate step: Pyrrhus was at this time the hero of the Macedonians, who no sooner met him than they all declared in his favour, and Demetrius was obliged to fly from his camp in disguise, and with difficulty made his escape to Cassandreia. (Plut. Demetr. 44, Pyrrh. 11; Justin, 16.2.) His affairs now appeared to be hopeless, and even his wife Phila, who had frequently supported and assisted him in his adversities, now poisoned herself in despair. But Demetrius himself was far from desponding; he was still master of Thessaly and some other parts of Greece, though Athens had again shaken off his yoke: he was able to raise a small fleet and army, with which, leaving his son Antigonus to command in Greece, he crossed over to Miletus. Here he was received by Eurydice, wife of Ptolemy, whose daughter Ptolemais had been promised him in marriage as early as B. C. 301, and their long delayed nuptials were now solemnized. Demetrius at first obtained many successes; but the advance of Agathocles with a powerful army compelled him to retire. He now threw himself boldly into the interior of Asia, having conceived the daring project of establishing himself in the eastern provinces of Seleucus. But his troops refused to follow him. He then passed over into Cilicia, and after various negotiations with Seleucus, and having suffered the greatest losses and privations from famine and disease, he found himself abandoned by his troops and even by his most faithful friends, and had no choice but to surrender himself a prisoner to Seleucus. (B. C. 286.) That king appears to have been at first disposed to treat him with honour, but took alarm at his popularity with the army, and sent him as a prisoner to the Syrian Chersonesus. Here he was confined at one of the royal residences, where he had the liberty of hunting in the adjoining park, and does not seem to have been harshly treated. Seleucus even professed an intention of restoring him to liberty, and indignantly rejected the proposal of Lysimachus to put him to death; but the restless spirit of Demetrius could ill brook confinement, and he gave himself up without restraint to the pleasures of the table, which brought on an illness that proved fatal. His death took place in the third year of his imprisonment and the fifty-fifth of his age, B. C. 283. (Plut. Demetr. 45-52; Polyaen. 4.9; Diod. xxi. Exc. Vales. p.562.) His remains were sent by Seleucus with all due honours to his son Antigonus, who interred them at Demetrias in Thessaly, a city which he had himself founded. (Plut. Demetr. 53.)

There can be no doubt that Demetrius was one of the most remarkable characters of his age: in restless activity of mind, fertility of resource, and daring promptitude in the execution of his schemes, he has perhaps never been surpassed; but prosperity always proved fatal to him, and he constantly lost by his luxury and voluptuousness the advantages that he had gained by the vigour and activity which adversity never failed to call forth. His life was in consequence a continued succession of rapid and striking vicissitudes of fortune. It has been seen that he was guilty of some great crimes, though on the whole he can be charged perhaps with fewer than any one of his contemporaries; and he shewed in several instances a degree of humanity and generosity very rarely displayed at that period. His besetting sin was his unbounded licentiousness, a vice in which, says Plutarch, he surpassed all his contemporary monarchs. Besides Lamia and his other mistresses, he was regularly married to four wives, Phila, Eurydice, Deidameia, and Ptolemais, by whom he left four sons. The eldest of these, Antigonus Gonatas, eventually succeeded him on the throne of Macedonia.

According to Plutarch, Demetrius was remarkable for his beauty and dignity of countenance, a remark fully borne out by his portrait as it appears upon his coins, one of which is annexed. On this his head is represented with horns, in imitation of Dionysus, the deity whom he particularly sought to emulate. (Plut. Demetr. 2; Eckhel, ii. p. 122.)

Of his children two bore the same name:--

Deme'trius

1. Demetrius, surnamed the Handsome (ὁ καλός), whom he had by Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemy Soter, and who was consequently brother of Antigonus Gonatas. He was first married to Olympias of Larissa, by whom he had a son Antigonus, surnamed Doson, who afterwards succeeded to the throne of Macedonia. (Euseb. Arm. i. p 161, fol. ed.) After the death of Magas, king of Cyrene, his widow, Arsinoe, wishing to obtain support against Ptolemy, sent to Macedonia to offer the hand of her daughter Berenice, and with it the kingdom of Cyrene, to Demetrius, who readily embraced the offer, repaired immediately to Cyrene, and established his power there without opposition. How long he continued to hold it we know not; but he is said to have given general offence by his haughty and unpopular manners, and carried on a criminal intercourse with his mother-in-law, Arsinoe. This was deeply resented by the young queen, Berenice, who caused him to be assassinated in her mother's arms. (Justin, 26.3; Euseb. Arm. i. pp. 157, 158; Niebuhr's Kleine, Schriften. p. 229; Droysen, Hellenism. ii. p. 292, &c.) According to a probable conjecture of Droysen's (ii. p. 215), it must have been this Demetrius, and not, as stated by Justin (26.2), the son of Antigonus Gonatas, who defeated Alexander of Epeirus when he invaded Macedonia.

Deme'trius

2. Demetrius, surnamed the Thin (ὁ λεπτος), whom he had by an Illyrian woman, and of whom nothing is known but his name mentioned by Plutarch. (Plut. Demetr. 53.) [E.H.B]

Deme'trius Ii.

(Δημήτριος) II., king of Macedonia, was the son of Antigonus Gonatas, and succeeded his father in B. C. 239. According to Justin (26.2), he had distinguished himself as early as B. C. 266 or 265, by the defeat of Alexander of Epeirus, who had invaded the territories of his father: but this statement is justly rejected by Droysen (Hellenismus, ii. p. 214) and Niebuhr (Kleine Schrift. p. 228) on account of his extreme youth, as he could not at this time have been above twelve years old. (See, however, Euseb. Arm. i. p. 160; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. viii. p. 90.) Of the events of his reign, which lasted ten years, B. C. 239-229 (Plb. 2.44; Droysen, ii. p. 400, not.), our knowledge is so imperfect, that very opposite opinions have been formed concerning his character and abilities. He followed up the policy of his father Antigonus, by cultivating friendly relations with the tyrants of the different cities in the Peloponnese, in opposition to the Achaean league (Plb. 2.44), at the same time that he engaged in war with the Aetolians, which had the effect of throwing them into alliance with the Achaeans. We know nothing of the details of this war, which seems to have arisen for the possession of Acarnania; but though Demetrius appears to have obtained some successes, the Aetolians on the whole gained ground during his reign. He was assisted in it by the Boeotians, and at one time also by Agron, king of Illyria. (Plb. 2.2. 46, 20.5; Schorn, Gesch. Griechenlands, p. 88; Droysen, ii. p. 440; Thirlwall's Greece, viii. pp. 118-125.) We learn also that he suffered a great defeat from the Dardanians, a barbarian tribe on the north-western frontier of Macedonia, but it is quite uncertain to what period of his reign we are to refer this event. (Prol. Trogi Pompeii, lib. xxviii.; Liv. 31.28.) It was probably towards the commencement of it that Olympias, the widow of Alexander of Epeirus, in order to secure his support, gave him in marriage her daughter Phthia (Just. 28.1), notwithstanding which he appears to have taken no steps either to prevent or avenge the death of Olympias and her two sons. Demetrius had previously been married to Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus Soter, who quitted him in disgust on his second marriage with Phthia, and retired to Syria. (Justin, l.c.; Euseb. Arm. i. p. 164; Joseph. c. Apion. 1.22; Niebuhr's Kleine Schriften, p. 255.)

