precarius

prĕcārĭus, a, um, adj. [precor], obtained by begging, entreaty, or prayer (opp. debitus and pro imperio; not freq. till the Aug. per.; perh. used by Cic. only adverbially; v. infra).

• I Lit.: non orare solum precariam opem, sed pro debitā petere, obtained by entreaty, from mere favor, Liv. 3, 47, 2; cf.: tribunicia potestas, precarium, non justum auxilium ferens, id. 8, 35: vita, Tac. H. 4, 76: precariam animam inter infensos trahere, id. A. 1, 42: imperium (quasi precibus concessum, ac propterea, quandocumque lubeat, rursus adimendum, Orell.), id. H. 1, 52. —Hence, as subst.: prĕcārĭum, ii, n., any thing granted or lent upon request and at the will of the grantor: precarium est, quod precibus petenti utendum conceditur tam diu, quamdiu is qui concessit patitur: quod genus liberalitatis ex jure gentium descendit, et distat a donatione eo, quod qui donat sic dat, ne recipiat: qui precario concedit sic dat, quasi tunc recepturus, cum sibi libuerit precarium solvere, Dig. 43, 26, 1.—
• II Transf., depending on the will of another, doubtful, uncertain, transient, precarious: forma, Ov. M. 9, 76: sapiens corpus suum, seque ipsum inter precaria numerat, precarious, uncertain, transitory things, Sen. Tranq. 11, 1: fulgor, passing quickly by, very transient, Symm. Or. ap. Val. 1, 6.— Hence, adv.: prĕcārĭō, by entreaty or request (class.): hoc petere me precario a vobis jussit, Plaut. Am. prol. 24: cum aliquo agere precario, id. Truc. 4, 1, 12 (710): vel vi vel clam vel precario, Ter. Eun. 319: si precario essent rogandi, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59: exegit, Suet. Claud. 12: praefuit, on sufferance, Tac. Agr. 16: precario studeo, am obliged, as it were, to beg time for study, Plin. Ep. 7, 30, 4: precario possidere, by sufferance, Paul. Sent. 5, 6, 11: ancillam quis precario rogaverit, Dig. 43, 26, 10.

precārius, a, um (precor), zum Bitten gehörig, I) im allg., bittend, Bitt-, precariis verbis (Ggstz. directis verbis) uti, ICt.: precariis verbis = bittweise, ICt. – II) insbes., auf Bitten-, bittweise-, auf dem Gnadenwege (aus Gnade) gewährt, -erlangt, nur erbeten, nur erbettelt, erborgt (Ggstz. debitus, iustus), A) übh.: a) adi.: victus, Gnadenbrot, Curt.: libertas, Liv.: auxilium, Liv.: forma, Ov.: orare precariam opem, Liv.: panis frusto vivere precario, Amm. – b) adv. precāriō, bittweise, auf dem Wege der Bitte, -der Gnade, petere, Plaut.: tradere, Ter.: rogare, Cic.: quasi pr. regnare, Aur. Vict. – B) prägn., bittweise-, auf willkürlichen Widerruf gewährt, von anderer Gnade-, von anderer Willkür abhängig, dah. auch bedenklich, unsicher, 1) eig.: a) adi.: imperium, Tac.: vita, Tac.: precariam animam inter infensos trahere, Tac. – b) subst.: α) precārium, iī, n., ein bittweises, auf Widerruf gewährtes Besitzverhältnis, s. Ulp. dig. 43, 26, 1. pr. – β) precāria, iōrum, n., bittweise-, auf Widerruf gewährte Besitztümer, corpus suum seque ipsum inter precaria numerat, Sen. de tranqu. anim. 11. § 1. – c) adv. precāriō, bittweise, auf Widerruf, praeesse, Tac.: concedere aliquid, ICt.: studere, bei seinen Studien von der Willkür anderer abhängen, Plin. ep. – 2) übtr., widerruflich = vorübergehend, unbeständig, fulgor, Symm.

