gradus

omnes aetatis gradus recordor tuae
I remember every stage of your life

gradus , ūs, m.: a step, footstep, pace, 3.598; step, stair, 1.448; cōnferre gradum, to walk side by side, 6.488. (gradior)

grădus, ūs (archaic gen. sing. graduis, Varr. ap. Non. 494, 17; dat. gradu, Lucil. ap. Fest. s. v. remeligines, p. 276 Müll.), m. [kindr. with Sanscr. kram, to go; v. gradior], a step, pace (cf.: gressus, passus, incessus).

• I Lit.: ad hanc conversionem, quae pedibus et gradu non egeret, ingrediendi membra non dedit, Cic. Univ. 6: quaenam vox ex te resonans meo gradu remoram facit? Lucil. l. l.: gradum proferre pedum, Enn. ap. Fest. S. V. PEDUM, p. 249, a Müll. (Trag. v. 248 Vahl.): quo nunc incerta re atque inorata gradum Regredere conare? id. ap. Non. 166, 23 (Trag. v. 12 Vahl.): gradum facere, Cic. de Or. 2, 61, 249: tollere gradum, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 6 (535): ad forum suspenso gradu placide ire perrexi, Ter. Phorm. 867: quieto et placido gradu sequi, Phaedr. 2, 7, 6; cf., on the contrary: celeri gradu Eunt uterque, Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 22 (623): ut tu es gradibus grandibus, id. Ep. 1, 1, 11 (11): citato gradu in hostem ducere, Liv. 28, 14, 17: concito gradu properare, Phaedr. 3, 2, 11: gradum celerare, to hasten, Verg. A. 4, 641: so, corripere, Hor. C. 1, 3, 33: addere, Liv. 26, 9, 5: sistere, Verg. A. 6, 465: sustinere, Ov. F. 6, 398: revocare, Verg. A. 6, 128: referre, Ov. F. 5, 502: vertere, Stat. Th. 8, 138 et saep.: peditum aciem instructam pleno gradu in hostem inducit, at full pace, at a quick step, Liv. 4, 32, 10; 34, 15, 3; 34, 16, 2; cf.: militari gradu viginti milia passuum horis quinque dumtaxat aestivis conficienda sunt; pleno autem gradu, qui citatior est, totidem horis XXIV. milia peragenda sunt, Veg. 1, 9: modico gradu, Liv. 30, 5, 3: presso gradu, = βάδην, with measured step, a moderate pace, id. 28, 14, 14: citato gradu, id. 28, 14, 17; Trebon. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 2: non gradu, sed praecipiti cursu a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum, step by step, = gradatim, Vell. 2, 1, 1: per gradus, Ov. M. 2, 354.—
• • B Trop., a step, stage, degree: quem mortis timuit gradum, pace, approach, Hor. C. 1, 3, 17: hunc quasi gradum quendam atque aditum ad cetera factum intelligitis, Cic. Agr. 2, 15, 38; cf.: itaque majoribus nostris in Africam ex hac provincia gradus imperii factus est, id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 3; Quint. 3, 6, 8; so, Crassus Licinius nec consul nec praetor ante fuerat, quam censor est factus: ex aedilitate gradum censuram fecit, Liv. 27, 6, 17; 6, 35, 2 Drak.: hunc gradum mei reditus esse, quod mulieres revertissent, a step towards my return, Cic. Att. 7, 23, 2; cf. Liv. 6, 42, 2: notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit: Tempore crevit amor, Ov. M. 4, 59; cf. Prop. 1, 13, 8: cum consuleretur, quid sentiret, Non possum, inquit, tibi dicere: nescio enim quid de gradu faciat: tamquam de essedario interrogaretur, i. e. of the Peripatetics, Sen. Ep. 29: etsi spondeus, quod est e longis duabus, hebetior videtur et tardior, habet tamen stabilem quendam et non expertem dignitatis gradum, pace, Cic. Or. 64, 216.
• II Transf.
• • A In milit. and gladiator's lang., station, position, ground taken by a combatant: obnisos vos (velim) stabili gradu impetum hostium excipere, Liv. 6, 12, 8; cf. Tac. H. 2, 35: de gradu libero ac stabili conari, Liv. 34, 39, 3: in suo quisque gradu obnixi, urgentes scutis, sine respiratione ac respectu pugnabant, id. 8, 38, 11: inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere, Ov. M. 9, 43: hostes gradu demoti, Liv. 6, 32, 8 Drak. N. cr.; for which: turbare ac statu movere, id. 30, 18, 4.—
  • • 2 Trop., a firm position or stand: corda virum mansere gradu, i. e. firm, steadfast, Sil. 16, 21: fortis et constantis est, non perturbari in rebus asperis, nec tumultuantem de gradu deici, ut dicitur, to let one's self be disconcerted, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80; cf.: dejectus de gradu, id. Att. 16, 15, 3: motus gradu, Sen. Const. Sap. 19: gradu depulsus, Nep. Them. 5, 1; cf.: nam si gradum, si caritatem filii apud te haberem, Liv. 40, 9, 3.—
  • B That on which one steps, a step or round of a ladder, a stair.
  • • 1 Lit. (usu. in plur.): quemadmodum scalarum gradus si alios tollas, alios incidas, etc., Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 3: haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos Nituntur gradibus, Verg. A. 2, 443: gradus templorum, Cic. Att. 4, 1, 5: gradus ejusdem templi tollebantur, id. Sest. 15, 34; cf.: aerea cui (templo) gradibus surgebant limina, Verg. A. 1, 448; Vell. 2, 3, 1: pro Palatii gradibus, Suet. Ner. 8; id. Vit. 15: praeceps per gradus ire, id. Calig. 35: si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, Juv. 3, 200.—
    • • • β Sing.: cum dextro pede primus gradus ascenditur, Vitr. 3, 3.—
      • b Transf., of things that rise by steps.
      • • α In hair-dressing, a braid of hair: caput in gradus atque anulos comptum, Quint. 12, 10, 47: comam in gradus frangere, id. 1, 6, 44; cf.: coma in gradus formata, Suet. Ner. 51.—
        • β In econom. lang., a spit or such a depth of earth as can be dug at once with the spade, Col. 3, 13, 19; 4, 1, 3.—
        • γ In math., a degree of a circle, Manil. 1, 579.—
        • δ In veterin. lang., a wrinkle on the roof of a horse's mouth, Veg. Vet. 1, 2; 32; 4, 2.—
    • 2 Trop., a step, degree in tones, in age, relationship, rank, etc. (equally common in sing. and plur.): ille princeps variabit et mutabit, omnes sonorum tum intendens tum remittens persequetur gradus, Cic. Or. 18, 59; cf. id. de Or. 3, 61, 227: ab ima ad summam (vocem) ac retro multi sunt gradus, Quint. 11, 3, 15; cf. Vulg. Psa. 119 Tit. et saep.: Paulatim gradus aetatis scandere adultae, Lucr. 2, 1123; cf.: quod tanta penuria est in omni vel honoris vel aetatis gradu, ut, etc., Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 3; so, aetatis, Vell. 2, 36, 2; Quint. 3, 7, 15; Suet. Aug. 79; id. Tit. 3 al.: unus gradus et una progenies, Lact. 2, 10, 10: nostri quoque sanguinis auctor Juppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo, Ov. M. 13, 143; cf.: a matre Magnum Pompeium artissimo contingebat gradu, Suet. Aug. 4; id. Ner. 2: qui (populus) te tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28: gradus dignitatis, id. Rep. 1, 27; cf. id. ib. 1, 27 fin.—Sing.: ex tam alto dignitatis gradu, Cic. Lael. 3, 12 fin.: gradus altior, altissimus, amplissimus, dignitatis, id. Clu. 55, 150; id. Phil. 1, 6, 14; id. Mur. 14, 30; cf. also id. ib. 27, 55: summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenere et dignitatis et gratiae, id. Planc. 13, 32: a senatorio gradu longe abesse, id. de Imp. Pomp. 21, 61; cf.: ascendens gradibus magistratuum, id. Brut. 81, 281.—Without gen.: etenim quis est civis praesertim hoc gradu, quo me vos esse voluistis, tam oblitus beneficii vestri, etc., id. Phil. 6, 7, 18; id. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 2, 6: omni gradu amplissimo dignissimus, id. Fam. 6, 10, 2: gradus officiorum, id. Off. 1, 45, 160: temporum servantur gradus, id. Part. 4, 12: cf.: non iidem erunt necessitudinum gradus qui temporum, id. Off. 1, 18, 59: gradus cognationis, Dig. 38, 10, 1 sqq.: v. de gradibus, Paul. Sent. 4, 11, 1-8: agnationis, Gai. Inst. 3, 10, 11: si plures eodem gradu sint agnati, Ulp. Fragm. 26, 5: cognati ex transverso gradu usque ad quartum gradum, i. e. collateral kindred (opp. parentes et liberi), id. ib. 5, 6: gradus plures sunt societatis hominum, Cic. Off. 1, 17, 53: peccatorum gradus, id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 172: oratorum aetates et gradus, id. Brut. 32, 122; cf.: gradus et dissimilitudines Atticorum, id. ib. 82, 285: accendendi judicis plures sunt gradus, Quint. 11, 3, 166; 6, 4, 67: nec gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus; Illa domus meritis Maxima dicta suis, Ov. F. 1, 605: si ita esset, quid opus erat te gradatim istuc pervenire? . . . A beatis ad virtutem, a virtute ad rationem video te venisse gradibus, Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 89; cf.: omnes gradus virtutis implere, Lact. 5, 14, 18; and: hi plerumque gradus, Juv. 11, 46.

