crimen

crīmen, ĭnis, n. [contr. for cernimen, from cerno, II. C.]; lit., a judicial decision, verdict, judgment; hence, transf., like the Gr. κρῖμα, of the subject of such a decision, and with particular reference either to the accuser or to the accused.

• I Subject., or with reference to the accuser, a charge, accusation, reproach; esp. when unfounded, a calumny, slander (very freq. in every period and species of composition): criminin' me habuisse fidem? Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 15 (626); cf. Ter. Hec. 779: hae litterae fidem Persei criminibus fecerunt, Liv. 40, 23, 9: cum respondero criminibus, Cic. Planc. 2, 4: se falsis criminibus circumventum, Sall. C. 34, 2; cf.: crimen falsum, Cic. Quint. 2, 8; Hor. C. 3, 7, 14: criminibus adversariorum in invidiam venire, Nep. Epam. 7, 3: sermones pleni criminum in Patres, Liv. 6, 14, 11: crimina et suspiciones, id. 40, 15, 3: tanti maleficii crimen probare te censes posse talibus viris, si, etc., Cic. Rosc. Am. 26, 72: sceleris maximi, id. Cael. 23, 56; cf. id. ib. 27, 65; id. Sull. 24, 8: istius conjurationis, id. ib. 4, 12: avaritiae, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78, § 192; 2, 5, 1, § 2: veneficii, Quint. 5, 7, 37: ubi est crimen quod reprehenditis? i.e. the point of the accusation, Cic. Sest. 38, 80 Halm ad loc.: quo enim illi crimine peccatoque perierunt? id. Cael. 30, 71: haec causa est omnium horum scelerum atque criminum, id. ib. 25, 61; so (approaching the signif. II. A. infra), id C. Norbano in nefario crimine atque in fraude capitali esse ponendum, id. de Or. 2, 48, 199 Sorof ad loc.: era in crimen veniet, Ter. Hec. 335 (era male audiet, Don.): quid? sciebas tibi crimini datum iri? would be made a reproach? Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 74; cf. Ov. M. 1, 766: crimen adferre, Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 27; cf.: crimen inferre, offerre, id. Lael. 18, 65: in quos crimen intendebatur, Liv. 9, 26, 11: esse in crimine, to stand charged with, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 100: propulsare, id. Sull. 4, 12: defendere, to repel, confute, id. ib.; Ov. M. 13, 303; and opp. obicere, Quint. 6, 3, 69: repellere, transferre, id. 4, 2, 26 et saep.—Poet.: belli, pretexts (causae), Verg. A. 7, 339.—*
• • B Meton. (abstr. pro concreto), an object of reproach or invective: perpetuae crimen posteritatis eris, Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 26.—
• II Object., or with reference to the accused, the fault complained of, a crime, fault, offence (freq., but rare in ante-Aug. prose).
• • A Lit.
  • • 1 In gen.: foedati crimine turpi, Lucr. 3, 49: cum haec (causa) non in crimine aliquo, quod ille posset infitiari ... consisteret, Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 182 Sorof ad loc.: crimen meum indicare, Liv. 40, 12, 10; 41, 25, 6: carendum non solum crimine turpitudinis, verum etiam suspicione, Quint. 2, 2, 14: cum quidam crimen ultro faterentur, Suet. Claud. 36: velut crimen taedas exosa jugales, Ov. M. 1, 483: non prodere vultu, id. ib. 2, 447: scire, id. ib. 2, 614: hoc si crimen erit, crimen amoris erit, Prop. 2 (3), 30, 24; cf.: tuum crimen erit, thy fault, id. 2 (3), 28, 2: crimina et innoxios discernere, Tac. A. 1, 55.—Ovid in his Tristia very freq. calls the offence on account of which he was banished crimina or crimen, interchanging it with error, e. g. 1, 9, 64; 2, 3; 2, 207; 3, 5, 52; 3, 6, 26 al.—
    • • b Of inanim. objects: crimina brassicae sunt, animae gravitatem facere, etc., fault, defect, Plin. 20, 9, 35, § 91.—
    • 2 In partic., the crime of lewdness, adultery, Ov. M. 9, 24; Sil. 6, 634.—
  • B Meton.
  • • 1 An object representing a crime: et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes, i. e. deorum adulteria, Ov. M. 6, 131; cf.: tum paries nullo crimine pictus erat, Prop. 2, 6, 34 (2, 5, 26 Bip.): impressā signat sua crimina gemmā, a letter containing her crime, Ov. M. 9, 566.—
    • 2 A cause of a crime, a criminal: se causam clamat crimenque caputque malorum, Verg. A. 12, 600; cf.: a pereant Baiae, crimen amoris, aquae, Prop. 1, 11, 30: Crimen et illa fuit ... Myrrha, id. 3, 19 (4, 18), 15.