[E.H.B]

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος), a Greek of the island of Pharos in the Adriatic. He was in the service of the Illyrians at the time that war first broke out between them and Rome, and held Corcyra for the Illyrian queen Teuta; but treacherously surrendered it to the Roman fleet, and became a guide and active ally to the consuls in all their subsequent operations. (Plb. 2.11.) His services were rewarded, after the defeat and submission of Teuta, with a great part of her dominions, though the Romans seem never to have thoroughly trusted him. (Polyb. l.c.; Appian, App. Ill. ch. 8.) He afterwards entered into alliance with Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia, and assisted him in the war against Cleomenes. (Plb. 2.65, 3.16.) Thinking that he had thus secured the powerful support of Macedonia, and that the Romans were too much occupied with the Gallic wars, and the danger impending from Hannibal, to punish his breach of faith, he ventured on many acts of piratical hostility. The Romans, however, immediately sent the consul L. Aemilius Paullus over to Illyria (B. C. 219), who quickly reduced all his strongholds, took Pharos itself, and obliged Demetrius to fly for refuge to Philip, king of Macedonia. (Plb. 3.16, 18, 19; Appian, App. Ill. 8; Zonar. 8.20.) At the court of this prince he spent the remainder of his life, and became his chief adviser. The Romans in vain sent an embassy to the Macedonian king to demand his surrender (Liv. 22.33); and it was at his instigation that Philip determined, after the battle of Thrasymene, to conclude an alliance with Hannibal and make war upon the Romans. (Plb. 5.101, 105, 108; Just. 29.2.) Demetrius was a man of a daring character, but presumptuous and deficient in judgment; and while supporting the cause of Philip in Greece, he was led to engage in a rash attempt to take the fortress of Ithome by a sudden assault, in which he himself perished. (Plb. 3.19.) Polybius ascribes most of the violent and unjust proceedings of Philip in Greece to the advice and influence of Demetrius, who appears to have been a man of much ability, but wholly regardless of faith and justice. (Plb. 7.11, 13, 14.) [E.H.B]

Deme'trius

Δημήτριος, (younger son of Philippus V., king of Macedonia, but his only son by his legitimate wife, the elder brother Perseus being the son of a concubine. (Liv. 39.53.) After the battle of Cynoscephalae, Philip was obliged to give up Demetrius, then very young, to Flamininus as a hostage, and he was subsequently sent to Rome in the same capacity, B. C. 198. (Liv. 33.13, 30, 34.52; Plb. 18.22.) Five years afterwards he was honourably restored to his father, Philip having at this time obtained the favour of Rome by his services in the war against Antiochus. (Liv. 36.35; Plb. 20.13; Zonar. 9.19.) But this did not last long, and Philip finding himself assailed on all sides by the machinations of Rome, and her intrigues among his neighbours, determined to try and avert, or at least delay, the impending storm, by sending Demetrius, who during his residence at Rome had obtained the highest favour, as his ambassador to the senate. The young prince was most favourably received, and returned with the answer, that the Romans were willing to excuse all the past, out of good-will to Demetrius, and from their confidence in his friendly dispositions towards them. (Liv. 39.34, 47; Plb. 23.14, 24.1-3; Just. 32.2.) But the favour thus shewn to Demetrius had the effect (as was doubtless the design of the senate) of exciting against him the jealousy of Philip, and in a still higher degree that of Perseus, who suspected his brother, perhaps not without cause, of intending to supplant him on the throne after his father's death, by the assistance of the Romans. Perseus therefore endeavoured to effect his ruin by his intrigues; and having failed in accomplishing this by accusing him falsely of an attempt upon his life, he suborned Didas, one of Philip's generals, to accuse Demetrius of holding treasonable correspondence with the Romans, and of intending to escape to them. A forged letter, pretending to be from Flamininus, appeared to confirm the charge; and Philip was induced to consign him to the custody of Didas, by whom he was secretly put to death, as it was supposed, by his father's order. (Liv. 39.53, 40.4_15, 20-24; Plb. 24.7, 8; Justin, 32.2; Zonar. 9.22.) Demetrius was in his 26th year at the time of his death; he is represented by Livy as a very amiable and accomplished young man; but it may well be doubted whether he was altogether so innocent as he appears in that author's eloquent narrative. (See Niebuhr's Lect. on Roman History, vol. i. p. 272, ed. by Dr. Schmitz. [E.H.B]

Deme'trius Poliorce'tes

[Demetrius I., KING OF Macedonia.]

Deme'trius I. or Deme'trius Soter

(Δημήτριος) I., king of Syria, surnamed Soter (Σωτήρ), was the son of Seleucus IV. (Philopator) and grandson of Antiochus the Great. While yet a child, he had been sent to Rome by his father as a hostage, and remained there during the whole of the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes. He there formed an intimacy with the historian Polybius. After the death of Antiochus, being now 23 years old, he demanded of the senate to be set at liberty and allowed to occupy the throne of Syria in preference to his cousin, Antiochus Eupator. His request however having been repeatedly refused by the senate, he fled secretly from Rome, by the advice and with the connivance of Polybius, and landed with a few followers at Tripolis in Phoenicia. The Syrians immediately declared in his favour; and the boy Antiochus with his tutor Lysias were seized by their own guards and put to death. (Plb. 31.12, 19-23; Appian, App. Syr. 46, 47; Justin, 34.3; Liv. Epit. xlvi.; Euseb. Arm. p. 166, fol. edit.; 1 Macc. vii.; Zonar. 9.25.) As soon as he had established himself in the kingdom, Demetrius immediately sought to conciliate the favour of the Romans by sending them an embassy with valuable presents, and surrendering to them Leptines, who in the preceding reign had assassinated the Roman envoy, Cn. Octavius. Having thus succeeded in procuring his recognition as king, he appears to have thought that he might regulate at his pleasure the affairs of the East, and expelled Heracleides from Babylon, where as satrap he had made himself highly unpopular; for which service Demetrius first obtained from the Babylonians the title of Soter (Plb. 32.4, 6; Diod. Exc. Leg. xxxi.; Appian, App. Syr. 47.) His measures against the Jews quickly drove them to take up arms again under Judas Maccabaeus, who defeated Nicanor, the general of Demetrius, and concluded an alliance with the Romans, by which they declared the independence of Judaea, and forbade Demetrius to oppress them. (J. AJ 12.10; 1 Macc. vii. viii.) He further incurred the enmity of the Romans by expelling Ariarathes from Cappadocia, in order to substitute a creature of his own: the Roman senate espoused the cause of Ariarathes, and immediately restored him. (Plb. 32.20; Appian, App. Syr. 47; Liv. Epit. xlvii.; Justin, 35.1.)

While Demetrius was thus surrounded on all sides by enemies, his own subjects at Antioch were completely alienated from him by his luxury and intemperance. In this state of things, Heracleides, whom he had expelled from Babylon, set up against him an impostor of the name of Balas, who took the title of Alexander, and pretended to be the son of Antiochus Epiphanes. This competitor appears to have been at first unsuccessful; but, having obtained the powerful protection of Rome, he was supported also with large forces by Attalus, king of Pergamus, Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, and Ptolemy Philometor, as well as by the Jews under Jonathan Maccabaeus. Demetrius met him in a pitched battle, in which he is said to have displayed the utmost personal valour, but was ultimately defeated and slain. (Plb. 33.14, 16; Appian, App. Syr. 67; Diodor. Exc. Vales. xxxiii.; Justin, 35.1; J. AJ 13.2; 1 Macc. x.; Euseb. Arm. p. 166.) Demetrius died in the year B. C. 150, having reigned between eleven and twelve years. (Clinton, F. H. iii. p. 323; Plb. 3.5.) He left two sons, Demetrius, surnamed Nicator, and Antiochus, called Sidetes, both of whom subsequently ascended the throne.

[E.H.B]

Deme'trius Ii. or Deme'trius Nicator

(Δημήτριος) II., king of Syria, surnamed Nicator (Νικάτωρ), was the son of Demetrius Soter. He had been sent by his father for safety to Cnidus, when Alexander Balas invaded Syria, and thus escaped falling into the hands of that usurper. After the death of his father he continued in exile for some years; but the vicious and feeble character of Balas having rendered him generally odious to his subjects, Demetrius determined to attempt the recovery of his kingdom, and assembled a body of mercenaries from Crete, with which he landed in Cilicia, B. C. 148 or 147. Ptolemy Philometor, who was at the time in the southern provinces of Syria with an army, immediately declared in his favour, and agreed to give him his daughter Cleopatra, who had been previously married to the usurper Balas, for his wife. With their combined forces they took possession of Antioch, and Alexander, who had retired to Cilicia, having returned to attack them, was totally defeated at the river Oenoparas. Ptolemy died of the injuries received in the battle, and Balas, having fled for refuge to Abae in Arabia, was murdered by his followers. (Just. 35.2; Liv. Epit. Iii.; Diod. Exc. Photii, xxxii.; Appian, App. Syr. 67; J. AJ 13.4; 1 Macc. x. xi.) For this victory Demetrius obtained the title of Nicator; and now deeming himself secure both from Egypt and the usurper, he abandoned himself to the grossest vices, and by his excessive cruelties alienated the minds of his subjects, at the same time that he estranged the soldiery by dismissing all his troops except a body of Cretan mercenaries. This conduct emboldened one Diodotus, surnamed Tryphon, to set up Antiochus, the infant son of Alexander Balas, as a pretender against him. Tryphon obtained the powerful support of Jonathan Maccabaeus, and succeeded in establishing his power firmly in a great part of Syria, and even in making himself master of Antioch. Demetrius, whether despairing of recovering these provinces, or desirous of collecting larger forces to enable him to do so, retired to Seleucia and Babylon, and from thence was led to engage in an expedition against the Parthians, in which, after various successes, he was defeated by stratagem, his whole army destroyed, and he himself taken prisoner, B. C. 138. (Justin, 36.1, 38.9; Liv. Epit. Iii.; Appian, App. Syr. 67; Joseph. Ant. xiii 5; 1 Macc. xi. xiv.)