gradus, ūs, m. (gradior), I) der Schritt, A) im allg.: 1) eig.: militaris, Doppelschritt, Plaut.: praegrandi gradu, Pacuv. fr.: tardo gradu, Acc. fr.: gradum proferre pedum, Enn. fr. scen. 213: gradum facere, einen Schritt tun, Cic.: gradum inferre in hostes, anrücken, vorrücken gegen usw., Liv.: gradum conferre, handgemein werden, Liv., od. zum Gespräch (= eine Unterredung halten), Plaut. u. Verg.: ingentes gradus ferre, große Schritte machen, Ov.: gradum celerare, Verg., od. corripere, Hor., eilen: u. so gradum addere (sc. gradui), einen Schritt (rasch) nach dem andern tun, Liv.: gradum suspendere (gradus suspensus), s. sus-pendo: gradum referre, zurückgehen, Liv.: gradum sistere, Verg. u. Curt., od. sustinere, Ov., Halt machen: citato gradu se proripere, schnell usw., Liv.: pleno gradu (im Geschwindschritt) ad castra hostium tendere, Liv.: u. so im Bilde, ingressum pleno gradu non intermittemus, Trebon. in Cic. ep.: non gradu (schrittweise), sed praecipiti cursu (im Sturmlauf, Sturm) a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum, Vell.: (spondëus) habet stabilem quendam et non expertem dignitatis gradum (Schritt, Gang), Cic. – 2) bildl.: a) der Schritt zu etw. (= Handlung, die einen Erfolg hat), primus gradus imperii factus est, der erste Schritt (zur Ausbreitung) unseres Reichs, Cic.: gradum fecit ad censuram, ist sogleich Zensor geworden, Liv.: gradus reditus mei, zu meiner R., Liv.: eo gradu via facta est ad consulatum, Liv. – b) der Anschritt = das Herannahen, quem mortis timuit gradum, Hor. carm. 1, 3, 17. – B) prägn., als t. t. der Fechtersprache, die von den Kämpfenden eingenommene Stellung, stare in gradu, Ov.: de gradu, stehenden Fußes (fechten usw.), Liv.: nescio, quid de gradu faciat, wie er zu Fuß kämpft, Sen. ep.: alqm gradu movere od. demovere, aus seiner St. vertreiben, Liv.: bildl., alqm de gradu deicere od. gradu depellere, einen aus seinem Vorteile verdrängen, aus der Fassung bringen, Cic., Nep. u.a.