crīmen, minis, n. (v. cerno = *crino, wie griech. κρινα v. κρίνω), der Gegenstand richterlicher Entscheidung, die Beschuldigung, Anschuldigung, Anklage, der Beschuldigungs-, Anklagepunkt u. übh. der anklagende Vorwurf u. (sofern der Vorwurf unbegründet ist) die Verleumdung, I) subjectiv: 1) eig.: auctor criminis, Cic.: crimen sine accusatore, sententia sine consilio, damnatio sine defensore, Cic.: cr. ambitus, Cic.: cr. maiestatis, Beschuldigung des Majestätsverbrechens, Cic.: cr. proditionis, Nep.: cr. avaritiae (Ggstz. liberalitatis laus), Cic. – cr. regis, gegen den K., Liv.: aber (m. subj. Genet.) crimina Persei, Liv.: crimina in patres, Liv. – sermones pleni criminum in patres, Liv.: omnia (erant) criminum inter ipsos plena (voller gegenseitiger Beschuldigungen), Liv. – reliquum est crimen de veneno, Cic. – cr. atrox, Liv.: cr. acerbum, Quint.: cr. caecum erat, lag im Dunkel, Liv.: cr. falsum, Ggstz. verum, Cic.: er. magnum, Cic.: cr. meum (tuum, suum), bald = von mir (vorgebrachte), bald = gegen mich, Cic.: cr. navale, in betreff der Schiffsleute, Cic. – cr. merere, einen Vorwurf auf sich laden, Tac.: cr. propulsare, defendere, Cic., Ggstz. cr. obicere, Quint.: cr. purgare, Cic.: facere sibi cr., Cic., od. afferre cr., Cic., zuziehen: in cr. vocare, Cic., od. adducere, Plin., anschuldigen, anklagen: in cr. vocari, Nep., od. venire, Ter., angeschuldigt, angeklagt werden: in crimina attrahi (hineingezogen werden), Tac.: fingere alci alcis rei cr., einen fälschlich anklagen, -anschuldigen, Prop.: dare alci alqd crimini, zum Vorwurf machen, Cic.: esse crimini, zum Vorwurf gereichen, Cic.: esse in crimine, angeschuldigt werden, Cic.: ubi est crimen (ein Beschuldigungsgrund)? Cic.: qui crimine eo damnaretur, deshalb, Cic.: invidiae crimine accusari, gehässigerweise angeklagt werden, Nep.: alqm arcessere crimine ambitus, anklagen wegen A., Cic.: quae te mihi crimina mutant? Verleumdungen, Verunglimpfungen, Prop. – 2) meton., die Anklage = der Gegenstand des Vorwurfs, perpetuae cr. posteritatis eris, wirst von ihr geschmäht werden, Ov. trist. 4, 9, 26; vgl. Ov. am. 3, 7, 4. – II) objektiv, die angeklagte Schuld, das Vergehen, Verbrechen, 1) eig.: a) im allg. (s. Weißenb. Liv. 40, 12, 10 wo er fälschlich Stellen aus Cic. anführt u. 45, 24, 4): crimen meum, Liv.: crimen ultro fateri, Suet.: hoc si crimen erit, crimen amoris erit, Prop.: tam formosa tuum mortua crimen erit, deine Schuld, Prop.: qui nos poenā, non crimine liberant, Liv. – crimen est m. folg. Infin., cum crimen meum sit vicisse, Sen. contr. 10, 2 (31), 1; vgl. Apul. de apol. 25. – v. lebl. Subjj., brassicae crimina, Fehler, Plin. 20, 91. – b) insbes. das Verbrechen der Buhlerei, der Ehebruch, Ov. met. 9, 24. Sil. 6, 634. – u. c) poet., crimina belli, Krieg erregender Hader, Verg. Aen. 7, 339. – 2) meton.: a) der ein Laster darstellende Gegenstand, das Laster, das Verbrechen, et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina (der Götter Ehebruch), vestes, Ov.: concepta crimina, das verbrecherisch empfangene Kind, Ov.: tum paries nullo crimine pictus erat, war mit keiner Darstellung des Lasters bemalt, Prop.: impressā signat sua crimina gemmā, den das Vergehen enthaltenden Brief, Ov. – b) der ein Vergehen veranlassende Gegenstand, die Schuld, se causam clamat crimenque caputque malorum, Verg.: at pereant Baiae crimen amoris aquae, die Schuld der Untreue, Prop. – ➳ crimen als masc., illic duplicem ac geminum crimen admittunt, Ps. Cypr. de aleat. 6 extr.

