Mars

Mars (archaic and poet. Māvors, q. v.), Martis (collat. reduplic. form Marmar, in the Song of the Arval Brothers; v. the following, and Mamers), m. [root mar-, gleam; Sanscr. marīkis, beam of light; hence Mars, the bright god; cf.: marmor, mare],

• Mars, who, as father of Romulus, was the primogenitor of the Roman people, the god of war, of husbandry, of shepherds and seers. For him was named the month of Martius, March, the beginning of the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 73 sqq.: legio Martia ... ab eo deo, a quo populum Romanum generatum accepimus, Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5: Mars pater te precor quaesoque, uti sies volens propitius mihi, etc., ... ut tu morbos visos invisosque viduertatem vastitudinemque, calamitates intemperiasque prohibessis, etc., Cato R. R. 141, 2; cf., in the Song of the Arval Brothers, NEVE LVERVE MARMAR SINS INCVRRERE IN PLEORIS; for Mars pater, the forms Marspiter, gen. Marspitris, or -tĕris, and Maspiter were also employed, Gell. 5, 12, 5; Macr. S. 1, 12; 19; Varr. L. L. 8, § 33 Müll.; 9, § 75; 10, § 65; Prisc. p. 695: Mars Gradivus, Quirinus, Silvanus, Ultor, v. under h. vv.: Mars durus, Verg. E. 10, 44: torvus, Hor. C. 1, 28, 17: cruentus, id. ib. 2, 14, 13: ferus, Ov. H. 7, 160; id. F. 4, 25: ferox, id. M. 13, 11: bellicus, id. F. 3, 1: fortibus sane oculis Cassius (Martem spirare dicens) se in Siciliam non iturum, Cic. Att. 15, 11. The Salii were destined for his service, Liv. 1, 20, 4; horses and bulls were offered to him, Paul. ex Fest. p. 61 Müll.; Ov. H. 6, 10; Macr. S. 3, 10, 4: per Martem, a soldier's oath, Plaut. Mil. 5, 21 (1414). He was often appealed to in oaths, etc., esp. by soldiers: Nam neque Duellona mi umquam neque Mars creduat, ni, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 8 (849); id. Mil. 1, 1, 11 (11); id. Truc. 3, 1, 11 (655).—
• II Transf.
• • A War, battle, a conflict, engagement, contest, etc.; also the art of war: cum veter occubuit Priamus sub Marte Pelasgo, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P. (Ann. v. 17 Vahl.): Martem accendere cantu, to incite to battle, Verg. A. 6, 165: apertus, fighting in the open field, Ov. M. 13, 27: equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare, i. e. to fight both in their own fashion (on horseback) and in one which was strange to them (on foot), Liv. 3, 62, 9: pugna jam in manus, jam in gladios, ubi Mars est atrocissimus, venerat, id. 2, 46, 3: terribili Marte ululare, Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 19: captam sine Marte, Stat. Ach. 1, 401: quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae, Cic. Marcell. 6, 17.—Poet.: Mars forensis, a contest in the forum, legal contest, Ov. P. 4, 6, 29; cf.: et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent, id. F. 4, 188.—Hence, prov.: suo (nostro, vestro) Marte, by one's own exertions, without the assistance of others: rex ipse suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95; id. Off. 3, 7, 34: cum vos vestro Marte his rebus omnibus abundetis, id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 9.—
  • B The issue of a war or a battle, the fortune of war: cum omnis belli Mars communis, et cum semper incerti exitus proeliorum sint, Cic. Fam. 6, 4, 1: communis adhuc Mars belli erat, Liv. 10, 28: aequo Marte, with equal advantage, on equal terms, Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 3; 8, 19, 2; Curt. 4, 1, 8: pari Marte, Hirt. B. G. 8, 19: aequato Marte, Liv. 1, 25: verso Marte ( = versā fortunā), id. 29, 3, 11: vario Marte pugnatum est, Quint. 8, 6, 24: incerto Marte, Tac. H. 4, 35: anceps, Liv. 7, 29, 2; 21, 1, 2: dubius, Vell. 2, 55, 3.—
  • C The planet Mars: Jovis stellae proximum inferiorem orbem tenet πυρόεις, quae stella Martis appellatur, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53; 2, 46, 119; Plin. 2, 8, 6, § 34; 2, 15, 12, § 60; Hyg. Astr. 2, 42: Martis sidus, Cassiod. Var. 11, 36.—Hence,
• III Mar-tĭus (Māvortĭus, v. infra), a, um, adj.
• • • • a Of or belonging to Mars: lupus, sacred to Mars, Verg. A. 9, 566; cf.: Martius lupus, integer et intactus, gentis nos Martiae et conditoris nostri admonuit, descended from Mars (since Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus), Liv. 10, 27: legio, Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 6; 4, 2, 5: miles, Ov. M. 14, 798: proles, i.e. Romulus and Remus, id. F. 3, 59: anguis, sacred to Mars, id. M. 3, 32: judicium, i.e. of the Areopagus at Athens, Ap. Met. 10, 7, 6 Oud.: Campus; v. campus: harena, a place in the Circus where the gladiators fought, Ov. Tr. 2, 282; Mart. 2, 75, 8: gramen, i.e. the Field of Mars, Hor. C. 3, 7, 26: Martius mensis, the month of March, formerly the first month of the year, Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 13: Martii Calendis, Hor. C. 3, 8, 1: Idus Martiae, the Ides of March, famous as the day on which Julius Caesar was killed, Cic. Att. 14, 4, 2; cf. 14, 20, 1 sq.; id. Phil. 2, 35, 88; id. Fam. 10, 28, 1.— In the form Mavortius (poet.): moenia, i.e. Rome, Verg. A. 1, 276: tellus, i.e. Thrace, id. G. 4, 462: conjux, i.e. Venus, Val. Fl. 2, 208: proles, i.e. the Thebans, Ov. M. 3, 531; cf.: seges belli (because sprung from the dragon's teeth), Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 135.—
      • b Transf.
    • 1 Warlike, martial: Martia Penthesilea, Verg. A. 11, 661: Martia saeculi voluptas, Mart. 5, 24, 1: Martius aeris rauci canor, Verg. G. 4, 71: vulnera, id. A. 7, 182: Thebe, i.e. where many wars were carried on, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 33.—
    • 2 Of or belonging to the planet Mars: ille fulgor rutilus, horribilisque terris, quem Martium dicitis, Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17.—As subst.: Mar-tĭus, ii, m. (sc. mensis), March, the month of March: Mensium nomina fere aperta sunt, si a Martio, ut antiqui constituerunt, numeres, Nam primus a Marte, Varr. L. L. 6, 4, § 33.—
• IV Martĭālis, e, adj.
• • A Of or belonging to Mars: Flamen, Varr. L. L. 5, § 84 Müll.; Varr.7, § 45 ib.: lupus, sacred to Mars, Hor. C. 1, 17, 9: ludi, in honor of Mars, Suet. Claud. 1: Martialis collis, near the temple of Deus Fidius, Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.—Subst.: Martĭālis, is, m., a priest of Mars: Martiales quidam Larini appellabantur, ministri publici Martis, Cic. Clu. 15, 43.—
  • B Belonging to the legio Martia; hence, Martĭāles, the soldiers of the legio Martia, Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5.

