fistula

fistŭla, ae, f. [findo, fissum].

• In gen., a pipe, tube, e. g. a water-pipe (usually of lead; syn.: tubus, canalis, sypho), Cic. Rab. Perd. 11, 31; Front. Aquaed. 25 sq.; Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224; 31, 6, 31, § 58; Ov. M. 4, 122; Inscr. Orell. 3322; 3324; 3892; the wind-pipe and gullet, Plin. 11, 37, 66, § 175; Gell. 17, 11, 4; the tubular vessels in the lungs, Plin. 11, 37, 72, § 188; in the teeth, id. 11, 37, 62, § 163; a hole in a sponge, id. 31, 11, 47, § 123 al.; the blow-hole of the whale, id. 9, 7, 6, § 19.—
• II In partic.
• • A A hollow reed-stalk, a reed, cane, Plin. 12, 22, 48, § 106; 19, 5, 23, § 66.—
  • • 2 Transf.
    • • a A reed-pipe, shepherd's pipe, pipes of Pan (made of several reeds gradually decreasing in length and calibre), the Greek σύριγξ, invented by Pan (syn.: tibia, sura): fistula, cui semper decrescit arundinis ordo: Nam calamus cerā jungitur usque minor, Tib. 2, 5, 31; cf. Verg. E. 2, 32 sq.; Ov. M. 1, 688 sq.; 2, 682; 13, 784; Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 204; Hor. C. 4, 1, 24; 4, 12, 10 et al.: eburneola, a pitch-pipe, for giving the tone in which an orator should speak, Cic. de Or. 3, 60, 225 sq.; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 27.— In comic transf.: itaque et ludis et gladiatoribus mirandas ἐπισημασίας sine ulla pastoricia fistula auferebamus, i. e. without being hissed off, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 11.—
      • b A writing-reed, Pers. 3, 14.—
  • B A sort of ulcer, a fistula, Cels. 2, 8 med.; 5, 12; 7, 4; Plin. 20, 9, 33, § 55; 24, 11, 51, § 88; Cato R. R. 157, 14; Nep. Att. 21, 3.—
  • C Fistula sutoria, a shoemaker's punch, Plin. 17, 14, 23, § 100.—
  • D A catheter: aeneae fistulae fiunt, Cels. 7, 26, 1 init.—
  • E Fistula farraria, a sort of hand-mill for grinding corn, Cato R. R. 10, 3; also called fistula serrata, Plin. 18, 10, 23, § 97.

fistula, ae, f. I) eig., die Röhre, bes. die Wasserröhre bei Wasserleitungen (durch die das Wasser durch den Druck der Luft od. durch eigenen Nachdruck fortgetrieben wird, gew. aus Blei), modica, Liv.: ferrea, Liv.: fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditabatur Iovis templis, praecīdere, Cic.: fistulas aquarias incīdere, Capit. – So auch von der Speiseröhre, Plin.: von den röhrenartigen Gefäßen in der Lunge, Plin.: in den Zähnen, Plin.: von den Löchern, Poren im Schwamm, Plin.: fist. urinae, die Harnröhre, Cels.: dies. fist. urinalis, Veget. mul.: minutae corporum fistulae, quas medici πόρους vocant, Poren in der Haut, Iulian. bei Augustin. op. imperf. c. Iulian. 5, 15. – II) übtr.: A) der hohle Rohrstengel, 1) eig., Plin. 12, 106 u.a. – 2) meton. = die daraus bereiteten Gegenstände, u. zwar: a) die mehrröhrige Hirtenpfeife, Hirtenflöte, Rohrpfeife, griech. σῦριγξ (im Ggstz. zur einfachen Halmpfeife [stipula] vom höhern Schwunge des Hirtenliedes; vgl. Voß Verg. ecl. 2, 37; 3, 25. Gierig Ov. met. 13, 784), Lucr., Verg. u.a.: eburneola, Cic.: pastoralis, Plin. u. Macr.: contionatoria Gracchi, durch die sich Gr. den passenden Ton der Rede angeben ließ, Amm.: harundinis enodis fistula sibilatrix, Mart. Cap. 9. § 906. – b) die Schreibfeder aus Rohr, Pers. 3, 14. – B) das Rohr als Pflanze, u. zwar spez. die Röhrenkassia, nardus et crocus fistula et cinnamomum, Vulg. cant. 4, 14: vollst. casia fistula, Scrib. Larg. 36. – C) eine Art Geschwür, die Fistel, Cato r. r. 157, 14. Nep. Att. 21, 3. Cels. 5, 28, 12. Pelagon. veterin. 239 u. 448 Ihm. – D) das Blaseloch beim Wallfisch, aus dem das Wasser spritzt, Plin. 9, 19. – E) ein Schusterkneif, sutoriae similis fistula, Plin. 17, 100. – F) als chirurg. Werkzeug, eine Röhre, fictilis, Cels. 7, 11. – bes. der Katheter, fistulam demittere (einführen) in iter urinae, Cels. 7, 26, 9. – G) das Rollholz zum Aufmachen des Kuchenteigs, Apic. 4, 134. – H) fistula farraria, eine Art Handmühlen zum Mahlen des Getreides, Cato r. r. 10, 3: dass. fist. serrata, Plin. 18, 97. Vgl. H. Blümner Termin. u. Technol. der Gewerbe u. Künste² 1, 16. Anm. 2.