II) meton., die Stufe, Staffel einer Treppe, die Sprosse einer Leiter (als Stützpunkt u. als Schrittmaß der Auf- u. Absteigenden), A) eig.: a) im allg.: gradus templorum, Cic.: scalarum gradus alios tollere alios incīdere, Cic.: alqm per gradus deicere, Liv.: per gradus decĭdere od. labi, Liv.: per confragosos scalae gradus decĭdere, Sulp. Sev.: per gradus saltare, von Sprosse zu Sprosse, Petron. – b) insbes., Plur. gradus = die stufenartig aufgebauten Sitzreihen der Schaugerüste, Tribünen für Zuschauer (spectacula) im Theater, subitarii gradus et scaena, Tac. ann. 14, 20: u. so im Sing., at Novius collega gradu post me sedet uno, sitzt eine Sitzreihe tiefer als ich, bildl. = er steht eine Stufe (im Range) tiefer als ich, Hor. sat. 1, 6, 40. – auf den Straßen bei öffentl. Aufzügen, Triumphen, spectaculorum gradus, Tac. ann. 14, 13.

B) übtr., die Stufe, Staffel, Abstufung, 1) konkr.: a) als t. t. des Landbaues, ein Spatenstich als Absatz, secundus vel tertius gradus, Col. 3, 13, 9: gr. soli crudi, Col. 4, 1, 3. – b) als astron. t. t. der Grad eines Kreises, Manil. 1, 581. – c) eine Runzel auf dem Gaumen des Pferdes (deren zwölf gezählt werden), Veget. mul. 1, 22, 11: sanguinem detrahere gradu tertio de palato, Veget. mul. 2, 4 Schn. – d) die Flechte des Haares, comam in gradus formare od. frangere, Suet. Ner. 51. Quint. 1, 6, 44: caput in gradus atque anulos comere, Quint. 12, 10, 47. – 2) abstr.: a) als musik. t. t. die Tonstufe, Stufe, sonorum gradus, Cic. de or. 3, 227: omnes sonorum gradus, Cic. or. 59: ab ima (voce) ad summam ac retro multi gradus (sunt), Quint. 11, 3, 15. – b) als gramm. t. t., die Stufe, der Grad der Vergleichung, gradus (Plur.) comparationis, Diom. 324, 16: gr. positivus, Prisc. 8, 8: gr. absolutus od. primitivus (der Positiv), comparativus, superlativus, Charis. 112, 15 sq. Diom. 324, 16 sq. – c) die Stufe, der Grad = die Reihenfolge, Reihe, α) übh.: tertio gradu (Grade) primores civitatis scripserat (heredes), Tac.: complectitur inguina cortex perque gradus (stufenweise, sukzessive), uterum pectusque, Ov.: renuntiatio gradus habet, hat ihre Reihenfolge, erfolgt sukzessive, Cic.: a beatis ad virtutem, a virtute ad rationem video te venisse gradibus (stufenweise, sukzessive), Cic. – β) die Stufe der Zeit, des Alters, gradus temporum, Cic. u. Quint.: gradus aetatis, Lucr. u. Vell.: omnes gradus aetatis, Cic.: inferior gradus aetatis, Varro: per aetatis gradus, Suet.: per omnes gradus aetatis, Suet.: pro gradu aetatis, Iustin.: opportunum quaerere gradum, einen gelegenen Zeitpunkt (zur Überfahrt nach Afrika), Val. Max. 3, 6, 1. – d) der Grad der Verwandtschaft, der Grad, die Stufe, der Rang, den jmd. in der Familie und in der Freundschaft einnimmt, gradus cognationis, Sen. rhet.: ex gradu hereditario, Inscript.: gradus a consortio coniugii exceptus, verbotener Gr. der Verwandtschaft (bei Verheiratungen), Ambros.: remotus iam deficientis affinitatis gr., Plin. pan.: necessitudinum gradus, Cic.: ille gradu propior sanguinis, Ov.: gradu cognationis alqm attingere, Sen. rhet.: nullo gradu contingere Caesarum domum, Suet.: a matre alqm artissimo gradu contingere, Suet.: gradus plures sunt societatis hominum, Cic.: gradum (Rang) filii habere apud alqm, Liv.: ab illo traditi ad hunc gradum amicitiae tuae ascendimus, Curt.: quo propiore gradu amicitiae me contingis, hoc maius est dissimulationis tuae facinus, Curt. – e) die Stufe, der Rang der Ehrenstellen, der Würden, gr. senatorius, Cic.: primus od. summus honoris gradus, Cic.: altior, altissimus od. amplissimus dignitatis gradus, Cic.: ascendere gradibus magistratuum, Cic.: altiorem grad um dignitatis ascendere od. consequi, Cic.: secundum gradum imperii tenere, Nep.: eodem gradu fuit apud Alexandrum, Nep.: suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum, Cic.: summum ad gradum claritatis venire, Laber. fr. – f) die Stufe, Abstufung von Zuständen u. Verhältnissen aller Art übh.: infimus fortunae gr., Cic.: nulli contumeliarum gradus, Plin. pan.: ut gradus essent ambitionis inter aequales, Cic.: oratorum aetates et gradus persequi, Cic.: an censes non eosdem gradus oratorum vulgi iudicio et doctorum fuisse? Cic. – ➳ Archaist. Genet. Sing. graduis, Varro de vit. P. R. 2. fr. 5 (bei Non. 494, 17). – Dat. gradu, Lucil. 965. – Nomin. Plur. (nach der 2. Deklin.) gradi, Itin. Hieros. p. 587 Wess. – Akk. Plur. (nach der 2. Dekl.) grados, Pacuv. tr. 172. Corp. inscr. Lat. 3, 167.