precarius [CL] 1 that seeks, requests, or claims a boon, that entreats or supplicates, supplicatory. b (transf., w. ref. to instrument of entreaty). c (abl. ~io as adv.) in a beseeching or supplicatory manner, beseechingly. ~ius, -a, -um, i. precabilis Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 451.  b asciti ‥ in Brittanniam praecario munere in perniciosum auxilium, tres Germaniae populi Abbo Edm. 1; c1197 quidquid mihi feceritis, quoddam breve ~ium erit, vestrumque beneficium cum multa gratiarum actione Dei et hominum tempestive redibit P. Blois Ep. 160; que propriam nequiciam in innocentem deflectens dicebat se peticiones ~ias Gilberti de illicito amore non posse sustinere NLA II 637; s1211 pro ipso clerico aspersorio ‥ volo quod papa mihi mittat pro eo literas ~ias pro aliquo beneficio sibi competenti et forte expediet Eul. Hist. III 98.  c precarius ‥ unde precarie vel ~io adverbia, i. precabiliter Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 451; ~io, precanter Ib. 478. 2 (in gl.) that is susceptible or amenable to entreaty or supplication. ~ius, qui facile prece flectitur Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 478. 3 that is granted or bestowed as a boon, or in response to a request or entreaty, (as sb. n.) boon, granting of prayer or request, or thing so granted. 743 statuimus ‥ propter inminentia bella ‥ ut sub ~io [v. l. suprecario] et censu aliquam partem ecclesialis pecunie in adjutorium exercitus ‥ retineamus ‥ et ‥ si necessitas cogat ‥ ~ium renovetur et rescribatur novum (Conc.) Ep. Bonif. 56 p. 102; bonde, or grawnt of preyare, ~ium, -ii, ‥ pencio PP. 4 (feud.) that is done or performed as a boon, or in response to a request, boon-: a (w. opus or dies; cf.dies 10b) customary (day’s) work or service owed by tenant to lord of manor, boon-work, boon-day, boon; b (as sb. f. or n.); c (opus ~ii); d (magna ~ia); e (~ia amoris or sim., cf. ME love-bedripe); f (dist. as hiemalis, quadragesimalis, vernalis, or autumnalis); g (dist. as ~ia cervisiae or sim., w. ale provided for workers, or ~ia sicca). h (dist. as sine prandio or ad prandium dominae). i (~ia carrucarum or sim.). j (w. other gen. to specify form). k (w. other adj. to specify form). a c1280 inveniet iij dies precar’ in autumpno Crawley 232; 1284 summa valoris omnium operum ~iorum Reg. Wint. 674; 1398 de lxxvij operibus ~iis de prece provenientibus de predictis ‥ virgatariis ‥ quorum quilibet inveniet j operarium ad j precariam vocatam lovebedrip pro bladis domini metendis, ligandis, et adunandis per j diem, viz. ab hora prima usque occasum solis, percipiendo de domino j repastum in die, sc. bini et bini j ferculum carnis vel piscis (Comp. J. Lane, Harmondsworth) Ac. Man. Coll. Wint.; 1449 de cclv operibus ~iis Crawley 487; 1548 opera precharia CalPat 315.  b c1160 (1316) ~ias de ipsa buxeria sicut semper pertinuerint ad Mainil Gerolt CalCh 309 (= Act. Hen. II I 299); c1190 semel in anno ad ~ias nostras arabit, et semel metet Reg. Ant. Linc. III 266; 1223 debet in autumpno venire ad ~iam que appellatur alebedripe, ‥ et habere semel ad manducandum cum cervisia et iterum sine cervisia BNB III 509; 1276 in quinque ~iis in autumpno ad blada metenda, xxxiiij s. viij d. Banstead I 308; 1281 est ibidem quedam consuetudo arrure de ~ia que vocatur graserth, et valet per annum vj s. IPM 27/8 m. 10; J. de B. tenet unum cothagium ‥ et faciet tria ~ia ad bladum domini metendum ‥, precium cujuslibet ij d. ‥ . summa ~iorum xij ‥, ‥ summa omnium precaricorum [l. ~iorum] xxx ‥ FormMan 28; in xij carucariis arantibus ad semen avene de ~ia, xvij d. Ib. 32 (v. prex 3b); c1330 debet facere iij lovebones post ~ias cum j homine suo opere et suo cibo precium cujuslibet j d. et ob. Growth Eng. Ind. 585; 1346 tauri: ‥ de quibus mactatum pro ~ia j Rec. Elton 330; ~ias et servicia quorundam tenencium ‥ in firmas pecuniarias commutavit Meaux III 228.  