Mārs, Mārtis, m. (Mavors u. Mavortius, w. s.; archaist. Dat. Martei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 531, Marte, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 62), I) Mars, A) eig., einer der dii consentes, die die Elemente beherrschen u. die Jahreszeiten herbeiführen, weshalb das alte röm. Jahr nach der Einteilung des Romulus, des Sohnes des Mars, mit dem Monate des Mars (dem Martius = März) beginnt, s. Ov. fast. 3, 73 sqq. – dann bes. Gott der kriegerischen Kraft u. des Kriegsgetümmels, dah. ferus, Ov. fast. 4, 25. – Als Vater des Romulus wird er als Stammvater des röm. Volkes betrachtet, s. Cic. Phil. 4, 5. – Zu seinem Dienste waren die Salier bestimmt, Liv. 1, 20, 4. – Geopfert wurden ihm Pferde, Paul. ex Fest. 81, 16, u. Stiere, Ov. her. 6, 10. Macr. sat. 3, 10. § 4. – Beinamen sind M. Silvanus, M. pater, als Gott der Herden u. Feldgott, Cato r. r. 83 u. 141: als Kriegsgott M. Gradivus, der im Kampf Voranschreitende, Liv. 1, 20, 4 (so auch pater od. rex Gradivus, Verg. Aen. 3, 35; 10, 542): M. Ultor, Suet. Aug. 21, 2. – B) meton.: 1) = Kriegsgetümmel, Kampf, Schlacht, a) eig.: Hectoreus, mit Hektor, Ov.: parentalis, Kampfspiel zu Ehren des toten Erzeugers, Ov.: apertus, offene Feldschlacht, Ov.: Actiacus, Schlacht bei Aktium, Plin.: quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae, Cic. Marc. 17: invadunt Martem, beginnen das Gefecht, den Kampf, Verg.: Martem accendere cantu, zum Gefecht entflammen, Verg.: suo Marte cadunt, sie fallen durch ihren eigenen Kampf, d.i. im K. miteinander, Ov.: ebenso femineo Marte cadere, im K. mit einem Weibe, Ov.: alieno Marte, durch Kampf mit einem fremden Volke, Curt. – dah. sprichw., suo (nostro, vestro) Marte, auf eigene Faust, auf eigene Hand u. Gefahr, selbständig, Cic. (s. Heine Cic. de off. 3, 34). – insbes., die Kampfart, equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare, auf die ihm eigene u. auf fremde Art (als Fußgänger), Liv. 3, 62, 9. – b) übtr., v. gerichtl. Kampf (Streit), forensis, Ov. – 2) das Kriegsglück, der Ausgang der Schlacht, anceps, Liv.: aequo Marte, Liv.: proelium pari Marte initur, Hirt. b. G.: pari Marte pugnabant, Curt.: M. belli communis, Cic. u. Liv. (vgl. Halm Cic. Sest. 12. Weißenb. Liv. 5, 12, 1). – 3) die Kriegswut, terribili Marte ululare, Plin. 26, 18. – 4) der kriegerische Geist oder Mut, die Tapferkeit, si patrii quid Martis habes, Verg.: cedent Marti Dorica castra meo, Ov.: nec sunt mihi Marte secundi, Ov. – II) übtr., Mars, ein Planet, stella Martis, Cic. de nat. deor. 2, 53. Plin. 2, 60: sidus Martis, Plin. 2, 34. – Dav. abgeleitet: Mārtiālis u. Mārtius u. Mārtiaticus u. Mārtulus, w. s.