gradus [CL] 1 step, pace (also fig.); b (as unit of measurement). non cunctante gradu cum sanctae limine valvae / vellet adire Aldh. VirgV 1041; qui summum locum ascendere nititur ~ibus vel passibus, non autem saltibus elevatur (Lit. Papae) Bede HE I 30 p. 65; festo / cepit abire gradu Alcuin SS Ebor 795; Dominic V. Ecgwini I 9 (v. excessus 1b); tremulis ~ibus locum quo ipse stabat nacta fuit G. Mon. III 7; paulisper ~um sistens Gir. EH I 38; 1369 dirigat ‥ in salute ‥ ~um vestrum Trinitas Lit. Cant. II 493.  b circa iiijxxsteppys sive ~ibus meis mensuratis W. Worc. Itin. 50 (cf. ib. 58: 50 virge faciunt 85 ~us sive Anglice steppys meos); Barnet / Londino bis quinque gradus qui millia distat J. Herd Hist. IV Regum 35. 2 step, stair; also stairs, staircase. b scaffolding or ‘steps’ used in building work. c step, stage (of shrine). d row, tier. e shelf. f division resembling step. per centenos latebrarum ~us introrsum descendisse fertur Aldh. VirgP 25; pendulos in aere ~us W. Malm. Wulfst. I 8 (v. 2b infra); dum ~us [turris] ascendere incepissent G. Mon. IX 15; W. Fitzst. Thom. 136 (v. faber 3e); Gir. IK I 11 (v. 1 ascensus 3); si ‥ demitteretur ad ipsum [in puteo] scala, et ne posset causari quod non potest per scalam ascendere pre ~uum in scala paucitate, esset eadem scala ~uum multitudine et spissitudine repleta Gros. Cess. Leg. I 8 p.41; 1258 de ~u de camera Rosamunde usque capellam ‥: in stipendiis vj carpentariorum ad faciendum ‥ ~um lingneum subtus ~um petrinum Ac. Build. Hen. III 186; 1278 de grado [sic] in ~um (v. 1 eschina a); 1344 (v. currere 3d); 1392 cecidit de ~u solarii et frigit [sic] collum SelCCoron 48; cum libero introitu et exitu per ~um lapideum usque ad aquam de Tyne Feod. Durh. 6n; 1455 pro factura unius gavill in granario avenarum ac iij ~uum et unius manugerii Ac. Durh. 634; 1465 acta erant hec coram magno ~u pretorii burgi de Perth Conc. Scot. I ccxlvii; 1477 pro nova tectura ‥ super ~um scaccarii ‥ prioris Ac. Durh. 646.  b ut ‥ / ‥ veniret ad altos / ascensus graduum, quo scandere summa solebant / artifices operum B. V. Dunst. 4; ad illam [fabricam, i. e. bell-tower] erigendam moliebatur ~us scalarum quibus operantes insisterent et pendulos in aere ~us firmarent W. Malm. Wulfst. I 8 p. 15; 1280 ad meremium ad faciendum ~us ad opus cementariorum MinAc W. Wales I 12.  c 1383 de reliquiis in feretro S. Cuthberti ‥ in quo ~u sunt asservate: ‥ in primo et suppremo ~u australi, ymago BVM ‥ in ~u sub primo ‥ textus evangeliorum ‥ in ~u tercio ‥ capa S. Cuthberti Ac. Durh. 426.  d 1348 shopam diversorum ~uum (v. gradatim 1d); 1464 in ‥ stipendio laborancium circa ‥ aulam ‥, fenestram ligneam in ~u Johannis H., tria ostia et alia necessaria ExchScot 232.  e 13‥ xv° ~u, vite et passiones (Cart. Bermondsey) EHR XL VIII 441; 1389 hec biblioteca in novem separatis distinccionibus ‥ dividitur. ‥ quelibet autem dictorum novem distinccionum in septem ~us eciam separatos ‥ separata J. Whytefeld Pref. Catal. 408; 14‥ de almariolo et nono ~u almarioli A MS BL Add. 16164 pressmark (St Albans); de almariolo B primus liber in primo ~u MS BL Royal 13 D v pressmark (St Albans); 1472 ~us A continet v libros ad presens (Queens’ Coll. Camb.) Arch. Hist. Camb. III 438.  f herba Walteri habet ‥ divisionem foliorum per ~us divisam Alph. 81. 3 (eccl.): a altar step. b choir steps. c (~us satisfactionum) step on which penance was performed. d (liber ~uum) gradual book. duo levitae in albis stantes ad ~us ante altare Lanfr. Const. 115; (Eadmer Reliq. Audoeni) Gerv. Cant. I 8 (v. 2 chorus 4a); dum ‥ ad altare accederent ‥ mulier ‥ ~us conscendere volens ‥ repulsa est T. Mon. Will. VII 18; Beleth RDO 59. 65 (v. gradalis 3b); circa ~us coram altari R. Cold. Godr. 90; sic eadem media graduum statione legatur Garl. Myst. Eccl. 149; 1411 navis ecclesie Cantuariensis, cum apparatu ~us et pulpiti Lit. Cant. III 114; nomina ecclesie nessessaria: ‥ hic ~us ‥, A. a grese WW; 1488 pro factura ‥ ~us ante altare Ac. Durh. 651; 1516 (v. examinatorius 1b).  b Obed. Abingd. 340 (v. 2 chorus 4a); j [crassetum] super ~um ‘canes’ Cust. Cant. 102; 1509 ad ~um chori (v. celebrare 4a).  c matutinae laudes, si ultra modum ‥ tardaverint, secretarius cui hujus rei cura tunc commissa erit ante ~um satisfactionum prosternatur Lanfr. Const. 151; ante ~um satisfaccionum humiliter prostratus jacebit Cust. Cant. 117.  d 14‥ item liber ~uum Cart. Reading F 123. 4 (psalmi ~uum) the fifteen gradual psalms (cxx-cxxxiv), whose Heb. title was rendered canticum ~uum in Vulg.; Heb. refers to ‘degrees’ or ‘ascents’. a802 de psalmis ~uum quindecim pulcherrimus ascensionis ordo designatur Alcuin Ep. 243; cum quindenos finirent Davitici carminis ~us genua flectunt Byrht. V. Osw. 471; quindecim ~uum psalmos modulentur Ælf. Regul. Mon. 193 (cf. RegulC 68); H. Los. Ep. 23; 14‥ (v. canticum 2b); 1281 (v. 2 clericus 1a). 5 (fig.) step on (spiritual) ladder, stage in process involving (spiritual) ascent or descent. p1093 memor esto cujus propositi ~um ascendens nec umquam tibi vitae tuae sanctitas sufficiat nisi ea illos qui inferiorum ~uum sunt transcenderis Anselm (Ep. 189) IV 75; ~us ‥ quibus ad montis cacumen ascenditur septem sunt humilitatis ~us Simil. Anselmi 100; hujus scale vero latera sint gemine dilectiones, Dei sc. et proximi dilectio. porro ~us qui his lateribus inseruntur sunt diverse virtutes Hon. Spec. Eccl. 869D; habes pre oculis ‥ charitatis ascensorios ~us, scalam Jacob ‥ P. Blois Ep. 102. 