barbarus

homines feri atque barbari
savage and uncivilized men

barbarus , a, um: (adj.), barbarian, savage, 1.539; foreign, barbaric, 11.777; subst., barbarus, ī, m., a barbarian, mercenary stranger, or soldier.

barbărus, a, um (gen. plur. m. barbarum, Tac. A. 14, 39; 15, 25), adj., = βάρβαρος [cf. barrio; balo, balbus; blatio].

• I Prop., foreign, strange, barbarous, opp. to Greek or Roman.
• • A In gen.: hospes, Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 25 (583): mixta facit Graiis barbara turba metum, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 28; Hor. C. 1, 29, 6: reges, id. ib. 1, 35, 11.—Hence, in Tac., in barbarum, adverb., in the manner or according to the custom of foreigners or barbarians: civitas potens, neque in barbarum corrupta, Tac. A. 6, 42; id. H. 5, 2.— As subst.: barbărus, i, m., a foreigner, stranger, barbarian: sin hoc et ratio doctis et necessitas barbaris praescripsit, Cic. Mil. 11, 30; id. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112; 2, 5, 60, § 157: quo neque noster adit quisquam, nec barbarus audet, Lucr. 6, 37: quippe simul nobis habitat discrimine nullo Barbarus, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 30: barbarorum soli prope Germani singulis uxoribus contenti, Tac. G. 18: barbari praestabant non modicam humanitatem, Vulg. Act. 28, 1.—
  • B Esp., of a particular people, in opp. to Greek or Roman or both; cf.: Romanus Graiusque ac barbarus induperator, Juv. 10, 138 (cf.: barbaria, barbaricus, and Fest. s. v. barbari, p. 36 Müll.).
  • • 1 (In the mouth of a Greek, or in opp. to Greek.) Italian, Roman, Latin (never so used by the Romans): nam os columnatum poetae esse inaudivi barbaro (sc. Naevio) (words of the Ephesian Periplectomenes), Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 58 (213); id. Stich. 1, 3, 40 (194): i, stultior es barbaro Poticio, id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15 (123): absurdum erat aut tantum barbaris casibus Graecam litteram (φ) adhibere, aut recto casu Graece loqui, Cic. Or. 48, 160.—So also,
    • • b In the mouth of a Macedonian: cum alienigenis, cum barbaris aeternum omnibus Graecis bellum est eritque, Liv. 31, 29, 15.—And,
      • c In reference to the inhabitants of Pontus: barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intellegor ulli, Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 37.—
    • 2 Phrygian: tibia, Cat. 64, 264; cf. Lucr. 4, 546 Forbig.: sonante mixtum tibiis carmen lyrae, Hac Dorium, illis barbarum, Hor. Epod. 9, 6; Verg. A. 11, 777; Ov. M. 14, 163.—
    • 3 Persian, a Persian: solere reges barbaros Persarum ac Syrorum pluris uxores habere, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33, § 76; Nep. Milt. 7, 1; id. Them. 3, 1; 6, 2; 7, 5; Curt. 3, 11, 16; 5, 10. 2.—Thus the king of the Persians is called barbarus, Nep. Them. 4, 4; id. Con. 4, 3; and high officers of the king, barbari, id. Ages. 3, 1; cf.: Romanum agmen ad similitudinem barbari incessus convertere, Tac. A. 3, 33.—
    • 4 In gen., for any hostile people (among the Romans, after the Aug. age, esp. the German tribes, as, among the Greeks, after the Persian war, the Persians): opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23; id. Sull. 27, 76; of the Gauls, Liv. 6, 42, 7; the Germans, Tac. H. 4, 29; 5, 14; id. A. 1, 64; Suet. Aug. 21; id. Tib. 9; id. Calig. 5; 47; 51; id. Galb. 6; id. Dom. 6; 12; Amm.18, 2, 5: ut sunt fluxioris fidei barbari, id. 18, 2, 18; the Thracians, Nep. Alcib. 7, 4; Tac. A. 4, 47; 11, 51; Carthaginians, Nep. Timol. 1, 1; Cilicians, id. Thras. 4, 4; Phoenicians and Cyprians, id. Cim. 2, 3; Parthians, Suet. Vesp. 8; Tac. A. 2, 2; 13, 26; Africans, Cic. Att. 9, 7; Suet. Galb. 7; Claud. 42; Tac. A. 4, 25; Britons, id. ib. 16, 17; 12, 35; 14, 32; even of the Dassaretians, a Greek people, Liv. 31, 33, 5; while the Romans did not elsewhere use barbarus for Greek.—
• II Transf., foreign, strange, in mind or character.
• • A In mind, uncultivated, ignorant; rude, unpolished: qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus videretur, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23: ecqua civitas est... aut tam potens aut tam libera aut etiam tam inmanis ac barbara, etc., id. ib. 2, 4, 11, § 24: nationes, Tac. H. 3, 5; Prop. 2, 16, 27: Maroboduus... natione magis quam ratione barbarus, Vell. 2, 108, 2.—Comp., of verses: non sunt illa suo barbariora loco, Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 72.—
  • B Of character, wild, savage, cruel, barbarous: neque tam barbari linguā et natione illi, quam tu naturā et moribus, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112: immanis ac barbara consuetudo hominum immolandorum, id. Font. 14, 31 (10, 21); id. Phil. 3, 6, 15; 13, 9, 21: gens, id. Sull. 27, 76: homines, id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81: homo, id. ib. 2, 5, 57, § 148: pirata, id. Rosc. Am. 50, 146: praedones, id. Verr. 2, 4, 55, § 122; Tib. 2, 5, 48: tollite barbarum Morem, Hor. C. 1, 27, 2: Medea, id. Epod. 5, 61: domina, id. C. 3, 27, 66: libidines, id. ib. 4, 12, 7: ignis, Ov. M. 14, 574: populus, Vulg. Psa. 113, 1.— * Comp.: sacra barbariora, Ov. P. 3, 2, 78.— Sup. not in use.—Hence, adv.: barbărē.
  • A Prop., as a foreigner would, in a foreign tongue: Demophilus scripsit; Marcus vortit barbare, i. e. into Latin, Plaut. As. prol. 10; id. Trin. prol. 19; cf. barbarus, I. B. 1. —
  • B Transf.
  • • • a Rudely, ignorantly, in an uncultivated way: si grammaticum se professus quispiam barbare loqueretur, Cic. Tusc. 2, 4, 12: ut is, a quo insolenter quid aut minaciter aut crudeliter dictum sit, barbare locutus existimetur, Quint. 1, 5, 9: tota saepe theatra et omnem Circi turbam exclamasse barbare scimus, id. 1, 6, 45.—
      • b Rudely, roughly, barbarously, cruelly: dulcia barbare Laedentem oscula, Hor. C. 1, 13, 15: ferociter et barbare facere, Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 2.