fistula [CL] 1 pipe, tube, esp. for supplying water. b (med.) a narrow tube for applying medicaments, catheter. c (eccl.) eucharistic reed, straw (for drinking from chalice). d spout (for pouring). e (fig.) channel, duct. aqueductum ‥ per quem amnis a montanis fontibus ‥ urbi illabitur; qui ereis ~is postmodum divisus universis palatiis quondam influebat Greg. Mir. Rom. 18; si ‥ rivus per ~am currat a fonte usque ad lacum, ‥ Anselm (Incarn. B 14) II 33; [Henricus] a quodam clerico ~am tulerat argenteam qua pueri ludo aquam jaculantur W. Malm. GR II 193; ab ore ‥ tuo, quasi per ~as, ad aures meas omnis illa cogitatio deducta est W. Malm. GR III 263; cum plumbeam ~am in imo transfossi collis collocaret W. Cant. Mir. Thom. III 1 p. 253; fontem quem Pistildewi [‘St. David’s waterfall’], id est fistulam David vocant, quia quasi per ~am quamdam ‥ fons dilabitur Gir. IK II 1 p. 109; 1365 quendam aqueductum subterraneum a fonte predicto usque ad mansum suum in Salopia facere ~asque aqueductus illius subtus terram ‥ ponere Pat 272 m. 29; 1443 (v. 2 algea c); hec ~a, est instrumentum in quo aqua currit: arbor aqueductus est fistula, musica, morbus (Vers.) WW; 1500 ~as aquales in hujusmodi terram nostram imponere et aquam in eisdem ~is pacifice conducere MS Devon RO W 1258/G4/39; 1512 pro reparacione plumbearum ~arum, A. spoutis Reg. Merton 426.  b siringa est ~a subtilis cum qua medecina mittitur in vesica SB 39.  c monachi preciosa queque in ecclesia sumentes, cruces ‥ calices, patenas, pelves, situlas, ~as, cifos, scutellas aureas et argenteas, ut pretaxatum explerent pecunie numerum Lib. Eli. II 111 (cf. Fl. Worc. II 21).  d 1388 [phiale] minores argentee et deaurate cum ~is. ‥ parva argentea cum ~a sola tantum (Invent. Westm.) Arch. LII 237 (cf. Fabr. York 216: c1500 alia phiala argentea ‥ cum ij le spowtes).  e R. Niger Chr. II 117 (v. haeresis 3b); sic enim sumus cum antiquis patribus una spiritus sancti ~a Wycl. Ver. II 152. 2 pipe, pipes (as musical instrument). b seven-reed pipe. c recorder. d bag-pipe. e organ-pipe; f (transf. to columns resembling pipes). g (fig.) poetic voice. ~a, hwistle Ælf. Gram. 302; quod proportiones ponderum faciunt in ‥ cymbalis, idem eedem ‥ faciunt ‥ in ~e foraminibus ratione profunditatis sive amplitudinis Adel. ED 27; vulgus sonitum follium, crepitum cymbalorum, harmoniam ~arum ‥ miratus Ailr. Spec. Car. II 67. 571; pedicas parare avibus, laqueos texere, allicere modis vel ~a, ac quibuscumque insidiis supplantare, ex edicto sepe fit criminis J. Sal. Pol. 396B; aures demulcet fistula blanda tuas Neckam DS IX 134; in eodem loco calamus natus est unde sibi pastor quidam ~am fecit Alb. Lond. DG 10. 7; 1272 quod ‥ Stephanus de P. ‥ quandam ~am a quodam bercario ‥ abstulerit et ‥ bercarius ‥ ipsum cum clamore et uthesio insequeretur Pat 90 m. 4d.; Stat. Linc. I 386 (v. fistulatio); ~am de calamo factam syringe ad os suum ponebat Deorum Imag. 6; ad portam ‥ cum omni mansuetudine sine tumultu tube sive fistile rex pius intravit Strecche Hen. V 175.  b Pan ‥ ~am gerit vij calamorum propter harmoniam celi Alb. Lond. DG 8. 2.  c 1418 reddendo ‥ unum par ~arum vocatarum recordours ad festum Natalis Domini RNorm 258.  d Stanihurst Hib. 39 (v. fistulator).  e organum est generale nomen vasorum omnium musicorum, specialiter tamen appropriatum est instrumento ex multis composito ~is cui folles adhibentur [ME: þe instrument þat is ymade of many pipes and yblowe wiþ belyes] et hoc solo musico instrumento utitur jam ecclesia in prosis, sequentiis, et hymnis, propter abusum histrionum rejectis aliis fere instrumentis Bart. Angl. XIX 132 p. 1254; sive fuerit in cordis sive in ~is organorum sive in cimbalis Mens. & Disc. (Anon. IV) 65; ad similitudinem autem monochordi sunt organa construenda, quod ~e breviores seu graciliores acutius sonant, longiores et grossiores gravius Odington 84.  