324B; medicina ‥ contra iram ‥ est paciencia que habet tres ~us [ME: steiren], altum, altiorem et altissimum AncrR 106; vilitas et asperitas ‥ sunt duo brachia scale ‥ directe in celum et inter ista ‥ brachia fixi sunt ~us [ME: þetindes] omnium virtutum Ib. 137; oportet ut descendat in hac scala, cum sic descendere statuerit natura omnia que descendunt, quo ~us nullus scale predicte omitti poterit Fortescue NLN II 34. 6 place in line of descent or succession. b degree of affinity; c (w. ref. to persons of the Trinity). abavus, i. e. avi avus, nam ~us ipsi sic sunt: pater, avus, proavus [etc.] GlC A 25; Bracton 281 (v. consanguinitas a); 1257 cum ‥ filie sint in secundo ~u hereditatis a tempore collacionis dicti domini ‥ de manerio Cl 164; 1289 Willelmus non continetur infra ~us in brevi nominatos, nec est in linea PlRChester 5/8; 1304 cum toto jure ‥ cujuscumque descensus ‥ tenementorum que ad me aliquo juris ~u descendere ‥ continget Feod. Durh. 58n; medius ~us inter avum et nepotem, viz. filius ille attinctus Fortescue NLN II 38 (cf. ib.: ei ‥ in proximo successionis ~u conjunctus sum); tu et omnes qui de te descendent ‥ eritis ‥ in subjectione inimicorum vestrorum usque ad nonum ~um Itin. Mand. 80.  b uxor ejus et communi patrie vitio in quarto ~u cognata Gir. IK I 1; J. Furness Walth. 43 (v. genu 2); s1150 celebratum est divortium inter ‥ regem Francorum et ‥ reginam ‥; erant enim consanguinei in quarto ~u M. Par. Maj. II 186; 1367 duxit in uxorem consanguineam dicti J. infra ~us maritagii SelCKB VI 151; 1386 disponsavit Elizabetham ‥ que est consanguinea ‥ Johannis in tercio ~u PlRCP 495 r. 486.  c si ‥ obicitur, cum dicimus Filium a Patre nasci et Spiritum Sanctum a Patre et Filio procedere, quia quosdam ~us et ‥ intervalla constituimus, quasi Spiritus Sanctus esse non possit nisi prius Filius nascatur a Patre [etc.] Anselm (Proc. Sp. 8) II 199. 7 (w. ref. to progress, development, or sim.) stage, point; b (phr.: de ~u in ~um). c rate (of movement). non dico ‥ quod propositum vitae ‥ altiorem ~um contingat humilitatis quem altior sequitur exaltatio Anselm (Ep. 101) III 234; Gir. Æthelb. 2 (v. gradatim 2); Heytesbury Reg. 278 (v. exclusive 1); cum queritur utrum Deus potest augere capacitatem usque ad certum ~um, vel in infinitum, dico quod ad certum ~um Ric. Armagh Sent. 400; 1304 cum toto jure et clamio cujuscumque descensus seu reversionis quorumcumque tenementorum, que ad me de cetero aliquo juris ~u descendere seu reverti continget in villa de Q. Feod. Durh. 58n; quattuor ~us perfeccionis distincti possunt ‥ assignari ‥ Mus. Mens. (Anon. VI) 399.  b quia primi fuerunt boni homines, sicut aurum prevalet ceteris metallis, postea ceperunt deteriorari de ~u in ~um, sicut cetera metalla a pretio descendunt post aurum Natura Deorum 6.  c ~us motus est illud materie motus suscipientis magis et minus quod acquiritur per aliquod ‘motum esse’ Bradw. Cont. 233; quilibet ~us velocitatis per latitudinem tantummodo finitam distat a non ~u Heytesbury Reg. 242. 8 grade, degree, or level of comparative quality, importance, or sim.: a (of person); b (of thing or abstr.). c (w. ref. to church militant). a invitos spadones ‥ qui secundo eunuchorum ~ui evangelica veritatis [cf. Matth. xix 12] astipulatione deputantur Aldh. VirgP 21; 786 Judas ab apostolico ~u ejectus Ep. Alcuin. 3 p. 24; a1350 diviso triplici hominum genere sive ~u, sub quorum primo ~u omnes alienis sumptibus militantes ‥ sub secundo ‥ ~u omnes expendentes ultra xij d., ‥ sub tercio ‥ ~u omnes habentes ‥ cc marcatas ‥ continemus StatOx 93.  b castitatis continentia, qui secundus est ~us Aldh. VirgP 9; Bonif. AG 541 (v. diminutivus 2b); si ‥ ~uum [naturarum] distinctio sic est infinita ut nullus ibi sit ~us superior ‥ Anselm (Mon. 4) I 17 (cf. ib. 50: necesse est ‥ omnem creatam naturam eo altiori ~u essentie dignitatisque consistere); Quaest. Salern. N 39 (v. excoctio 2); Gilb. VII 357. 1 (v. gradatim 2); herbarum ~us Garl. Tri. Eccl. 94 (v. componere 5d); 1289 si contingat aliquem istorum ~uum appellacionum ‥ anullari ‥ quod dictus ~us appellacionum a ‥ bajulis communibus Agenni ad ‥ locum nostrum tenentem ‥ cadat, vel anulletur RGasc II 365; Wycl. Ente Praed. II 18 (v. analogus).  c perfeccio ~us sive status ecclesie militantis Uhtred Mon. V. 377 (v. gradalis 5b). 9 position in scale of dignity, rank; b (eccl. & mon.). c (pl., collect.) ranks (of persons). functus ~u consulatus Bede HE I 2 p. 13; 742 (9c) si comes vel praesbyter, diaconus [etc.] huic institutioni resisterit, sit sui ~ui (sic) privatus CS 162; sapientium ministerium et ~us usurpastis, sapientiae autem studium ‥ neglexistis Asser Alf. 106; 963 (12c) ut nemo successorum nostrorum superioris vel inferioris ~us hoc ‥ donum ‥ disrumpat CS 1124; quanto ab altiori ~u, tanto proniore casu in ima vitiorum lapsos Gir. TH I 22; 1375 unus de clericis nostris de majori ~u, viz. unus de xij magistris cancellarie nostre Pat 213 m. 27; 1420 in viij ulnis de blewmedled emptis pro ‥ garniamentis ij clericorum de ~u generosorum Ac. Durh. 617; Netter DAF I 473a (v. graduari b); ~um ‥ in quo constitutus est vir supra mulierem ‥ in ordine universi Fortescue NLN II 60.  b Gildas EB 66, etc. (v. ecclesiasticus 1a); inferiore ~u possitus monachus Id. Pen. 4; in catacuminorum ~u Aldh. VirgP 26; quatenus ‥ per septenos ecclesiae ~us paulatim proficiens ad summum pontificatus apicem ‥ perveniret Ib. 43; a716 (11c) talis eligatur ‥ dominus spiritalis ~ui Dei servitiae et tonsurae seu sacrae velamine mancipatus CS 91; o sancte episcope ‥ hec tibi et tuo ~ui contraria ‥ non convenerunt V. Cuthb. I 3; abbatissae ~um susceperat Bede HE IV 19 p. 244; archiepiscopi ~u potitus Ib. II 4 p.87; ~u episcopatus Ib. III 22 (v. diaconus); 802 ut ‥ examinetur quid cui conveniat personae, quid canonicis, quid monachis, quid tertio ~ui qui inter hos duos variatur, superiori ~u canonicis et inferiori monachis stantes Alcuin Ep. 258; convenere dies graduum, quibus ardua moles / excipienda viro Frith. 