crimen [CL] 1 charge, accusation. remotio ~inis est cum ejus intentio facti, quod ab adversario infertur, in alium aut in aliud ~en demovetur Alcuin Rhet. 14; Deus ‥ qui ‥ Susannam de falso ~ine liberasti (Jud. Dei) GAS 421; Ib. 549 (v. convertere 6a); monachi ‥ ad excusandas excusationes impietatis, totum ‥ fratribus laicis ‥ ~en imposuerunt Gir. Spec. III 15 p. 227; 1203 hoc ~en ponit super eum ad adnichilandum appellum suum de pace domini regis CurR II 115. 2 crime, offence, sin; b (w. defining gen.). vitiorum crimina septem Aldh. VirgV 2475; capitalia ~ina secundum canones explicabo; prima superbia, invidia ‥ Egb. Pen. 1; 853 pro expiatione piaculorum meorum et obsolutione [sic] ~inum meorum CS 467; 9‥ ~en, i. peccatum, scyld, lehter, mandæd GlH C 2095; ibi semper causa agatur ubi ~en admittitur (Leg. Hen. 5. 12) GAS 549; Eadmer Wilf. 27 (v. admissio 3); criminis ultor / criminis auctori renovat pro crimine penam D. Bec. 186–7; que culpa ob magnitudinis sue causam ~en ex consuetudine nuncupatur Cust. Westm. 206; neque ‥ mortalis alicujus ~inis maculam animam ejus tetigisse asserebat Blakman Hen. VI 5.  b parricidii sacrilegiique ~en produxit in medium Gildas EB 28; alium in homicidii ‥ ~en ‥ amor induxit Gir. TH I 22; ~en quod in legibus dicitur ~en lese majestatis Glanv. I 2 (cf. ib.: ~en falsi ‥, ~en furti); gravius punitur ~en lese majestatis quam ~en furti vel homicidii Bracton 112b; participant in ~ine simonie criminoso Paul. Angl. ASP 1539.

crīmĕn, (6) ĭnis, n. (cerno, cf. κρῖμα, κρίνω), ¶ 1 accusation, chef dʼaccusation, grief : cum respondero criminibus Cic. Planc. 4, quand jʼaurai répondu aux accusations ; crimen sceleris maximi Cic. Cæl. 56 ; avaritiæ Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 192, accusation dʼun très grand crime, de cupidité ; crimina alicujus Liv. 40, 23, 9, accusations portées par qqn( Nep. Epam. 7, 3 ) ; in aliquem Liv. 6, 14, 11, accusation contre qqn ; alicui proditionis crimen inferre Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 106, faire retomber sur qqn lʼaccusation de trahison ; in aliquem crimen intendere Liv. 9, 26, 11, porter une accusation contre qqn ; non erat in hoc crimen ullum Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 162, il nʼy avait pas là matière à une accusation ; esse in crimine Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 100, être lʼobjet dʼune accusation ; dare alicui crimini pecuniam accepisse Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 73, accuser qqn dʼavoir reçu de lʼargent ; cf. Br. 277 ; Verr. 2, 1, 12 ; 5, 131 ; Domo 95 ; res crimini est alicui, une chose est un sujet dʼaccusation contre qqn, fait accuser qqn : Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 19 ; Br. 135 ; Mur. 73 ; aliquem, aliquid in crimen vocare Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 217 ; Balbo 5 ; Planc. 54, etc., accuser qqn, qqch. ; incurrere in crimen hominis nimium grati Cic. Planc. 91, sʼexposer au reproche dʼexcès de reconnaissance || meum (tuum) crimen = lʼaccusation portée soit par moi (toi), soit contre moi (toi) Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 153 ; 2, 49, etc. ; crimen senectutis Cic. CM 67, grief contre la vieillesse ; navale crimen Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 131, chef dʼaccusation concernant la flotte ; crimen propulsare, defendere Cic. Sulla 12, repousser, réfuter une accusation ; ubi est crimen ? Cic. Sest. 80, où est le grief articulé ? || perpetuæ crimen posteritatis eris Ov. Tr. 4, 9, 26, tu seras à jamais lʼobjet des reproches de la postérité || sere crimina belli Virg. En. 7, 339, sème des griefs qui produisent la guerre ¶ 2 la faute, le crime même que lʼon accuse [emploi poét. et postclassique avec qqes ex. dans Tite Live. ], cf. Liv. 40, 8, 7 ; 40, 12, 10 || faits criminels, adultères : Ov. M. 6, 131 || méfait, inconvénient : brassicæ Plin. 20, 91, du chou || culpabilité : Virg. En. 12, 600 ; Prop. 1, 11, 30.