According to Appian and Justin it would appear that the revolt of Tryphon did not take place till after the captivity of Demetrius, but the true sequence of events is undoubtedly that given in the book of the Maccabees. He was, however, kindly treated by the Parthian king Mithridates (Arsaces VI.), who though he sent him into Hyrcania, allowed him to live there in regal splendour, and even gave him his daughter Rhodogune in marriage. After the death of Mithridates he made various attempts to escape, but notwithstanding these was still liberally treated by Phraates, the successor of Mithridates. Meanwhile his brother, Antiochus Sidetes, having overthrown the usurper Tryphon and firmly established himself on the throne, engaged in war with Parthia, in consequence of which Phraates brought forward Demetrius, and sent him into Syria to operate a diversion against his brother. This succeeded better than the Parthian king had anticipated, and Antiochus having fallen in battle, Demetrius was able to reestablish himself on the throne of Syria, after a captivity of ten years, and to maintain himself there in spite of Phraates, B. C. 128. (Justin, 38.9, 10; Euseb. Arm. p. 167; J. AJ 13.8.4.) He even deemed himself strong enough to engage in an expedition against Egypt, but was compelled to abandon it by the general disaffection both of his soldiers and subjects. Ptolemy Physcon took advantage of this to set up against him the pretender Alexander Zebina, by whom he was defeated and compelled to fly. His wife Cleopatra, who could not forgive him his marriage with Rhodogune in Parthia, refused to afford him refuge at Ptolemais, and he fled to Tyre, where he was assassinated while endeavouring to make his escape by sea, B. C. 125. (Justin, 39.1; J. AJ 13.9.3, Euseb. Arm. p.168; Clinton, F. H. iii. pp. 333-5.) According to Appian (App. Syr. 68) and Livy (Epit. lx.), he was puttodeath by his wife Cleopatra. He left two sons, Seleucus, who was assassinated by order of Cleopatra, and Antiochus, surnamed Grypus. Demetrius II. bears on his coins, in addition to the title of Nicator, those of Theos Philadelphus. From the dates on them it appears that some must have been struck during his captivity, as well as both before and after. This accords also with the difference in the style of the portrait: those struck previous to his captivity having a youthful and beardless head, while the coins subsequent to that event present his portrait with a long beard, after the Parthian fashion. (Eckhel, iii. pp. 229-31.) [E.H.B]

Deme'trius Iii. or Deme'trius Eucaerus

(Δημήτριος) III., king of Syria, surnamed Eucaerus, was the fourth son of Antiochus Grypus, and grandson of Demetrius II. During the civil wars that followed the death of Antiochus Grypus, Demetrius was set up as king of Damascus or Coele Syria, by the aid of Ptolemy Lathurus, king of Cyprus; and after the death of Antiochus Eusebes, he and his brother Philip for a time held the whole of Syria. (J. AJ 13.13.4.) His assistance was invoked by the Jews against the tyranny of Alexander Jannaeus; but though he defeated that prince in a pitched battle, he did not follow up his victory, but withdrew to Beroea. War immediately broke out between him and his brother Philip, and Straton, the governor of Beroea, who supported Philip, having obtained assistance from the Arabians and Parthians, blockaded Demetrius in his camp, until he was compelled by famine to surrender at discretion. He was sent as a prisoner to Mithridates, king of Parthia (Arsaces IX.), who detained him in an honourable captivity till his death. (J. AJ 13.14.) The coins of this prince are important as fixing the chronology of his reign; they bear dates from the year 218 to 224 of the era of the Seleucidae, i. e. B. C. 94-88. The surname Eucaerus is not found on these coins, some of which bear the titles Theos Philopator and Soter; others again Philometor Euergetes Callinicus. (Eckhel, iii. pp. 245-6.)

[E.H.B]

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος), literary. The number of ancient authors of this name, as enumerated by Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. xi. p. 413, &c.), amounts to nearly one hundred, twenty of whom are recounted by Diogenes Laertius. We subjoin a list of those who are mentioned by ancient authors, and exclude those who are unknown except from unpublished MSS. scattered about in various libraries of Europe.

Deme'trius or Deme'trius Ixion

1. Of Adramyttium, surnamed Ixion, which surname is traced to various causes, among which we may mention, that he was said to have committed a robbery in the temple of Hera at Alexandria. (Suidas, s. v. Δημήτριος; D. L. 5.84.) He was a Greek grammarian of the time of Augustus, and lived partly at Pergamus and partly at Alexandria, where he belonged to the critical school of Aristarchus. He is mentioned as the author of the following works: 1. Ἐξήγησις ἐις Ὅμηρον, which is often referred to. (Suid. l.c.; Eudoc., p. 132; Schol. Venet. ad Il. 1.424, 3.18, 6.437 ; Villoison, Proleg. ad Apollon. Lex. p. 27.) 2. Ἐξήγησις ἐς Ἡσίοδον. (Suidas.) 3. Ἐτυμολογούμενα or Ἐτυμολογία. (Athen. 2.50, iii. p. 64.) 4. Περί τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων διαλέκτου. (Athen. 9.393.) 5. Ἀττικαί γλῶσσαι, of which a few fragments are still extant. (Schol. ad Aristoph. Birds 1568, Ran. 78, 186, 310, 1001, 1021, 1227.) 6. On the Greek verbs terminating in μι. (Suidas.)

Deme'trius

2. Of Alexandria, a Cynic philosopher, and a disciple of Theombrotus. (D. L. 5.95.)

Deme'trius

3. Of Alexandria, a Peripatetic philosopher. (D. L. 5.84.) Work περί ἑρμηνείας

There is a work entitled περί ἑρμηνείας, which has come down to us under the name of Demetrius Phalereus, which however, for various reasons, cannot be his production: writers of a later age (see e.g. §§ 76, 231, 246, 308) are referred to in it, and there are also words and expressions which prove it to be a later work. Most critics are therefore inclined to ascribe it to our Demetrius of Alexandria. It is written with considerable taste, and with reference to the best authors, and is a rich source of information on the main points of oratory. If the work is the production of our Demetrius, who is known to have written on oratory (τέχναι ʽρητορικαί, Diog. Laert. l.c.), it must have been written in the time of the Antonines. Editions

It was first printed in Aldus's Rhetores Graeci, i. p. 573, &c. Separate modern editions were made by J. G. Schneider, Altenburg, 1779, 8vo., and Fr. Goller, Lips. 1837, 8vo. The best critical text is that in Walz's Rhetor. Graec. vol. ix. init., who has prefixed valuable prolegomena.

Deme'trius

4. Of Aspendus, a Peripatetic philosopher, and a disciple of Apollonius of Soli. (D. L. 5.83.)

Deme'trius

5. Of Bithynia. See below.

Deme'trius

6. Of Byzantium, a Greek historian, was the author of two works (D. L. 5.83), the one containing an account of the migration of the Gauls from Europe to Asia, in thirteen books, and the other a history of Ptolemy Philadelphus and Antiochus Soter, and of their administration of Libya. From the contents of these works we may infer, with some probability, that Demetrius lived either shortly after or during the reign of those kings, under whom the migration of the Gauls took place, in B. C. 279. (Schmidt, de Fontibus Veterum in enarrand. Exped. Gallorum, p. 14, &c.)