320; ab Aelfego ‥ episcopo tonsoratus et in ~um sacerdotalem consecratus est Ælf. Æthelwold 5; 1076 ibi ‥ presbiterii ~um recipies Lanfr. Ep. 24 (40); post susceptos inferiores ecclesiastici ordinis ~us, ~um suscepit diaconatus Eadmer V. Osw. 6; episcopi mirabantur causidicorum audatiam quomodo ecclesiasticorum ~uum immunes, nisi quod unus eorum diaconus esset, presumerent accusare venerandum senem W. Malm. GP III 106; 1369 si idem prior ad aliquod aliud beneficium sive ~um ‥ translatus vel promotus fuerit Cl 207 m. 32d..  c †693 (14c) siquis ‥ hoc infringere tot nobilitatis ~ibus roboratum praesumeret jus CS 121; 838 licentia sapientum eorum spiritalium seculariumque ~uum qui inibi congregati fuissent CS 421; ? a1127 R. [? de Belmeis I] Londonie episcopus, universis ~ibus et S. Ecclesie filiis, salutem FormA xix; s1185 promittit ‥ quod rapacitates et omnes iniquitates omnibus ~ibus interdicet Diceto YH 33; ex tribus ~ibus sive generibus Parliamenti, sc. ex procuratoribus cleri, militibus comitatuum, civibus et burgensibus qui representant totam communitatem Anglie Mod. Ten. Parl. 77. 10 (gram.) degree of comparison. ‘plures’ comparativi ~us est, cujus positivus ‘multi’ Bede Orth. 42; pius et piissimus comparativum ~um non habent Ib. 41; s1400 in ~u superlativo proditorem Plusc. X 16 (cf. Fordun Cont. XV 11: proditorem in superlativo). 11 (med. & alch.) degree of intensity (in elementary quality). primam temperiem transgressio prima peremit, / huic natura suos jussit adesse gradus; / dant gradui primo medici nomen dominatus; / nomen ab equando jure secundus habet Neckam DS X 3–6; ante peccatum ‥ temperate complexionis erat Eva, sed Adam temperatissime; si igitur non peccasset homo, nihil esset ~us; est namque ~us elongatio a temperantia Id. NR II 156; sol est calidus et siccus in quarto ~u, id est aurum M. Scot Alch. 4; plusquam ‥ frigidissima et plusquam calidissima in quarto ~u laborabat Mir. Cuthb. Farne 4; est ~us discretum dominium qualitatis ‥, vel ~us est excessus qualitatis ‥ ab optima compositione sensu determinabili Gilb. III 162v. 1; calor dum est in ~u commensurationis ‥ natural is generat humores laudabiles Ib. VI 248v. 1; epithumi ‥ calidum est et siccum in secundo ~u SB 19 (cf. ib. 20: calidus ‥ in secundo ~u, siccus in primo); SB 22 (v. fulful b). 12 (w. ref. to colour) degree of depth or intensity. quod rubedo habeat multos ~us, ut minium in primo ~u [etc.] Bacon XIV 76. 13 (mus.) point on scale or interval between two points. Offic. Sal. 23 (v. differentia 5d); quod valeat tres notas equales minores se que sunt in ~u sibi propinquo descendendo Fig. 40; quando tenor movetur per ~um tam ascendendo quam descendendo Hothby Contrap. Fa 102. 14 degree of radius, 1/360 of circle: a (geom.); b (astr.). a nonaginta ‥ ~us secundum quartam circuli partem Adel. Elk. pref.; quodlibet ‥ signum in triginta ~us dividitur, et erunt in toto circulo 360 ~us; quilibet etiam ~us in 60 minuta dividitur Gros. 14; kardaga est portio circuli continens 15 ~uum Wallingf. (Quad.) I 32; si ‥ ~us fuerint quorum radix querenda est, radix erit ~us Killingworth Alg. 716.  b traditum a prioribus tenebamus auctoribus unum esse ~um spatium illud quod sol in zodiaco in una die et nocte peragit ‥; ‥ magister noster ‥ unumquodque signum in xxx ~us equaliter dividit et totum zodiacum ccclx ~ibus claudit Walcher Drac. 116; per septem gradibus se volverat atque duobus / Virginis in gremiis Phoebus, et hic obiit Ord. Vit. VIII 1 p. 257; signa per ~us et puncta dividunt J. Sal. Pol. 440B; Bacon V 22n (v. exaltare 6); quinta [linea Kalendarii] cum sexta manifestat signum solis cum ejus ~u; caput et pes sex linearum sequencium declarant naturam signorum et de die ac nocte dominos triplicitatum quarum tres prime demonstrant de quolibet ~u ceteras dignitates essentiales Elveden Cal. 5; Jubiter ‥ in Sagittario in eodem ~u cum capite draconis W. Worc. Itin. 84. 15 (acad.) degree, stage of proficiency in course of study. 1350 StatOx 58 (v. bachelarius 3); 1357 quod ‥ sit inhabilis ad omnem ~um ‥ habendum in universitate Ib. 158; 1403 cum ‥ nullus frater ordinis [Mendicancium] ~um magisterii in theologica facultate reciperet nisi [etc.] (Pat) Foed. VIII 335a (cf. ib. 335b: ~ui scolastico supradicto); 1419 Marmaduco ‥ pro expensis suis faciendis in suscepcione ~us bacular’ Ac. Durh. 708; 1435 bifarius ~us EpAcOx 130 (v. bachelariatus); 1438 quod incepturi necnon ~um assumpturi in jure canonico non teneantur audire jura civilia Reg. Cant. III 276; 1440 quod ‥ ad decus ‥ alme matris vestre in facultatibus et scienciis plerique ~us assumerent Bekynton I 101; 1443 ad assumendum ~um magistratus seu doctoratus Stat. King's Cantab. 85; 14‥ qui ‥ recipit insignia magistralia seu aliquem alium ~um ‥ precedat in scolis ‥ omnes posterius graduatos in eadem facultate Mun. Univ. Glasg. II 15; Fortescue LLA 47 (v. bachelariatus); hic ~us, a degre WW; 1493 pro vino emendo erga ~um doctoratus suscipiendum, xxx s. Cant. Coll. Ox. II 274; 1518 fratri Edwardo B. pro ~u doctoratus suscipiendo, x li; ‥ eidem pro ~u bacchalariatus suscipiendo eodem tempore Oxon’ xl s. Ib. 273; 1517 Stat. Coll. Ox. II Corpus Christi 59 (v. determinatio 4b); 1549 ~ibus literariis ornati StatOx 349; 1582 ut ‥ admittatur ad ~um magisterii absque remissione temporis et completionis forme Ib. 424.