barbarus, a, um (βάρβαρος), I) ausländisch, fremd, u. subst. der Ausländer, der Fremde, der Barbar, dem griech. u. röm. Sitte fremd war, a) im allg., hospes, Plaut.: servi agrestes et barbari, Cic.: reges, Hor.: barbara (puella) sermone est? was für Kauderwelsch redet sie? Ov. – subst.: α) barbarī, ōrum, m., Barbaren, barbari quidam et immanes (Ggstz. Graeci homines), Cic. – β) barbarum, ī, n., αα) das schwarze Pflaster, Cels. 5, 19, 1; 5, 26, 23: bei Scrib. 207 barbara gen. Vgl. Scheller Übers. des Celsus Bd. 2. S. 47. Amm. 145. – ββ) die Sitte-, Art (Weise) der Barbaren, nur in barbarum, Tac. ann. 6, 42; hist. 5, 2. – b) insbes., von einem bestimmten Volke: α) im Munde eines Griechen od. im Ggstz. zum Griechischen, barbarisch = italisch, römisch, lateinisch, poëta (d.i. Nävius), Plaut.: tantum barbaris casibus Graecam litteram (Φ) adhibere, Cic.: u. so im Munde eines Mazedoniers, cum barbaris aeternum omnibus Graecis bellum est eritque, Liv.: u. im Ggstz. zu Pontus, barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intellegor ulli, Ov. – β) für phrygisch, carmen, Hor.: buxus, Val. Flacc. – γ) für persisch, Perser (da seit den Perserkriegen die Perser die verhaßtesten Feinde der Griechen waren), Nep. u. Curt.: u. κατʼ ἐξ. barbarus vom König der Perser, Nep. Them. 4, 5 u.a.: u. von einem hohen pers. Beamten, Nep. Ages. 3, 1. – δ) endlich übh. für jedes feindliche, nichtgriechische od. nichtröm. Volk, s. Dähne Nep. Milt. 7, 1: einmal sogar von einer griech. Völkerschaft (den Dassaretiern), Liv. 31, 33, 5 (während die Römer sonst nicht barbarus von Griechen gebrauchen). – II) meton., barbarisch, A) geistig roh, ungebildet, unkultiviert, qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus videretur, Cic.: homines barbari atque imperiti, Caes. – Compar., non sunt illa (scripta) suo barbariora loco, Ov. trist. 5, 1, 72. – B) = moralisch roh, ungeschlacht, ungeschliffen, wild, hart, gentes immanitate barbarae, Cic.: homines feri ac barbari, Caes.: immanis ac barbara consuetudo hominum immolandorum, Cic.: mos barb., Hor. – Compar., sacra suo facio barbariora loco, Ov. ex Pont. 3, 2, 78. – Vgl. (no. A u. B verb.) neque tam barbari linguā et natione illi, quam tu naturā et moribus, Cic. Verr. 4, 112. – ➳ Griech. Nbf. barbaros (Femin.) Charis. p. 265, 8 u. 10. Consent. (V) 386, 21 (wo barbaros lexis).