Deme'trius

7. Of Byzantium, a Peripatetic philosopher (D. L. 5.83), who is probably the same as the Demetrius (Id. 2.20) beloved and instructed by Crito, and wrote a work which is sometimes called περί ποιητῶν, and sometimes τερί ποιημάτων (unless they were different works), the fourth book of which is quoted by Athenaeus (x. p. 452, comp. xii. p. 548, xiv. p. 633). This is the only work mentioned by ancient writers; but, besides some fragments of this, there have been discovered at Herculaneum fragments of two other works, viz. περί τινῶν συψητηθέντων δίαιταν, And περὶ τᾶς Πολυαίνου ἀπορίας. (Volum. Herculan. i. p. 106, &c., ed. Oxford.) It is further not impossible that this philosopher may be the same as the one who tried to dissuade Cato at Utica from committing suicide. (Plut. Cat. Mi. 65.)

Deme'trius

8. Surnamed Callatianus. [Callatianus.]

Deme'trius CHOMATIANUS.

9. Chomatianus. [Chomatianus.]

Deme'trius CHRYSOLORAS.

10. Chrysoloras. [Chrysoloras.]

Deme'trius

11. Surnamed Chytras, a Cynic philosopher at Alexandria, in the reign of Constantius, who, suspecting him guilty of forbidden practices, ordered him to be tortured. The Cynic bore the pain inflicted on him as a true philosopher, and was afterwards set free again. (Ammian. Marc. 19.12.) He is probably the same as the person mentioned by the emperor Julian (Orat. vii.) by the name of Chytron. (Vales. ad Ammian. Marc. l.c.)

Deme'trius

12. Of Cnidus, apparently a mythographer, is referred to by the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (1.1165).

Deme'trius

13. Comic Poet. See below.

Deme'trius

14. Surnamed Cydonius, which surname was probably derived from his living at Cydone (Κυδώνη)in Crete (Cantacuz. 4.16, 39), for he was a native either of Thessalonica or of Byzantium. (Volaterran. Comment. Urb. xv.; Allatius, de Consensu, p. 856.)

He flourished during the latter half of the fourteenth century. The emperor Joannes Cantacuzenus was much attached to him, and raised him to high offices at his court. When the emperor began to meditate upon embracing the monastic life, Demetrius joined him in his design, and in A. D. 1355 both entered the same monastery. Afterwards Demetrius for a time left his country, and went to Milan, where he devoted himself to the study of Latin and theology. He died in a monastery of Crete, but was still alive in A. D. 1384, when Manuel Palaeologus succeeded to the throne, for we still possess a letter addressed by Demetrius to the emperor on his accession. Works

Demetrius is the author of a considerable number of theological and other works, many of which have not yet been published, and he also translated several works from the Latin into Greek. The following are the most important among the works which have appeared in print: 1. Two Epistles

addressed to Nicephorus Gregoras and Philotheus. Editions

They are prefixed to J. Boivin's edition of Nicephorus Gregoras, Paris, 1702, fol. 2. Monodia

Monodia, that is, lamentations on those who had fallen at Thessalonica during the disturbances of 1343. Editions

It is printed in Combefisius's edition of Theophanes, Paris, 1586, fol. p. 385, &c. 3. Συμβουλευτικός

Συμβουλευτικός, that is, an oration addressed to the Greeks, in which he gives them his advice as to how the danger which threatened them from the Turks might be averted. Editions

It is printed in Combefisius's Auctar. Nov. ii. p. 1221, &c. 4. On Callipolis

On Callipolis, which Demetrius advised the Greeks not to surrender to sultan Miirat, who made its surrender the condition of peace. Editions

Combefisius, Auctar. Nov. ii. p. 1284, &c. 5. Περι τοῦ καταφρονεῖν τόν Θανατόν Editions

This was first edited by R. Seller, Basel, 1553, and last and best by Kuinoel, Leipzig, 1786, 8vo. 6. An Epistle to Barlaam

On the procession of the Holy Ghost. Editions

This is printed in Canisius, Lect. Antiq. vol. vi. p. 4, &c., ed. Ingolstadt, 1604. 7. A work against Gregorius Palama Editions

This was first edited by P. Arcudius in his Opuscula Aurea Theol. Gr. (Rome, 1630, 4to., and reprinted in 1671), which also contains 8. 8. A work against Max. Planudes. Editions

P. Arcudius in his Opuscula Aurea Theol. Gr. (Rome, 1630, 4to., and reprinted in 1671) Further Information

Wharton, Append. to Cave's Histor. Lit. vol. i. p. 47, &c.; Cave, vol. i. p. 510, ed. Lond. 1688; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. xi. p. 398, &c.

Deme'trius or Deme'trius Stamnus

15. Of Cyrene, surnamed Stamnus (Στάμνος), whom Diogenes Laertius (5.84) calls a remarkable man, but of whom nothing further is known.

Deme'trius

16. Of Carthage, a rhetorician, who lived previous to the time of Thrasymachus. (D. L. 5.83.)

Deme'trius or Deme'trius Syncellus

17. Metropolitan of Cyzicus, and surnamed Syncellus. He is mentioned by Joannes Scylitza and Georgius Cedrenus in the introductions to their works, from which we may infer, that he lived about the middle of the eleventh century after Christ. Works an exposition of the heresy of the Jacobites and Chatzitzarians

He wrote an exposition of the heresy of the Jacobites and Chatzitzarians. Editions Latin Editions

This is printed with a Latin translation in Combefisius. (Auctarium Nov. ii. p. 261.) On Prohibited Marriages Editions

Another work on prohibited marriages is printed in Leunclavius. (Jus Graeco-Rom. iv. p. 392.) Works extant in MS.

Some works of his are still extant in MS. in the libraries of Paris, Rome, and Milan. Further Information

Fabric. Bibl. Gr. xi. p. 414.

Deme'trius

18. An EPIC poet, of whom, in the time of Diogenes Laertius (5.85), nothing was extant except three verses on envious persons, which are still preserved. They are quoted by Suidas also (s. v. φθονῶ) without the author's name.

Deme'trius

19. An Epicurean philosopher, and a disciple of Protarchus, was a native of Laconia. (D. L. 10.26; Strab. xiv. p.658; Sext. Empir. Pyrrhon. Hypoth. § 137, with the note of Fabric.)

Deme'trius

20. Of Erythrae, a Greek poet, whom Diogenes Laertius (5.85) calls a ποικιλογράφος ἄνθρωπος, and who also wrote historical and rhetorical works. He seems to have been a contemporary of the grammarian Tyrannion, whom he opposed. (Suid. s. v. Τυραννίων)

Deme'trius

21. Of Erythrae, a Greek grammarian, who obtained the civic franchise in Temnus. (D. L. 5.84.)

Deme'trius

22. Surnamed Γονύπεσος, is mentioned among the grammarians who wrote on the Homeric poems. (Schol. Venet. ad Hom. Il. 8.233, 13.137.)

Deme'trius

23. Of Ilium, wrote a history of Troy, which is referred to by Eustathius (ad Hom. Od. xi. p. 452) and Eudocia (p. 128).

Deme'trius

24. The author of a work on the kings of the Jews, from which a statement respecting the captivity of the Jews is quoted. (Hieronym. Catal. Ill. Script. 38; Clem. Al. Strom. i. p. 146.)

Deme'trius

25. Of Magnesia, a Greek grammarian, a contemporary of Cicero and Atticus. (Cic. Att. 8.11, 4.11.) Works περί ὁμονοιας

He had, in Cicero's recollection, sent Atticus a work of his on concord, περί ὁμονοιας, which Cicero also was anxious to read. Περί ὁμωνύμων τοιητῶν καί συγγραφέων

A second work of his, which is often referred to, was of an historical and philological nature, and treated of poets and other authors who bore the same name. (Περί ὁμωνύμων τοιητῶν καί συγγραφέων; D. L. 1.38, 79, 112, 2.52, 56, 5.3, 75, 89, 6.79, 84, 88, 7.169, 185, 8.84, 9.15, 27, 35, 10.13; Plut. Vit. X Oral. pp. 844, b., 847, a., Demosth. 15, 27, 28, 30; Harpocrat. s. v. Ἰσαῖς, and many other passages; Athen. 13.611; Dionys. Deinarch. 1.) This important work, to judge from what is quoted from it, contained the lives of the persons treated of, and a critical examination of their merits.

Deme'trius

26. Surnamed Moschus, a Greek grammarian, who is the author of the argumentum to the Λιθικά, which bear the name of Orpheus. It is said, that there are also glosses by him upon the same poem in MS. at Paris. He lived in the 15th century of our aera. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. xi. p. 418.)