grădŭs, (8) ūs, m. (gradior), ¶ 1 pas : gradum facere Cic. de Or. 2, 249, faire un pas, marcher ; celerare Virg. En. 4, 641 ; corripere Hor. O. 1, 3, 33, presser le pas ; addere Liv. 26, 9, 5, augmenter le pas ; sistere Virg. En. 6, 465 ; sustinere Ov. F. 6, 398, suspendre sa marche ; revocare Virg. En. 6, 128 ; referre Ov. F. 5, 502, revenir sur ses pas ; suspenso gradu Ter. Phorm. 867, en retenant ses pas, à pas de loup ; citato gradu Liv. 28, 14, 17, à vive allure ; pleno gradu Sall. J. 98, 4, au pas accéléré, cf. Liv. 4, 32, 10, etc. ; [métaph.] spondeus habet stabilem quendam et non expertem dignitatis gradum Cic. Or. 216, le spondée a une démarche ferme et qui ne manque pas de beauté || [fig.] marche vers, approche : in Africam ex hac provincia gradus imperii factus est Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, de cette province notre empire a fait son premier pas en Afrique ; gradus reditus mei Cic. Att. 7, 23, 2, un pas vers mon retour ; ad consulatum Liv. 6, 42, 2, un pas vers le consulat ; gradum fecit ad censuram Liv. 27, 6, 17, il ne fit quʼun pas (bond) jusquʼà la censure ; gradus mortis Hor. O. 1, 3, 17, approche de la mort ¶ 2 position, posture du combattant : stabili gradu impetum hostium excipere Liv. 6, 12, 8, recevoir le choc des ennemis de pied ferme ; in suo quisque gradu obnixi Liv. 8, 38, 11, se tenant chacun solidement campés sur leurs jambes ; de gradu Sen. Ep. 29, 6, à pied, de pied ferme ; aliquem gradu movere, demovere Liv. 7, 8, 3 ; 6, 32, 8 ; depellere Nep. Them. 5, 1, faire lâcher pied à qqn ; [fig.] de gradu dejici Cic. Off. 1, 80, être décontenancé, déconcerté, lâcher prise ¶ 3 degré, marche, [dʼord. au pl.] : gradus templorum Cic. Att. 4, 1, 5, les degrés des temples, cf. Cic. Sest. 34 ; præceps per gradus ire Suet. Cal. 35, dégringoler de gradin en gradin [au théâtre] ; subitarii gradus Tac. Ann. 14, 20, des gradins improvisés ; spectaculorum gradus Tac. Ann. 14, 13, tribunes en gradins ; sing., primus gradus ascenditur Vitr. Arch. 3, 3, on monte la première marche || [agric.] profondeur dʼun coup de bêche en palier : Col. Rust. 3, 13, 9 ; 4, 1, 3 || [astr.] degré dʼune circonférence : Manil. 1, 581 || rides qui existent au palais du cheval : Veg. Mul. 3, 2, 1 || étages de la chevelure : Suet. Nero 51 ; Quint. 1, 6, 44 ; 12, 10, 47 ¶ 4 [fig.] degré, échelle : a) sonorum gradus Cic. de Or. 3, 227, degrés, échelle des sons, cf. Cic. Or. 59 ; Quint. 11, 3, 15 ; b) a virtute ad rationem venire gradibus Cic. Nat. 1, 88, passer de la vertu à la raison par une gradation ; inter se ea quasi gradibus, non genere differunt Cic. Nat. 1, 16, entre ces choses il y a différence de quantité, non de qualité (de degré, non dʼespèce) ; c) temporum gradus Cic. Part. 12, ordre chronologique ; gradus ætatis scandere adultæ Lucr. 2, 1123, gravir les degrés de lʼâge adulte (arriver progressivement à lʼâge adulte) ; d) gradus cognationis Dig. 38, 10, 1, degrés de parenté ; cf. Ov. M. 13, 143 ; eodem gradu Dig. , au même degré ; artissimo gradu Suet. Aug. 4, etc., à un degré très proche ; mais non iidem erunt necessitudinum gradus qui temporum Cic. Off. 1, 59 [dans lʼaccomplissement des devoirs] lʼordre voulu par les degrés de liaison ne sera pas toujours celui quʼexigent les circonstances ; gradus plures sunt societatis hominum Cic. Off. 1, 53, il y a un assez grand nombre de degrés dans la société humaine ; e) gradus officiorum Cic. Off. 1, 160, échelle, hiérarchie des devoirs ; eidem gradus oratorum Cic. Br. 186, même classement des orateurs ; gradus et dissimilitudines Atticorum Cic. Br. 285, les degrés et les différences quʼil y a parmi les orateurs attiques ; f) degré dans les magistratures, rang, échelon : ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus aliquem efferre Cic. Cat. 1, 28, faire monter qqn par tous les degrés des magistratures au pouvoir suprême [consulat] ; ascendens gradibus magistratuum Cic. Br. 281, sʼélevant progressivement dans lʼéchelle des magistratures ; gradus altissimus, amplissimus dignitatis Cic. Phil. 1, 14 ; Mur. 30, le degré le plus élevé de la considération (de lʼestime publique) ; gradus senatorius Cic. Pomp. 61, le rang de sénateur ; civis hoc gradu Cic. Phil. 6, 18, un citoyen de ce rang, cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 6 ; Fam. 6, 10, 2 ; g) [gramm.] degré de comparaison : Diom. 324, 16 ; gradus absolutus [primitivus ], comparativus, superlativus Char. 112, 15 ; Diom. 324, 16, positif, comparatif, superlatif.