Mars [CL] 1 Mars, Roman god of war. non Mars vulnificus, qui belli semina spargit / ‥ / nec Venus ‥ Aldh. VirgV 1327; laudandi ‥ viri et quos ~s ipse collata non sperneret hasta si ducem habuissent W. Malm. GR II 177 p. 208; Gradivus ‥ i. ~s deus belli, eo quod gradatim itur ad bellum Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 249; Thomas quasi totus ~s. Mars autem inter planetas signat super bella et certamina. unde omnis ejus actus convocabilis contingit in die Martis. a Norhamptona recessit die Martis. in transmarinis applicuit. item in die Martis in Angliam rediit. die Martis gladio occubuit. ergo totus erat ~s, totus bellicosus, et ideo Thomas dictus Stratford Serm. 28 p. 90; s1404 miliciam sortemque Christi deserens in sortem ~tis apostatando transierat Wals. HA II 266. 2 war, fighting, combat. b (w. ref. to lawsuit) contention. ac stimulant Martem legionum cornua cantu Aldh. VirgV 2460; cum rege West-Saxonum Kinewulfo aperto ~te congressus palmam leviter obtinuit W. Malm. GR I 86; s1141 erat major exheredatorum numerus, quos in ~tem accendebat rerum amissarum dolor Id. HN 488 p. 48; insuper incumbit gens Saxona marte feroci V. Merl. 948; hostem arte magis quam ~te triumphat Gir. TH I 27; est labor ergo bonus, quando sine marte laborant / reges et populi, fine decente mori Garl. Tri. Eccl. 17.  b a1160 causam jubeatis per legitimos tramites suo ~te discurrere Ep. J. Sal. 124 (86); 1204 restitutionis beneficium peto, et sic postea lis inter nos suo ~te decurrat ut justitia in judicium convertatur P. Blois Ep. Sup. 22. 11; 1278 ut ‥ lis inchoata ‥ suo ~te decurrat (v. decurrere 4a). 3 the planet Mars; b (w. ref. to its supposed effects). ~tis stella, utpote soli proxima, colore simul et natura est fervens Bede TR 8 p. 196; 798 nunc igitur, quam diu quaesivimus, inter Martia tela ~tis stella subito effulsit Alcuin Ep. 149 p. 243; ~tis vero signa iiij, gradus viij, dakaicae xxiiij Adel. Elk. 18; Stratford Serm. 28 p. 90 supra).  b [stella Jovis] inter ~tem posita et Saturnum ‥ a ~te calorem, a Saturno humorem contrahens Wals. AD 9; cum nasci ceperimus a sole sortimur spiritum, a luna corpus, a ~te sanguinem Ib. 27; clypeus palaris sex partium aureus et ruber Aragoniae regum Gallis partie de pale, vel clypeus hexastylus solis et ~tis Spelman Asp. 83. 4 March. hinc idus Martis quartas Gregorius aurat Kal. Met. 14; namque quadris constat nonis concurrere menses / omnes excepto Marte et Maio, sequitur quos / Julius et October: senis soli hi moderantur Byrht. Man. 42. 5 (dies ~tis) Tuesday. die ~tis W. Malm. Glast. 118 (v. dies 5d); 1200 summonicio facta fuit die ~tis proxima post exaltacionem S. Crucis CurR I 256; 1220 committitur in custodia ‥ die ~tis SelPlCrown 123; Stratford Serm. 28 p. 90 supra). 6 (alch.) iron. ejus tamen recepto est valde utilis in talem quia fingitur cum aliis salibus ad purificationem ~tis in lunam et est peroptimus M. Scot Lumen 243; plumbum dicitur Saturnus ‥ ferrum ~s Bacon Tert. sup. 83 (v. Jupiter 3); ~s et Venus uno modo calcinantur Ripley 417; ~s est ferrum LC 251.