f sunt ‥ alie quatuor [columpne] ad similtudinem istius quas Romani ~as vocant marmoreas Greg. Mir. Rom. 25.  g hanc tamen, hanc citius lugubris, mea fistula, partem / desere ne pereas lacrimarum gurgite mersa Alcuin SS Ebor 1568; 798 si inmites animos aliquid Flaccina valeat ~a mulcere Id. Ep. 149; a800 si tua taceat mihi ~a, ‥ Ib. 191; cujus laudes minus fide, / quamvis manu tacta Mide, / personaret fistula Walt. Wimb. Virgo 79. 3 (barrel of) gun or cannon. fertur ‥ homo ‥ facta ferrea ~a et pulvere confecto machinam reperisse ac ejus usum Venetis in ‥ bello ‥ ostendisse ‥ [anno] MCCCLXXX P. Verg. De rerum inventoribus Basel 1545 II 11 p. 116; appellatur arcusbusius a foramine opinor quo ignis in pulverem ~a contentum immittitur Ib. 117; ferrearum usus ~arum jam tandem apud eos increbruit Stanihurst Hib. 42. 4 naturally occurring tube, duct, or sim.: a (in the body). b underground pore or cavity. c elephant’s trunk. a ~as, arterias, earþyrel GlH F 316; si comedit fungos, ipsi ‥ ex se emittunt fumositatem que veniens ad cor opilat ~as et meatus ipsos vel ipsius Quaest. Salern. B 84; ~a ‥ pulmonis Ric. Med. Anat. 221 (v. 1 canalis 2b); dicit Augustinus [Aug. Gen. VII 10] has ~as procedere a medio cerebri Kilwardby SP 41vb; de ~a lachrymali oculi Gad. 121. 2.  b in ventre terre sunt saxa sulphuris vivi et petre calidissime nature et in eisdem partibus sunt multe vacuitates quas venas appellamus et ~as. ‥ et ventus qui spirat per orbem reperit fixuras terre in extremis partibus et cavernas qui dum intrat in eas non revertitur retrorsum, ymo flat antrorsum de vena in venam et de ~a in ~am et sic tentans loca cavernosa pervenit ad has vacuitates M. Scot Part. 296; terris frugifera, auro habundans, cavernis et ~is penetrabilis, ventis et sulphure plena Bart. Angl. XV 150; salsas undulas / scimus dulcescere. quando per rimulas / terrarum transeunt et artas fistulas Walt. Wimb. Carm. 34.  c omnium animalium quidam habent labia ex quibus dicitur os, quidam non labia sed aliquid loco oris et tunc dicitur musum vel grugnum vel rostrum vel ~a. ‥ quidam musum ut canis, quidam rostrum ut aquila, quidam foramen ut elephas M. Scot Phys. 21. 5 (med.) fistula, narrow pipe-like suppurating sore or ulcer (also fig.). in tui cordis ulcere / scis fistulam obrepere P. Blois Poems 1131B; tres ruptionum pustule, instar grassantis ~e, circa medium ipsius pectoris proruperunt R. Cold. Cuthb. 113; W. Cant. Mir. Thom. II 20 (v. 1 ficus 4); ~am patiebatur in virga virili ‥ que in putredinem resoluta est Ib. II 21; tibiam ejus et pedem dexterum ~a occupaverat et per multiplices meatus effluens artus illos inutiles pene sibi reddidit J. Furness Walth. 131; nervorum ‥ ruptura pro putrefactione, vel ~a, vel cancer Quaest. Salern. B 120; apostemate, quod ‥ jam in ~am conversum fuerat, ‥ afflictus Gir. PI III 13; Bacon IX 151 (v. cancer 3); conferunt ‥ doloribus gingivarum ‥ et ulceribus et ~is et fixuris que sunt in eis Ps.-Ric. Anat. 44; ~a dicta est quia ejus orificium est rotundum et strictum ad modum fistule vel canne Gad. 126v. 1; emplastrum ‥ ad cancrum et ~am J. Mirfield Brev. 90. 6 (in plant names): a (cassia ~a) cassia, esp. used as medicament. b (~a bufonis) fumitory. c (~a pastoralis, cf. 2 supra) water plantain. a ~a quae et cassia dicitur inter aromaticas adnumeratur arbores Bede Cant. 1146; multum appetunt et multum possunt ut ‥ magister Villelmus Chers cum cassia ~a Quaest. Salern. B 8; Gilb. I 17v. 1, etc. (v. 2 casia b).  b ~a bufonis, fumus terre idem, calidus est in primo gradu, siccus in secundo SB 21.  c Alisma Dioscoridae est recentioribus ~a pastoralis, officinis et herbariis plantago aquatica, aliquibus barba sylvana, nostratibus water plantane or water waybrede Turner Herb. A 2.