c 1390 de cclj operibus ~ii Crawley 291.  d c1195 inveniendo ‥ carucas suas bis in anno omni, et iiij homines bis in autumpno ad magnas ~ias aule ad cibum nostrum Kal. Samson 106 p. 137; 1218 omnes ‥ tenentes sui ‥ cum tota eorum familia, sc. ipsi qui operarii possunt, eorum uxoribus exceptis, venient ‥ in autumpno ad magnam ~iam que vocatur cotebone ad metendum in bladis domini prioris Cart. Tutbury 356; 1264 metet per unum diem ad magnam ~iam Reg. Whet. II 325; 1279 uterque ‥ libere tenencium inveniet j hominem ad magnam ~iam domini in autumpno Hund. II 337a; in expensis magne ~ie in autumpno ij per preceptum senescalli FormMan 40; 1398 quilibet domum habens de quo fumus exiit, inveniet unum hominem ad magnam ~iam (Ac. Man. Cant., Harrow) Gavelkind 20.  e 1303 ~ia amoris in autumpno sine precio. idem respondet de lx hominibus metentibus ad unam ~iam amoris MinAc 991/26; 1322 in custibus j precar’ xxij carucarum arancium ad warett’ de amore MinAc 992/11; 1327 sunt ‥ clxix opera vocata precar’ amoris prevenientia de supradictis custumariis virgariis ‥ quorum quilibet debet j precariam. ‥ et si dominus non habet necessitatem quod veniant, nichil dabunt KR Ext. & Inq. 10/1/9.  f 1209 in pane ~iarum autumnalium, v quarteria [frumenti] Crawley 190 (cf. ib. 263: in pane empto ad iij ~ias autumpni); 1209 in ~iis hyemalibus de xiij carucariis, xiij d. Ib. 190; 1242 in ~iis carrucarum hyemalibus, quadragesimalibus, quarum quelibet Pipe 137; 1242 in ~iis hyemalibus et vernalibus carrucarum Ib. 141; 1289 inveniet j hominem ad tres ~ias autumpnales SelPlMan 33; 1390 ~ia autumpnalia: summa, cclxv opera Crawley 291; 1449 ~ia autumpnalia: ‥ de cclv operibus precariis provenientibus de xlviij custumariis Ib. 487.  g 1185 in autumno ad duas ~ias cervisie iiij homines Rec. Templars 1; 1222 Rogerus dives ‥ sequitur in autumpno j siccam ~iam, et aliam ad cervisiam cum duobus hominibus Dom. S. Paul. 54; 1222 ad omnes ~ias veniet, tam siccas quam madidas Ib. 68; 1222 quilibet illorum mittet j hominem ad siccas ~ias, et singuli venient ad magnas precarias cum omnibus suis operariis; ‥ R. filius S. ‥ mittit j hominem ad siccas ~ias, et omnes operarios suos ad ~ias cervisie in autumpno Ib. 77; 12‥ ad quamlibet siccam ~iam metet dimidiam acram ‥, et utramque ~iam cervisie metet dimidiam acram Rec. Templars 153; 1402 pro expensis ‥ custumariorum ‥ venientium ‥ ad ij siccas ~ias Growth Eng. Ind. 600.  h 1325 faciet tres precarias in autumpno, viz. ~iam sine prandio cum tribus hominibus, et unam ~iam sine prandio cum uno homine; et si sit ligator ‥ debet etiam unam ~iam pro voluntate domine [sc. priorisse] cum tota familia sua preter uxorem suam ad prandium domine Ambrosden I 575.  i 1187 omnes faldas forinsecas ‥, et ~ias carucarum forinsecarum, et consuetudines gallinarum et ovorum Glanv. VIII 3; 1209 in ~iis hyemalibus de xiij carucariis, xiij d. Crawley 190; 1242 in ~iis ad carrucas in hyeme et estate, lxvij s. ix d. Pipe 119; 1254 de servitiis et consuetudinibus quas ‥ abbas et conventus exigebant de dicto J. ‥, sc. duas percarias cum caruca sua per annum MonA III 559a; c1300 debet venire quolibet anno ad duas ~ias caruce cum caruca sua, si habeat integram carucam, vel de parte quam habet caruce, si carucam non habeat integram, et tunc arare debet utroque die quantum potest a mane ad meridiem (Cust. Battle) DuC v 425; 1314 in una ~ia carucarum Rec. Elton 220.  