barbarus [CL < βάρβαρος] , barbarous, uncivilized, or barbarian (sb.). b barbarous, cruel. c barbarous, vernacular (of language). barbara convertens doctrinis agmina sacris Aldh. VirgV 502; unus ex ducibus paganus, alter quia ~us erat pagano saevior Bede HE II 20; 9‥ ~us, i. truculentus, gentilis servus vel ungereord WW; 964 (13c) ego Ead[g]arus gentis Anglorum et ~orum atque gentilium rex CS 1143; dum ‥ in ~a regione omnes pariter ut hostes metuerent Ord. Vit. II 26 p. 251; c1150 in paludis antique ~a cohabitatione proscriptus Osb. Clar. Ep. 30; gens ~a et vere ~a, quia non tantum ~o vestium ritu verum etiam comis et barbis luxuriantibus ‥ incultissima et omnes eorum mores ~issimi sunt Gir. TH III 10; plerique ~i, indignantes dominium, ‥ resistere decernebant G. Cold. Durh. 15.  b homines ‥ durae ac ~ae mentis Bede HE III 5.  c pertaesus ~ae loquellae, subintroduxit ‥ alium suae linguae episcopum Bede HE III 7.

barbărus, (7) a, um (βάρβαρος), (comp. barbarior : Ov. P. 3, 2, 78 ; Tr. 5, 1, 2 ) ¶ 1 barbare, étranger [= Latin, pour les Grecs] : Pl. Curc. 150 ; Mil. 211 ; Most. 828 ; St. 193 ¶ 2 barbare, étranger [= tous les pays sauf les Grecs et les Romains] : Cic. Pomp. 23 ; Marc. 8 ; Pis. 91 ; Verr. 2, 5, 160 ; Font. 23, etc.; Cæs. G. 1, 40, 9, etc. || n. pris subst^t  : in barbarum Tac. Ann. 6, 42 ; H. 5, 2, à la manière barbare ¶ 3 barbare, inculte, sauvage : Cic. Amer. 146 ; Verr. 2, 4, 148 ; Fl. 24 ; Phil. 3, 15 ; Tusc. 2, 52, etc. ¶ 4 [en parl. du langage] barbare, incorrect : Cic. Or. 157 ; Att. 1, 19, 10 ; Quint. 1, 6, 30.etc.; Gell. 5, 21, 11 || v. art. barbari.

➳ gén. pl. -um, v. barbari

➳.

barbarus , a, um. adj. c.
野邦者。外國者。

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barbarus adj.

• with (poet.) comp., βάρβαρος, of strange speech, speaking jargon, unintelligible: lingua, S.: sum, quia non intellegor ulli, O. — Foreign, strange, barbarous, uncivilized, not Greek nor Roman: mixta Graiis turba, O.: reges, H.: gentes, the Germans.—As subst: multa milia barbarorum, L.: apud barbaros in honore: barbarorum soli Germani, etc., Ta.: quae tibi virginum barbara serviet?H.—Of things: carmen, Phrygian (opp. Dorium), H.: Prora, O.: tegmina crurum, V.—Like a foreigner, rude, uncultivated, ignorant, uncivilized: homines: superstitio.—Savage, cruel, barbarous, fierce: in edictis: pirata: consuetudo: mos, H.: sacra suo barbariora loco, O. —As subst: exsultat barbarus, the barbarian, O.