Mārs, (8) Mārtis, m. (arch. Māvors ), ¶ 1 dieu de la guerre, père de Romulus et du peuple romain : Cic. Phil. 4, 5 ; [donne son nom au premier mois de lʼannée primitive romaine] Ov. F. 3, 73 ; Martis dies Inscr. , jour de Mars, mardi || dieu de la fécondation, du printemps : Ov. F. 1, 151 ; 3, 235 ¶ 2 [fig.] a) guerre, bataille, combat : Martem accendere cantu Virg. En. 6, 165, enflammer les combats par les accents de la trompette ; Mars apertus Ov. M. 13, 27, combat en rase campagne ; Martis vis Cic. Marc. 17, les violences de la bataille ; sub Marte Pelasgo occumbere Enn. Ann. 17, succomber sous les coups des Grecs (dans la guerre contre les Grecs) ; ubi Mars est atrocissimus Liv. 2, 46, 3, où la mêlée est la plus violente (le combat le plus acharné) ; suo Marte cadunt Ov. M. 3, 123, ils tombent en se combattant ; femineo Marte Ov. M. 12, 610, dans un combat avec une femme || manière de combattre : equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare Liv. 3, 62, 9, [ils avaient honte de voir] les cavaliers se battre à leur manière et à celle des autres [des fantassins] || suo (nostro, vestro) Marte, avec ses (nos, vos) propres forces (moyens) : Cic. Phil. 2, 95 ; Off. 3, 34 ; Verr. 2, 3, 9 || [poét.] Mars forensis Ov. P. 4, 6, 29, luttes du barreau ; b) résultat de la guerre, fortune du combat : omnis belli Mars communis Cic. Fam. 6, 4, 1, dans toute guerre la fortune est égale pour tous [cf. de Or. 3, 167 sur lʼemploi de cette métaphore], cf. Sest. 12 ; Mil. 56 ; Liv. 5, 12, 1 ; æquo Marte Cæs. G. 7, 19, 3, avec des chances égales [pari Marte Hirt. G. 8, 19 ] ; verso Marte Liv. 29, 3, 11, la fortune ayant tourné ; incerto Marte Tac. H. 4, 35 ; ancipiti Marte Liv. 7, 29, 2, sans avantage marqué, avec un succès incertain ¶ 3 la planète Mars : Cic. Nat. 2, 53 ; Plin. 2, 34 ; Hyg. Astr. 2, 42.