Deme'trius

27. Of Odessa, is mentioned as the author of a work on his native city. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ὀδησσός.)

Deme'trius PHALEREUS or Deme'trius of Phaleron

28. Phalereus, the most distinguished among all the literary persons of this name. He was at once an orator, a statesman, a philosopher, and a poet. His surname Phalereus is given him from his birthplace, the Attic demos of Phalerus, where he was born about Ol. 108 or 109, B. C. 345. He was the son of Phanostratus, a man without rank or property (D. L. 5.75; Aelian, Ael. VH 12.43); but notwithstanding this, he rose to the highest honours at Athens through his great natural powers and his perseverance. He was educated, together with the poet Menander, in the school of Theophrastus. He began his public career about B. C. 325, at the time of the disputes respecting Harpalus, and soon acquired a great reputation by the talent he displayed in public speaking. He belonged to the party of Phocion; and as he acted completely in the spirit of that statesman, Cassander, after the death of Phocion in B. C. 317, placed Demetrius at the head of the administration of Athens. He filled this office for ten years in such a manner, that the Athenians in their gratitude conferred upon him the most extraordinary distinctions, and no less than 360 statues were erected to him. (Diog. Laert. l.c.; Diod. 19.78; Corn. Nep. Miltiad. 6.) Cicero says of his administration, "Atheniensium rem publicam exsanguem jam et jacentem sustentavit." (De Re Publ. 2.1.) But during the latter period of his administration he seems to have become intoxicated with his extraordinary good fortune, and he abandoned himself to every kind of dissipation. (Athen. 6.272, xii. p. 542; Aelian, Ael. VH 9.9, where the name of Demetrius Poliorcetes is a mistake for Demetrius Phalereus; Plb. 12.13.) This conduct called forth a party of malcontents, whose exertions and intrigues were crowned in B. C. 307, on the approach of Demetrius Poliorcetes to Athens, when Demetrius Phalereus was obliged to take to flight. (Plut. Demetr. 8; Dionys. Deinarch. 3.) His enemies even contrived to induce the people of Athens to pass sentence of death upon him, in consequence of which his friend Menander nearly fell a victim. All his statues, with the exception of one, were demolished. Demetrius Phalereus first went to Thebes (Plut. Demnetr. 9; Diod. 20.45), and thence to the court of Ptolemy Lagi at Alexandria, with whom he lived for many years on the best terms, and who is even said to have entrusted to him the revision of the laws of his kingdom. (Aelian, Ael. VH 3.17.) During his stay at Alexandria, he devoted himself mainly to literary pursuits, ever cherishing the recollection of his own country. (Plut. de Exil. p. 602f.) The successor of Ptolemy Lagi, however, was hostile towards Demetrius, probably for having advised his father to appoint another of his sons as his successor, and Demetrius was sent into exile to Upper Egypt, where he is said to have died of the bite of a snake. (D. L. 5.78; Cic. pro Rabir. Post. 9.) His death appears to have taken place soon after the year B. C. 283.

Demetrius Phalereus was the last among the Attic orators worthy of the name (Cic. Brut. 8; Quint. Inst. 10.1.80), and his orations bore evident marks of the decline of oratory, for they did not possess the sublimity which characterizes those of Demosthenes: those of Demetrius were soft, insinuating, and rather effeminate, and his style was graceful, elegant, and blooming (Cic. Brut. 9, 82, de Orat. 2.23, Orat. 27; Quint. Inst. 10.1.33); but he maintained withal a happy medium between the sublime grandeur of Demosthenes, and the flourishing declamations of his successors. Works

Demetrius' numerous writings, the greater part of which he probably composed during his residence in Egypt (Cic. de Fin. 5.9), embraced subjects of the most varied kinds, and the list of them given by Diogenes Laertius (5.80, &c.) shews that he was a man of the most extensive acquirements. These works, which were partly historical, partly political, partly philosophical, and partly poetical, have all perished. The work on elocution (περὶ ἑρμηνείας) which has come down under his name, is probably the work of an Alexandrian sophist of the name of Demetrius. [See above, No. 3.] It is said that A. Mai has discovered in a Vatican palimpsest some genuine fragments of Demetrius Phalereus. For a list of his works see Diogenes Laertius, who has devoted a chapter to him. (5.5.) Assessment

His literary merits are not confined to what he wrote, for he was a man of a practical turn of mind, and not a mere scholar of the closet; whatever he learned or knew was applied to the practical business of life, of which the following facts are illustrations. The performance of tragedy had greatly fallen into disuse at that time at Athens, on account of the great expenses involved in it; and in order to afford the people less costly and yet intellectual amusement, he caused the Homeric and other poems to be recited on the stage by rhapsodists. (Athen. 14.620; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1473.) It is also believed that it was owing to his influence with Ptolemy Lagi that books were collected at Alexandria, and that he thus laid the foundation of the library which was formed under Ptolemy Philadelphus. There is, however, no reason whatever for calling him the first in the series of librarians at Alexandria, any more than there is for the belief that he took part in the Greek translation of the Septuagint. A life of Demetrius Phalereus was written by Asclepiadas (Athen. 13.567), but it is lost. Further Information

Among the modern works upon him and his merits, see Bonamy, in the Mémoirs de l'Acad. des lnscript. vol. viii. p. 157, &c.; H. Dohrn, De Vita et Rebus Demetrii Phalerei, Kiel, 1825, 4to.; Parthey, Das Alexandr. Museum, pp. 35, &c., 38, &c., 71; Ritschl, Die Alexand. Biblioth. p. 15.

Deme'trius

29. A Platonic philosopher who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Dionysus, about B. C. 85. (Lucian, de Calumn. 16.) He was opposed to the extravagant luxuries of the court of Ptolemy, and was charged with drinking water and not appearing in woman's dress at the Dionysia. He was punished by being compelled publicly to drink a quantity of wine and to appear in woman's clothes. He is probably the same as the Demetrius mentioned by M. Aurelius Antoninus (8.25), whom Gataker confounds with Demetrius Phalereus.

Deme'trius

30. Surnamed Pugil, a Greek grammarian, is mentioned as the author of a work περί διαλέκτου (Etymol. Magn. s. v. μώλωψ), and seems also to have written on Homer. (Apollon. Soph. s. v. ὀπαξόμενος.)

Deme'trius

31. Of Sagalassus, the author of a work entitled Παρθονικικά. (Lucian, de Hist. Conscrib. 32.)

Deme'trius

32. Of Salamis, wrote a work on the island of Cyprus. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Καρπασία.)

Deme'trius

33. Of Scepsis, was a Greek grammarian of the time of Aristarchus and Crates. (Strab. xiii. p.609.) He was a man of good family and an acute philologer. (D. L. 5.84.) Works Τρωικός διάκοσμος

He was the author of a very extensive work which is very often referred to, and bore the title Τρωικός διάκοσμος. It consisted of at least twenty-six books. (Strab. xiii. p.603 and passim; Athen. iii. pp. 80, 91; Steph. Byz. s. v. Σιλίνδιον.) This work was an historical and geographical commentary on that part of the second book of the Iliad in which the forces of the Trojans are enumerated. (Comp. Harpocrat. s. vv. Ἀδράστειον, Δυργωνίδαι; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. 1.1123, 1165.) He is sometimes simply called the Scepsian (Strab. ix. pp. 438, 439, x. pp. 456, 472, 473, 489), and sometimes simply Demetrius. (Strab. xii. pp. 551, 552, xiii. pp. 596, 600, 602.) Edition

The numerous other passages in which Demetrius of Scepsis is mentioned or quoted, are collected by Westermann on Vossius, De Hist. Graec. p. 179, &c.

Deme'trius

34. Of Smyrna, a Greek rhetorician of uncertain date. (D. L. 5.84.)

Deme'trius

35. Of Sunium, a Cynic philosopher, was educated in the school of the sophist Rhodius, and was an intimate friend of the physician Antiphilus. He is said to have travelled up the Nile for the purpose of seeing the pyramids and the statue of Memnon. (Lucian, Toxar. 27, ad v. Indoct. 19.) He appears, however, to have spent some part of his life at Corinth, where he acquired great celebrity as a teacher of the Cynic philosophy, and was a strong opponent of Apollonius of Tyana. (Philostr. Vit. Apoll. 4.25.) His life falls in the reigns of Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, and Domitian. He was a frank and open-hearted man, who did not scruple to censure even the most powerful when he thought that they deserved it. In consequence of this, he was sent into exile, but he preserved the same noble freedom and independence, notwithstanding his poverty and sufferings; and on one occasion, when the emperor Vespasian during a journey met him, Demetrius did not shew the slightest symptom of respect. Vespasian was indulgent enough to take no other vengeance except by calling him a dog. (Senec. de Benef. 7.1, 8; Suet. Vespas. 13; D. C. 66.13; Tac. Ann. 16.34, Hist. 4.40; Lucian, de Saltat. 63.)