j 11‥ prior et conventus Plimton’ concesserunt mihi annuatim unam ~iam aratorum in hieme et unam ~iam messorum in autumpno de suis tenentibus Reg. Plympton 157; 1204 predictus J. ‥ fuit firmarius suus et consuetudinarius de predicta terra, reddendo per annum xvj li., et faciendo averagium ‥, et ~ia falcium, ‥ et talliagium per annum CurR III 98; 1222 mittit j hominem ad ~ias arature Dom. S. Paul. 68; 1224 in autumpno operari debet ad ~iam Bartholomei [sc. sui domini], cum tota familia sua excepta uxore sua, et ad luvebon Bartholomei invenire debet j hominem ad proprium cibum BNB II 704; 1264 inveniet ad ~iam ordei unum hominem Reg. Whet. II 325; 1277 debet ij homines ad ij precarias ad cibum domini ‥ idem adjuvabit levare fenum ad ~iam domini quod nihil valet ut supra (MinAc 32/8) EHR I 735.  k 1357 fuerunt ibidem octo libere ~ie, provenientes de liberis tenementis, que valebant ‥ xvj d. G. S. Alb. III 95. 5 related or pertaining to boon-work, boon-. b (as sb. m.) boon-worker, one who owes or performs boon-work. 1251 que ‥ culture coli possunt sufficienter cum tribus carucis propriis, et consuetudine carucarum ville, et duabus ~iis carucis [? l. carucarum], que consuetudo ad valentiam trium carucarum estimatur Cart. Rams. I 282; 1277 inveniet unum hominem ad quemlibet turnum ~ium ad cibum domini Med. E. Anglia 154.  b 1242 in quietancia redditus prepositorum, bedellorum, ~iorum, xx s. v d. Pipe 126; 1249 Galfridus percarius venit et tradidit terram suam (CourtR) EHR I 734n; c1280 omnes ministri tocius curie habebunt pransum sicut predicti precar[iarii] Crawley 232; c1280 eodem onere recipiet comestum sicut alii precar[iarii] Ib. 235; 1352 in expensis ij ~iorum apud S. Johannem pro terra pitanciarii ibidem arranda, v s. Comp. Worc. I 65. 6 (leg.) of or pertaining to tenancy at will, at pleasure of landlord or lessor (w. titulus in quot. dist. from commodatus). b (abl. ~io as adv.) by means of tenancy at will, at pleasure of lessor, permissively; c (w. ref. to land conceded to a superior on which concessor continues to reside and from which to be granted stipendiary support). terras quascunque seu ~io, seu commodato, ‥ vel alio quocunque titulo semel ipsos possidere contigerit Gir. DK II 4.  b ut si fundum tibi ~io concessit, et petit a te, non satis dabit, possessor enim est Vac. Lib. paup. 34; 1283 ut domos nostras ‥ alicui viro ‥ ordini beati Francisci devoto, vice et nomine nostro inhabitandas, ~io concedatis Peckham Ep. 480.  c a955 praefati keledei dederunt locum cellulae episcopo S. Andreae sub tali forma, quod episcopus exhiberet eis victum et vestitum. ‥ Ronanus monachus et abbas ‥ primo concessit ~io locum ibi episcopo (Reg. S. Andr.) E. Ch. Scot. 4. 7 related or pertaining to prayer: a (in gl.) praying. b (tessera ~ia or ellipt. as sb. f.) prayer-bead, rosary-bead. a praynge, precans, ~ius, precabundus CathA.  b c1364 Th. le C. ‥ domum Walteri ate Wode intravit et unum par precariarorum [l. ~iarum], precii xl d., felonice furavit Proc. J. P. 355; 1605 unum par tessararum precar’ ossat’, A. a paire of prayinge beades of bone HMC Rep. IX. I 293a. 8 (as sb. m.) one paid or endowed to pray for others (esp. for the souls of the dead), beadsman. 1455 capellanus ‥ existens ad exequias et missam habeat pro suo labore quattuor denarios, ‥ et orator sive ~ius ibidem, A. the bedeman de Newlond, habeat pro suo labore duos denarios Reg. Heref. 26.

prĕcārĭus, (12) a, um (precor), obtenu par prière, ¶ 1 précaire [en t. de droit] : Ulp. Dig. 43, 26, 1 ¶ 2 donné par complaisance : non orare precariam opem, sed pro debita petere Liv. 3, 47, 2, non pas implorer un secours comme une grâce, mais le réclamer comme une dette, cf. Liv. 8, 35, 5 || précaire, mal assuré, passager : precarium imperium Tac. H. 1, 52, pouvoir précaire ; inter precaria Sen. Tranq. 11, 1, parmi les choses éphémères.

precarius , a, um. adj.
求得者。暂時所有。Anima precaria 人留之性命。仇留之人。Forma precaria 他人之模樣。Imperium precarium 求得不久之權。

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precārius adj.

• precor, obtained by entreaty, granted to prayer: orare precariam opem, as a favor, L.: victus, the bread of charity, Cu.—Dependent on another's will, uncertain, precarious: forma, O.: imperium, Ta.: vita, Ta.