➳ forme Maurs, dat. Maurte CIL 12, 49.

mars, tis. m.
戰神。關公。火星。— communis vel anceps vel incertus 不分勝敗。Aperto marte 顯明之戰。Marte palam 明然相敵。Aequo marte pugnare 平勢相爭。不分勝敗。Nostro marte id explebimus 不待于身外而成功。

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Mārs Mārtis, m

• 3 MAR-, Mars, father of Romulus and god of war, with whose month, Martius, the Roman year began, O., Cs.: durus, V.: cruentus, H.: feroxO.: stella Martis, the planet Mars.—War, battle, conflict, engagement: Martem accendere cantu, incite to battle, V.: apertus, in the open field, O.: equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare, i. e. both on horseback and on foot, L.: Mars forensis, a legal contest, O.: si patrii quid Martis habes, martial spirit, V.—In the phrase, suo Marte, independently, by his own efforts: rex ipse suo Marte res suas recuperavit: cum vos vestro Marte his rebus omnibus abundetis.—The issue of battle, fortune of war: omnis belli Mars communis: communis adhuc Mars belli erat, L.: aequo Marte, indecisively, Cs.: verso Marte (i. e. versā fortunā), L.

Mars

(also Mavors, Mamers). After Iupiter the principal deity of the inhabitants of Italy, and therefore honoured with particular reverence by the Latins and Romans from the very earliest times, especially as the latter regarded him as the father of Romulus, the founder of Rome. He was held to be the son of Iuno, who bore him in consequence of touching a wonderful spring-flower, and the husband of Nerio or Neriené, a goddess of strength. Through the emphasizing of one of his attributes he gradually came to be considered as, above all, the god of war; for originally he was at the same time one of the mightiest gods of nature, the Vedic Marut, who accords fertility and protection to fields and herds.

The first month of the old Roman year was dedicated to him as the fertilizing god of spring; in the very ancient chant of the Arval Brothers (see Fratres Arvales), at the May-day festival of the Dea Dia, the help and protection of Mars were demanded. In earlier times he was also invoked at the hallowing of the fields (see Ambarvalia), that he might bless the family, the field, and the cattle, and keep off sickness, bad weather, and all else that did harm. (Cf. Robigus.) In later times the names of Ceres and Bacchus were substituted for his on this particular occasion. At the festival on 15th October a horse was sacrificed to him to insure the fair growth of the seed that had been sown. As god of war (cf. Quirinus), his symbols were the ravenous wolf, the prophetic and warlike woodpecker, and the lance. When war broke out, the general solemnly invoked his aid, by smiting his holy lance and the holy shields (ancilia; see Salii) with the cry, “Mars, awake!” (Mars vigila!) Many sacrifices were also offered to him during the campaign and before battle; and in his name military honours were conferred. The Field of Mars (Campus Martius) was dedicated to him as the patron god of warlike exercises; contests with battle-steeds, called Equirria, were there held in his honour on the 27th February, 14th March, and 15th October. On the last-mentioned day the horse on the right of the victorious team was sacrificed on his altar in the Field of Mars; it was known as the horse of October (October equus), and its blood was collected and preserved in the temple of Vesta, and used at the Palilia for purposes of purification. The cult of Mars was entrusted to a special priest, the flamen Martialis (see Flamen), and the college of the Salii (q.v.), which worshipped him more particularly as god of war. His principal festival was in March, the month sacred to him. As early as the time of King Tullus Hostilius, Pavor and Pallor (Fear and Pallor) are said to have been worshipped as his companions in the fight, in sanctuaries of their own. Augustus caused him to be honoured in a new form, as Mars Ultor (the avenger of Caesar), in the magnificent temple in the Forum Augusti, consecrated B.C. 2, where statues of him and of Venus, as the two divine ancestors of the Julian family, were set up. In later times he was identified completely with the Greek Ares. See Ares.

Field of Mars

See Campus Martius.