Deme'trius SYNCELLUS.

36. Syncellus. See No. 17.

Deme'trius

37. A Syrian, a Greek rhetorician, who lectured on rhetoric at Athens. Cicero, during his stay there in B. C. 79, was a very diligent pupil of his. (Cic. Brut. 91.)

Deme'trius

38. Of Tarsus, a poet who wrote Satyric dramas. (D. L. 5.85.) The name Ταρσικός, which Diogenes applies to him, is believed by Casaubon (de Satyr. Poes. p. 153, &c. ed. Ramshorn) to refer to a peculiar kind of poetry rather than to the native place of Demetrius. Another Demetrius of Tarsus is introduced as a speaker in Plutarch's work " de Oraculorum Defectu," where he is described as returning home from Britain, but nothing further is known about him.

Deme'trius

39. A TRAGIC actor, mentioned by Hesychius (s. v. Δημήτριος): he may be the same as the M. Demetrius whom Acron (ad Horat. Sat. 1.10. 18, 79) describes as a " δραματοποιός, i. e. modulator, histrio, actor fabularum." Horace himself treats him with contempt, and calls him an ape. Weichert (de Horat. Obtrect. p. 283, &c.) supposes that he was only a person who lived at Rome in the time of Horace and taught the art of scenic declamation; while others consider him to be the Sicilian, Demetrius Megas, who obtained the Roman franchise from J. Caesar through the influence of Dolabella, and who is often mentioned under the name of P. Cornelius.

Deme'trius

40. Of Troezene, a Greek grammarian, who is referred to by Athenaeus. (i. p. 29, iv. p. 139.) He is probably the same as the one who, according to Diogenes Laertius (8.74), wrote against the sophists.

Besides these, there are some writers of the name of Demetrius who cannot be identified with any of those here mentioned, as neither their native places nor any surnames are mentioned by which they might be recognized. For example, Demetrius the author of "Pamphyliaca." (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 440), Demetrius, the author of "Argolica" (Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 14), and Demetrius the author of a work entitled περί τῶν κατʼ Ἄιγυπτον. (Athen. 15.680.) In Suidas (s. v. Ἰούδας), where we read of an historian Democritus, we have probably to read Demetrius. [L.S]

Deme'trius of Bithynia

(Δημήτριος), of Bithynia, an epigrammatic poet, the author of two distiches on the cow of Myron, in the Greek Anthology. (Brunck, Anal. 2.65; Jacobs, 2.64.) It is not known whether he was the same person as the philosopher Demetrius of Bithynia, son of Diphilus, whom Diogenes Laertius mentions (5.84). Diogenes (5.85) also mentions an epic poet named Demetrius, three of whose verses he preserves; and also a Demetrius of Tarsus, a satyric poet [see above, No. 38], and another Demetrius, an iambic poet, whom he calls πικρός ἀνήρ. The epigrams of Demetrius are very indifferent. [P.S]

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος), an Athenian COMIC POET of the old comedy. (D. L. 5.85.) The fragments which are ascribed to him contain allusions to events which took place about the 92nd and 94th Olympiads (B. C. 412, 404); but there is another in which mention is made of Seleucus and Agathocles. This would bring the life of the author below the 118th Olympiad, that is, upwards of 100 years later than the periods suggested by the other fragments. The only explanation is that of Clinton and Meineke, who suppose two Demetrii, the one a poet of the old comedy, the other of the new. That the later fragment belongs to the new comedy is evident from its subject as well as from its date. To the elder Demetrius must be assigned the Σικελία or Σικελοί, which is quoted by Athenaeus (iii. p. 108f.), Aelian (Ael. NA 12.10), Hesychius (s. v. Ἐμπήρονς), and the Etymologicon Magnum (s. v. Ἔμμηροι). Other quotations, without the mention of the play from which they are taken, are made by Athenaeus (ii. p. 56a.) and Stobaeus (Florileg. 2.1). The only fragment of the younger Demetrius is that mentioned above, from the Ἀρεοπαγίτης) (Ath. ix. p. 405e.), which fixes his date, in Clinton's opinion, after 299 B. C. (Clinton, F. H. sub ann.; Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 264-266, ii. pp. 876-878, iv. pp. 539, 540.) [P.S]

Deme'trius

(Δημήτριος), the name of several ancient physicians, who are often confounded together, and whom it is not always easy to distinguish with certainty.

Deme'trius

1. A native of Apamea in Bithynia, who was a follower of Herophilus, and therefore lived probably in the third or second century B. C. He is frequently quoted by Caelius Aurelianus, who has preserved the titles of some of his works, and some extracts from them. In some places he is called "Attaleus" (De Morb. Acut. 3.18, p. 249; De Morb. Chron. 2.2, p. 367), but this is only a mistake for " Apameus," as is proved by the same passage being quoted in one place (p. 249) from Demetrius Attaleus, and in another from Demetrius Apameus. (De Morb. Chron. 5.9, p. 581.) He is also several times quoted by Soranus. (De Arte Obstetr. pp. 99, 101, 102, 206, 210, 285.)

Deme'trius

2. A physician called by Galen by the title of Archiater (De Antid. 1.1, vol. xiv. p. 4; De Theriaca ad Pison. 100.12, vol. xiv. p. 261), must have lived in the second century after Christ, as that title was not invented till the reign of Nero. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Archiater.) Galen speaks of him as a contemporary.

Deme'trius

3. A native of Bithynia, who is quoted by Heracleides of Tarentum (apud Gal. De Compos. Miedicam. sec. Gen. 4.7, vol. xiii. p. 722), must have lived about the third or second century B. C., as Mantias, the tutor of Heraclides, was a pupil of Herophilus. He is probably the same person as the native of Apamea.

Deme'trius

4. Demetrius Pepagomenus [Pepagomenus.] [W.A.G]

Deme'trius

artists.

1. An architect, who, in conjunction with Paeonius, finished the great temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which Chersiphron had begun about 220 years before. He probably lived about B. C. 340, but his date cannot be fixed with certainty. Vitruvius calls him servus Dianae, that is, a ἱερόδουλος. (Vitruv. vii. Praef. § 16; Chersiphron.)

Deme'trius

2. A statuary of some distinction. Pliny mentions his statue of Lysimache, who was a priestess of Athena for sixty-four years; his statue of Athena, which was called Musica (μουσίκη), because the serpents on the Gorgon's head sounded like the strings of a lyre when struck; and his equestrian statue of Simon, who was the earliest writer on horsemanship. (Plin. Nat. 34.8. s. 19.15.) Now Xenophon mentions a Simon who wrote περὶ ἱππικῆς, and who dedicated in the Eleusinium at Athens a bronze horse, on the base of which his own feats of horsemanship (τά ʽεαυτοῦ ἔργα) were represented in relief (περί ʽιππικῆς, 1, init.). The Eleusinium was built by Pericles. It would seem therefore that Simon, and consequently Demetrius, lived between the time of Pericles and the latter part of Xenophon's life, that is, in the latter half of the fifth or the former half of the fourth century B. C. It is not likely, therefore, that he could have been a contemporary of Lysippus, as Meyer supposes. Hirt mentions a basrelief in the Museo Nani, at Venice, which he thinks may have been copied from the equestrian statue of Simon. (Gesch. d. Bild. Kunst. p. 191.)

According to Quintilian (12.10), Demetrius was blamed for adhering in his statues so closely to the likeness as to impair their beauty. He is mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (5.85). There can be little doubt that he is the same person as Demetrius of Alopece, whose bronze statue of Pellichus is described by Lucian (Philops. 18, 20), who, on account of the defect just mentioned, calls Demetrius οὐ Δεοποιός τις, ἀλλ̓ ἀνθρωποποιός. A Δημήτριος Δημητριου γλυφεύς is mentioned in an extant inscription. (Böckh, 1.1330, No. 1409.)