crimen , inis. n.
罪。愆。吿官。Venire in crimen 討人疑惑。Serere crimina belli 起戰之故。

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crīmen inis, n

• 2 CER-, a judgment, charge, accusation, reproach: crimini credidisse, T.: fidem criminibus facere, L.: respondere criminibus: falsis criminibus circumventus, calumnies, S.: fictum, O.: cui crimina noxia cordi, scandals, V.: sermones pleni criminum in Patres, slanders, L.: sceleris maximi: ubi est crimen quod reprehenditis?i. e. the point of the accusation: crimine verso Arguit, etc., throwing back the charge, O.: sciebas tibi crimini datum iri?would be made a reproach?: Non tibi crimen ero, O.: Crimen, amor, vestrum, a reproach, Love, to you(i. e. to Cupido and Venus), V.: crimen inferre, offerre: in quos crimen intendebatur, L.: esse in crimine, to stand charged with: Cum tanto commune viro, shared, O.: sine crimine, blameless, H.: posteritatis, the reproach, O.: quae te mihi crimina mutant?slanders, Pr.— A crime, fault, offence: meum, L.: crimine ab uno Disce omnīs, V.: cui frigida mens est Criminibus, numbed by, Iu.: sere crimina belli, provocations, V.: malorum, the source, V.—Plur.for sing: video tuum, mea crimina, volnus, O.: impressā signat sua crimina gemmā, the recital of, O.

CRIMEN

CRIMENis a term which has two ordinary meanings: a punishable offence (e.g. crimen admittere, confiteri; crimen alicui objicere), and the accusation brought against the person by whom it was committed (e.g. crimen alicui intendere, in crimen subscribers, suspecti crimen).

In the first of these senses crimina were, in the oldest period of Roman history, regarded as wrongs against religion and the gods (Vegoia, Röm. Feldmesser, 1.350; Liv. 1.26; Dionys. 3.22; Tac. Ann. 12.8), and their punishment as an expiation offered to Heaven (Serv. ad Verg. A. 1.632; Festus, s. v. Sacrata; Liv. 2.8, 3.55-Z2; Dionys. 8.79, 10.42-Z2). In the Twelve Tables this implication of penal law with religion and religious sanctions has become less prominent, and we find a distinction between offences which are punished by a solemn legislative act of the state (though few only with death, Cic. de Republ. 4.1. 0), and offences atoned for by a mulct paid to the injured person in satisfaction of his resentment, as to the amount of which the parties might come to terms (Festus, s. v. talio). From this distinction arose another, of more scientific value, between delicta privata and crimina publica (Dig. 21, 1, 17, 18), which is adhered to with tolerable consistency in the writings of the jurists and the later law. Delicta privata, or delicta simply, are civil offences, or what we call torts; crimina publica are what we call crimes, offences against the state or community, the subject of prosecution before a criminal tribunal. But occasionally a delict is spoken of as a crimen (e. g. extra furti crimen videri, Gaius, in. 197; Inst. 4.1, 7), and in other passages (e. g. Dig. 48, 19, 1) a person who commits a crime is said delinquere.

The peculiarity of the Roman delicts seems to be that, independently of the obligation to indemnify the plaintiff for any loss or detriment which the wrongful act has occasioned him, they invariably entail on the defendant also a liability to pay a pecuniary penalty to the injured person: if his purse is stolen, he can recover in the civil courts not only the value of it with its contents, but also a penalty equivalent, under different circumstances, to twice or four times the sum awarded to him as pure compensation. In the Institutes of Gaius and Justinian delicts are discussed as one of the modes in which obligations originate: they comprise theft (furtum), robbery (bona vi rapta), damage to property (damnum injuria datum), and intentional wrongs to the person or reputation of a free man (injuria): Gaius, 3.182-225; Inst. iv. tits. 1-4. Besides delicts, there are certain quasi-delicts which are treated in Inst. iv. tit. 5, and which resemble delicts proper in subjecting the defendant to a liability to pay a pecuniary penalty to the plaintiff: apparently they are quasi -delicts, and not delicts, partly because they did not fall within the letter of the statutes or edicts by which delicts were created or regulated, partly because the liability is vicarious, a man being penalised for wrongs done not by himself, but by his servants, slaves, filii familias, &c. Under the empire the general rule was that any one who could bring a penal action on a delict (other than damnum injuria/un> datum) might, if he preferred it, prosecute the delinquent before a criminal tribunal, forfeiting thereby however his right to recover the private poena (Dig. 47, 1, 3; 47, 2, 56, 1); and Ulpian says (in Dig. 47, 2, 92) that in his time theft was most usually made the subject of criminal proceedings.