fistŭla, (11) æ, f. , ¶ 1 tuyau [dʼeau], conduit, canal : Cic. Rab. perd. 31 || pores des éponges : Plin. 31, 123 ¶ 2 fanons de la baleine : Plin. 9, 19 ¶ 3 tuyau dʼun roseau : Plin. 12, 106 ¶ 4 roseau à écrire : Pers. 3, 14 ¶ 5 alène de cordonnier : Plin. 17, 100 ¶ 6 flûte de Pan ou syrinx : Tib. 2, 5, 31 ; Virg. B. 2, 37 ; Cic. de Or. 3, 225 ¶ 7 fistule [t. de chir.] : Cato Agr. 157, 14 ; Nep. Att. 21, 3 ; Cels. Med. 5, 12 ¶ 8 espèce de moulin à main : Cato Agr. 10, 3 ; Plin. 18, 97.

fistula , ae. f.
笛。水溝。瘺瘡。

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fistula ae, f

• a pipe, tube, water-pipe: fistulas praecidere: ferrea, L.—A reed-pipe, shepherd's pipe, pipes of Pan (of reeds differing in length and calibre): disparibus septem compacta cicutis, V.: tibiae carmina non sine fistulā, H.: eburneola, a pitch-pipe (to fix the pitch for an orator's voice).—An ulcer, fistula, N.