Deme'trius

3. A painter, whose time is unknown. (D. L. 5.83.) Perhaps he is the same who is mentioned by Diodorus (Exc. Vat. 31.8) as Δημήτριος ὁ τοπογράφος, or, as Müller reads, τοιχογράφος (Arch. d. Kunst. § 182, n. 2), and who lived at Rome about B. C. 164. Valerius Maximus calls him pictor Alexandrinus (5.1.1).

Deme'trius

4. An Ephesian silversmith, who made silver shrines for Artemis. (Acts of the Apostles, 19.24.) [P.S]

Demetrius

(Δημήτριος). (1) A son of Antigonus and Stratonicé, surnamed Poliorcetes (Πολιορκητής), “besieger of cities,” from his talents as an engineer and his peculiar skill in conducting sieges, especially by the aid of machines and engines either invented or improved by himself. At the age of twenty-two he was sent by his father against Ptolemy (B.C. 312), who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy and expelling the garrison which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. The gratitude of the Athenians to their deliverer passed all bounds, but Demetrius was soon summoned by his father to leave the flattery of their orators in order to resume the combined duties of an admiral and an engineer in the reduction of Cyprus. After a slight engagement with Menelaüs, the brother of Ptolemy, he laid siege to Salamis, the ancient capital of that island. The occurrences of this siege occupy a prominent place in history, not so much on account of the determined resistance opposed to the assailants and the great importance attached to its issue by the heads of the belligerent parties, as for a new species of warlike engine invented by Demetrius, and first employed by him against the city of Salamis. The instrument in question was called an ἑλέπολις, or “town-taker,” and was an immense tower, consisting of nine stories, gradually diminishing as they rose in altitude, and affording accommodation for a large number of armed men, who thence discharged all sorts of missiles against the ramparts of the enemy. Ptolemy, dreading the fall of Salamis, which would pave the way, as he easily foresaw, for the entire conquest of Cyprus, had already made formidable preparations for compelling Demetrius to raise the siege. A memorable sea-fight ensued, in which the ruler of Egypt was completely defeated, with the loss of nearly all his fleet and 30,000 prisoners. An invasion of Egypt by Antigonus then took place, but ended disgracefully; and Demetrius was sent to reduce the Rhodians, who persisted in remaining allies of Ptolemy. The operations of Demetrius before Rhodes, and the resolute defence of the place by the inhabitants, present perhaps the most remarkable example of skill and heroism that is to be found in the annals of ancient warfare. The ἑλέπολις employed on this occasion greatly exceeded the one that was used in the siege of Salamis. Its towers were 150 feet high; it was supported on eight enormous wheels, and propelled by the labour of 3400 men. After a siege of a whole year, however, the enterprise was abandoned, a treaty was concluded with the Rhodians, and Demetrius, at the request of the Athenians, who were now again subjected to the Macedonians, proceeded to rescue Greece from the power of Cassander. In this he was so successful that he ultimately spread the terror of his arms over the whole of that country. The object of Antigonus and his son was now to effect the final subjugation of Macedonia, Egypt, and the East. The confederacy of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander was therefore renewed, with the view of crushing these ambitious schemes, and in the battle of Ipsus they succeeded in effecting their object. Antigonus fell in the conflict, and Demetrius, after a precipitate flight of 200 miles, regained his fleet with only a small remnant of his once powerful host. Sailing soon after to Athens, he received information from the fickle inhabitants that they had resolved to admit no king within their city; upon which, finding that all Greece had now submitted to the influence of Cassander, he made a descent on the coast at Corinth for the mere purpose of plunder and revenge, and afterwards committed similar ravages along the whole coast of Thrace. Fortune, however, soon smiled again. Seleucus, jealous of the power of Lysimachus, whose territories now extended to the Syrian borders, resolved to strengthen his own dominions by forming an alliance with the family of Demetrius, which was still possessed of considerable claims and interests. He therefore made proposals for, and obtained in marriage, Stratonicé, the daughter of his former rival. The power of Demetrius again became formidable, an alliance with Ptolemy, who gave him his daughter Ptolemaïs in marriage, having also added to its increase. He compelled the Athenians to open their gates and receive a garrison; and having generously forgiven their previous fickleness, he turned his attention to Macedonia, and embracing an opportunity of interfering in the affairs of that country, which was afforded by dissensions between the two sons of Cassander, he cut off Alexander, one of the two princes, and made himself master of the throne. His restless ambition now projected new conquests in Europe and Asia. Turning his arms against Pyrrhus, he drove him from Thessaly, and then marched to Thebes, which he took by assault. About the same time also he built the city of Demetrias on the Pagasaean Gulf; and, in order to increase his naval power, formed a matrimonial union with the daughter of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. His fleet at length amounted to 500 galleys; while his land forces exceeded considerably 100,000 men, of which more than 12,000 were cavalry. This formidable power excited the alarm of Lysimachus and Ptolemy; the latter advanced against Greece with his fleet, while the former, with Pyrrhus his ally, made a land attack on Macedon in two different points at once. Demetrius took the field with his usual alacrity, but when he approached the position of Pyrrhus the greater part of his troops deserted him and he was compelled to flee. Leaving Macedon a prey to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, Demetrius passed over into Asia Minor with a body of his best troops, resolved to assail his adversary in the most vulnerable quarter. The enterprise was at first attended with the most brilliant success. In a short time, however, a check was imposed on his career by Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, and Demetrius was compelled to apply for protection to his aged son-in-law Seleucus. The latter yielded to his solicitations only so far as to grant him permission to spend two months within his territory; and was subsequently induced by his courtiers to rid himself of so dangerous a guest, by sending him a prisoner to a strong fortress on the Syrian coast, about sixty miles south of A sufficient revenue was allowed him for his support, and he was permitted to indulge in the chase and other exercises, always, however, under the eye of his keepers. At last, giving up all active pursuits, he died (B.C. 283) at the end of three years. The age of Demetrius at the time of his death was fifty-four. His posterity enjoyed the throne of Macedon in continued succession down to Perses, when the Roman conquest took place. See the life of Demetrius by Plutarch.

(2) Son of Antigonus Gonatas, and grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes, succeeded his father, B.C. 239. He made war on the Aetolians and the Achaeans, and was successful against both, especially the latter, whom he defeated, although under the command of Aratus. He had distinguished himself, before coming to the throne, by driving Alexander of Epirus out of Macedonia, and by stripping him of his own dominions. He reigned ten years, and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson.

(3) Son of Philip III., of Macedonia, an excellent prince, greatly beloved by his countrymen, and sent by his father as a hostage to Rome, where he also made many friends. He was subsequently liberated, and not long after paid a second visit to the capital of Italy as an ambassador from Philip, on which occasion he obtained favourable terms for his father, when the latter was complained of to the Roman Senate by the cities of Greece. Returning home loaded with marks of distinction from the Romans, and honoured by the Macedonians themselves, who regarded him as the liberator of their country, he excited the jealousy of his own father and the envy and hatred of his brother Perses. The latter eventually accused him of aspiring to the crown, and of carrying on, for this purpose, a secret correspondence with the Romans. Philip, lending too credulous an ear to the charge, put his son Demetrius to death, and only discovered when too late the utter falsity of the accusation (Liv.xxxiii. 30; xxxix. 35 foll.; xl. 5, 24, 54 foll.).

(4) A Syrian, called Soter (Σωτήρ), or “the Preserver,” the son of Seleucus Philopator, and sent by his father, at the age of twenty-three, as a hostage to Rome. He was living there in this condition when his father died of poison, B.C. 176. His uncle Antiochus Epiphanes thereupon usurped the throne, and was succeeded by Antiochus Eupator. Demetrius, meanwhile, having in vain endeavoured to interest the Senate in his behalf, secretly escaped from Rome, through the advice of Polybius the historian, and, finding a party in Syria ready to support his claims, defeated and put to death Eupator, and ascended the throne. He was subsequently acknowledged as king by the Romans. After this, he freed the Babylonians from the tyranny of Timarchus and Heraclides, and was honoured for this service with the title of Soter. At a subsequent period he sent his generals Nicanor and Bacchides into Iudaea, at the solicitation of Alcimus, the high-priest, who had usurped that office with the aid of Eupator. These two commanders ravaged the country, and Bacchides defeated and slew the celebrated Judas Maccabaeus. Demetrius at last became so hated by his own subjects, and an object of so much dislike, if not of fear, to the neighbouring princes, that they advocated the claims of Alexander Balas, and he fell in battle against this competitor for the crown after having reigned twelve years (from B.C. 162 to B.C. 150). His death was avenged, however, by his son and successor Demetrius Nicator (Just.xxxiv. 3, xxxv. 1).