➳ arch. : gén. sing. graduis Varr. d. Non. 494, 17 ; dat. gradu Lucil. Sat. 965 ; acc. pl. grados Pacuv. 172 ; CIL 3, 167.

gradus , us. m.
等級。步。地位。親之等級。度。Jacere gradum ad id 開路辦此事。Ire gradu suspenso vel expenso 輕步走。

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gradus ūs, m

• GRAD-, a step, pace, gait, walk: gradum facere: Suspenso gradu ire, T.: quieto et placido gradu sequi, Ph.: citato gradu, L.: concito gradu, Ph.: pleno gradu, at a quick step, S.: presso gradu, at a moderate pace, L.: gradum celerare, hasten, V.: conripere, H.: addere, L.: sistere, V.: sustinere, O.: revocare, V.: referre, O.: ferre per agmen gradūs, charge, O.—A station, position, ground: stabili gradu impetum excipere, L.: In gradu stetimus, O.: hostes gradu demoti, L.—Plur, steps, rounds, stairs: in gradibus Concordiae stare: templi: cui (templo) gradibus surgebant limina, V.: si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, Iu.—Fig., a step, stage, degree, grade: ex aedilitate gradum ad censuram fecit, L.: hunc gradum mei reditūs esse, quod, etc., towards my return: primos gradūs vicina fecit (of love), O.: gradu post me sedet uno, H.—An approach, advance, progress, march: Quem mortis timuit gradum?form, H.: imperi: spondeus habet non expertem dignitatis gradum, march.—A step, degree, grade, stage, rank, interval: civis hoc gradu: senatorius: gradu amplissimo dignissimus: omnes sonorum, notes: totidem gradūs distamus ab illo, O.: per omnīs honorum gradūs: altior dignitatis: ascendens gradibus magistratuum: sonorum gradūs, intervals: peccatorum gradūs: cognominis, distinction, O.: Per gradūs (i. e. gradatim), O.: Hi plerumque gradūs, stages(of ruin), Iu.—Self-possession: de gradu deici, be disconcerted.—A position, relation: gradu depulsus, overthrown, N.: gradum filii apud te habere, L.

GRADUS

GRADUS(βῆμα), a step, as a measure of length, was half a pace (passus), and contained 2 1/2 feet, Greek and Roman respectively; the Greek βῆμα therefore was rather more, and the Roman gradus rather less, than 2 1/2 feet English. (See the Tables.) 2. Bed-steps [LECTUSVol. 2. p. 19 a ].

[P.S] [W.W]

Gradus

(1) A set of bed-steps, consisting of several stairs (Varro, L. L. v. 168), which were requisite for ascending the highest couches. See lectus.

(2) A flight of steps leading to the pronaos of a temple ( Ad Att. iv. 1). In Greek temples there were usually but three steps, but Roman architects added a dozen or more, dividing them into several flights. The number of steps, however, was always uneven, so that a person ascending, and commencing with the right foot (pes dexter), might place the same one on the topmost step when he entered the porch, to enter with the left foot being ill-omened (Vitruv. iii. 4. 4; Petron.30).

(3) The seats on which the spectators sat in a theatre, amphitheatre, or circus. See amphitheatrum.

(4) The parallel ridges, like steps, on the inside of a dice-box (fritillus), for the purpose of mixing the dice when shaken, and giving them a disposition to rotate when cast from it (Auson. Profess. i. 28).

(5) A studied and feminine arrangement of the hair, when artificially disposed in parallel waves or gradations rising one over the other, like steps (Quint.xii. 10. 47), the same as now termed “crimping.” Nero is said to have had his head always dressed in this manner (Suet. Nero, 51); and a statue representing that emperor in the character of Apollo Citharoedus (given under Nero) has the hair parted in the centre, and regularly crimped on both sides, like a girl's.

(6) As a measure of length (βῆμα), the gradus was half a pace (passus), and contained 2 1/2 feet, Greek and Roman respectively. The Greek βῆμα, therefore, was rather more and the Roman gradus rather less than 2 1/2 feet English.