The notion of crime and rules of criminal procedure were of very slow development at Rome. At first, if a man committed a wrong so heinous that it seemed improper to leave it to individuals to pursue by a civil remedy, or one (e. g. treason) which there was no remedy for at all in the civil courts, he was solemnly tried by the people under legislative forms, analogous to the English bill of attainder. Towards the end of the republic, however, there is a series of great statutes relating to the chief classes of crimes, and establishing a permanent court (quaestiones perpetuac) for the trial of each, and prescribing both procedure and punishment. The earliest of these is the Lex Calpurnia de repetundis, B.C. 149: among them are the statutes of Sulla (leges Corneliae) as to forgery and murder, of Pompey on parricidium, and of Julius and Augustus Caesar as to treason, adultery, peculatus, &c. (Inst. iv. tit. 18). Crimes not falling under these statutes were still tried by a legislative act of the whole people, or by a special quaestio or commission appointed for the particular case ( extra ordinem quaerere, Cic. de Fin. 2.16.54; pro Milone, 6.14).

Under the empire the quaestiones perpetuae were gradually superseded by special magistrates, but the criminal statutes by which they were established remained in full force: only prosecutions brought under them were termed judicia publica (Dig. 48, 1, 1). Other offences which had been constituted crimes in the course of history (by imperial rescripts or the writings of the jurists: Dig. 47, 19, 1, 2, pr. ; 47, 1, 3) were still said to be pursued extra ordinem (e.g. injuria and furtum, Dig. 47, 2, 92; Inst. 4.4, 10), and were called extraordinaria crimina (Dig. 47, 11) and sometimes privata crimina (Dig. 48, 19, 1, 3; 47, 11, 3, &c.). Whether the crimen was prosecuted by a publicum judicium or extra ordinem, the penalties varied considerably, though the judge's discretion seems to have been larger in the latter case (Dig. 47, 18, 1, 1, 2; 47, 20, 3, 2, &c.): among them were loss of life, of freedom, of civitas, infamia, imprisonment, and pecuniary fines. Condemnation in a publicum judicium always entailed infamia; but this was not the case in crimina extraordinaria, unless the wrongful act would have been punished thus had it been pursued by a civil action (Dig. 48, 1, 7). Crimes punished by death, loss of libertas, aquae et ignis interdictio, and deportatio were called capitalia (Inst. 4.18, 2). [CAPUT]

The subject of delict and crime is treated at length and well by Walter, Geschichte des röm. Rechts, book 5. § § 788-861: for an interesting discussion of the subject from the historical side, see chap. x. in Sir Henry Maine's Ancient Law. Cf. W. Rein, Das Criminalrecht der Römer, Leipzig, 1844.

[J.B.M]

Crimen

A legal term having two meanings in ordinary use: (a) a punishable offence; and (b) the accusation brought against the person by whom the offence is committed. In the first of these senses crimina were, in the oldest period of Roman history, regarded as wrongs against religion and the gods, and their punishment as an expiation offered to heaven ( Serv. ad Verg. Aen. i. 632). In the Twelve Tables this implication of penal law with religion and religious sanctions has become less prominent, and we find a distinction between offences which are punished by a solemn legislative act of the State and offences atoned for by a fine paid to the injured person in satisfaction of his resentment, as to the amount of which the parties might come to terms ( Fest. s. v. talio). From this distinction arose another, of more scientific value, between delicta privata and crimina publica (Dig. 21, 1, 17, 18), which is adhered to with tolerable consistency in the writings of the jurists and the later law. Delicta privata, or delicta simply, are civil offences, or what we call “torts”; crimina publica are what we call “crimes,” offences against the State or community, the subject of prosecution before a criminal tribunal. But occasionally a delict is spoken of as a crimen (e. g. extra furti crimen videri, Gaius, iii. 197; Inst. iv. 1, 7), and in other passages (e. g. Dig. 48, 19, 1) a person who commits a crime is said delinquere. Crimes punishable by death, loss of libertas, by interdictio aquae et ignis, or deportatio were called capitalia.