(5) Son of the preceding, and surnamed Nicator (Νικάτωρ), or “the Conqueror.” He drove out Alexander Balas, with the aid of Ptolemy Philometor, who had given him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage, though she was already the wife of Balas. He ascended the throne B.C. 146, but soon abandoned himself to a life of indolence and debauchery, leaving the reins of government in the hands of Lasthenes, his favourite, an unprincipled and violent man. The disgust to which his conduct gave rise induced Tryphon, who had been governor of Antioch under Balas, to revolt, and place upon the throne Antiochus Dionysius, son of Balas and Cleopatra , a child only four years of age. A battle ensued, in which Demetrius was defeated, and Antiochus, now receiving the surname of Theos, was conducted by the victors to Antioch and proclaimed king of Syria. He reigned, however, only in name. The actual monarch was Tryphon, who put him to death at the end of about two years and caused himself to be proclaimed in his stead. Demetrius, meanwhile, held his court at Seleucia. Thinking that the crimes of Tryphon would soon make him universally detested, he turned his arms in a different direction and marched against the Parthians, in the hope that, if he returned victorious, he would be enabled the more easily to rid himself of his Syrian antagonist. After some successes, however, he was entrapped and made prisoner by the Parthian monarch Mithridates, and his army was attacked and cut to pieces. His captivity among the Parthians was an honourable one, and Mithridates made him espouse his daughter Rhodoguna. The intelligence of this marriage so exasperated Cleopatra that she gave her hand to Antiochus Sidetes, her brotherin-law, who thereupon ascended the throne. Sidetes having been slain in a battle with the Parthians after a reign of several years, Demetrius escaped from the hands of Mithridates and resumed the throne. His subjects, however, unable any longer to endure his pride and cruelty, requested from Ptolemy Physcon a king of the race of the Seleucidae to govern them. Ptolemy sent Alexander Zubinas. Demetrius, driven out by the Syrians, came to Ptolemaïs, where Cleopatra , his first wife, then held sway, but the gates were shut against him. He then took refuge in Tyre, but was put to death by the governor (B.C. 125). Zubinas recompensed the Tyrians for this act by permitting them to live according to their own laws, and from this period commences what is called by chronologists the era of the independence of Tyre, which was still subsisting at the time of the Council of Chalcedon, 574 years after this event (Joseph. Ant. Iud. xiii. 9, 12, 17; Just. xxxvi. 1, xxxix. 1).

(6) Surnamed Eukaerus (Εὔκαιρος), “the Seasonable” or “Fortunate,” was the fourth son of Antiochus Grypus. He was proclaimed king at Damascus, and, in conjunction with his brother Philip, to whom a part of Syria remained faithful, drove out Antiochus Eusebes from that country, compelling him to take refuge among the Parthians. The two brothers then divided Syria between them, Antioch being the capital of Philip and Damascus that of Demetrius. The latter afterwards marched to the aid of the Jews, who had revolted from their king, Alexander Ianneus. He was recalled, however, to his own dominions by the news of an invasion on the part of his own brother Philip. He took Antioch, and besieged Philip in Beroea; but the latter being assisted by the Parthians and the Arabians, Demetrius was besieged in his own camp and at length taken prisoner. He was brought to the king of Parthia, who treated him with great distinction and sent him into Upper Asia. He reigned a little over six years.

(7) Pepagomĕnus, a medical writer, who flourished during the reign of Michael VIII. (Palaeologus). By the order of this monarch, he wrote a work on the gout (Περὶ Ποδάγρας). We have two treatises under his name, but it is extremely doubtful whether he was indeed their author. The first is on the art of training falcons; the second, on the mode of breaking and training dogs.

(8) Phalēreus (Φαληρεύς), a native of Phalerum in Attica, and the last of the more distinguished orators of Greece. He was the son of a person who had been slave to Timotheus and Conon. But, though born in this low condition, he soon made himself distinguished by his talents, and was already a conspicuous individual in the public assemblies when Antipater became master of Athens, for he was obliged to save himself by flight from the vengeance of the Macedonian party. He was compelled to quit the city a second time when Polysperchon took possession of it through his son. Subsequently named by Cassander as governor of Athens (B.C. 317), he so gained the affections of his countrymen that, during the six years in which he filled this office, they are said to have raised to him three hundred and sixty statues. Athenaeus, however, on the authority of Duris , a Samian writer, reproaches him with luxurious and expensive habits, while he prescribed, at the same time, frugality to his fellowcitizens and fixed limits for their expenditures. After the death of his protector, Demetrius was driven from Athens by Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes (B.C. 306). The people of that city, always fickle, overthrew the numerous statues they had erected to him, although he had been their benefactor and idol, and even condemned him to death. Demetrius, upon this, retired to the court of Alexandria, where he lived upwards of twenty years. It is generally supposed that he was the individual who gave Ptolemy the advice to found the Museum and the famous Library. This prince consulted him also as to the choice of a successor. Demetrius was in favour of the monarch's eldest son, but the king eventually decided for the son whom he had by his second wife Berenicé. When Ptolemy II., therefore, came to the throne, he revenged himself on the unlucky counsellor by exiling him to a distant province in Upper Egypt, where Demetrius put an end to his own life by the bite of an asp (B.C. 282). Cicero describes Demetrius as a polished, sweet, and graceful speaker, but deficient in energy and power. Plutarch cites his treatise “On Socrates,” which appears to have contained also a life of Aristides. The works of Demetrius are lost. There exists, it is true, under his name a treatise on elocution (Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας), a work full of ingenious observations; but critics agree in making it of later origin. Besides the treatise on elocution, there exists a small work on the apophthegms of the Seven Sages, which Stobaeus has inserted in his third discourse, as being the production of Demetrius Phalereus.

(9) Of Sunium; a Cynic philosopher, who flourished at Corinth in the first century. During the reign of Caligula he taught philosophy at Rome, where he obtained the highest reputation for wisdom and virtue. He was banished from Rome in the time of Nero for his free censure of public manners. After the death of this emperor he returned to Rome, but the boldness of his language soon offended Vespasian and again subjected him to the punishment of exile. Apollonius, with whom he had formed a friendship, prevailed on Titus to recall him; but under Domitian he withdrew to Puteoli. Seneca, who was acquainted with him, speaks in the highest terms of his masculine eloquence, sound judgment, intrepid fortitude, and inflexible integrity ( De Vit. Beat. 25).

Demetrius Demetrius, son of Antigonus

• inherits his father's ambition: Paus. 1.10.1
• defeated by Ptolemy 1. Paus. 1.6.5
• puts down tyranny at Athens: Paus. 1.25.6ff.
• garrisons Museum Hill at Athens: Paus. 1.25.8
• defeats Ptolemy 1. off Cyprus and besieges him in Egypt: Paus. 1.6.6
• besieges Rhodes: Paus. 1.6.6
• builds Sicyon on new site: Paus. 2.7.1
• invades Laconia: Paus. 1.13.6
• assassinates Alexander, son of Cassander: Paus. 1.10.1, Paus. 1.36.6, Paus. 9.7.3
• makes himself king of Macedonia: Paus. 1.10.1, Paus. 1.36.6
• defeats Lysimachus: Paus. 1.10.2
• marches against Seleucus and Ptolemy Paus. 6.16.3
• captured by Seleucus: Paus. 1.10.2, Paus. 1.16.1, Paus. 6.15.7, Paus. 6.16.2, Paus. 10.12.10
• statues of: Paus. 6.15.7, Paus. 6.16.3, Paus. 10.10.2
• one of his bodyguard punished by Trophonius: Paus. 9.39.12

Demetrius(2), son of Phanostratus

• tyrant of Athens: Paus. 1.25.6

Demetrius(3), son of Philip

• seizes Messene, but is driven out again: Paus. 4.29.1-5, Paus. 4.32.2
• poisoned by his brother Perseus: Paus. 2.9.5