FISTULA

FI´STULA(σωλήν), a water-pipe. Vitruvius (Vitr. 8.6) distinguishes three modes of conveying water: by channels of masonry (per canales

structiles), by leaden pipes (fistulis plumbeis), and by earthen pipes (tubulis fictilibus).

The etymological distinction between fistula and tubus seems to be that the former, which originally signified a flute, was a small pipe, the latter a large one; but, in usage, at least so far as water-pipes are concerned, it seems that fistula is applied to a leaden pipe, tubus and tubulus to one of any other material, especially of terracotta, as in the above and the following passages. (Varr. R. R. 1.8; Colum. 1.5; Plin. Nat.5.128, 16.224-Z2, 35.159-Z2; Frontinus, see below).

Of these two sorts of pipes the leaden were the more commonly used in distributing the water from aqueducts: though draining-pipes of earthenware were extensively used, as in modern times, and many examples have been found. The lead pipes were made by rolling thick plates, in lengths of ten feet, round a wooden core; the edges were then brought together and soldered with melted lead. The resulting form was not perfectly cylindrical, but pear-shaped in section, having a sort of ridge where the edges of the plate were somewhat roughly joined together. (See fig. D.) The pipes were made of much thicker lead than is the custom now, as much as 20 lbs. to the square foot in existing specimens (Middleton, p. 460); at points where there was heavy hydraulic pressure they were strengthened or replaced by bronze pipes, and the taps and stop-cocks (epistomia, figs. E, F) were likewise of that metal.

In the manufacture of these pipes, particular attention was paid to the bore and to the thickness. The accounts of Vitruvius, Frontinus, and other writers are not in perfect accordance; but it appears, from a comparison of them, that two different systems of measurement were adopted,--namely, either by the width of the plate of lead (lamina or lamna) before it was bent into the shape of a pipe, or by the internal diameter or bore (lumen) of the pipe when formed. The former is the system adopted by Vitruvius (l. c. § 4); according to him, the leaden plates were cast of a length not less than ten feet, and of a width containing an exact number of digits (sixteenths of a foot), which number was of course different for different sized pipes; and then the sizes of the pipes were named from the number of digits in the width of the plates, as in the following table, where the numbers on the right hand indicate the number of pounds which Vitruvius assigns to each ten-feet length of pipe :-- Centenaria, from a plate100 digits wide:1200 lbs.Octogenaria from a plate80 digits wide:960 lbs.Quinquagenaria from a plate50 digits wide:600 lbs.Quadragenaria from a plate40 digits wide:480 lbs.Tricenaria from a plate30 digits wide:360 lbs.Vicenaria from a plate20 digits wide:240 lbs.Quindena from a plate15 digits wide:180 lbs.Dena from a plate10 digits wide:120 lbs.Octona from a plate8 digits wide:96

Pliny and Palladius, and even the ancient MSS. of Vitruvius, give here C, which, however, is clearly an error of a transcriber who did not perceive the law of the proportion, but who had a fancy for the round number.

lbs.Quinaria from a plate5 digits wide:60 lbs.

If this scale is correct, the thickness of the plates must have been the same for pipes of all sizes; namely, such that each strip of lead, ten feet long and one digit wide, weighed twelve pounds. The account of Vitruvius is followed by Pliny (Plin. Nat.31. § § 57, 58) and Palladius (9.12).

Frontinus, who enters into the subject much more minutely, objects to the system of Vitruvius as too indefinite, on account of the variation which is made in the shape of the pipe in bending up the plate of lead; and he thinks it more probable that the names were derived from the size of the internal diameters, reckoned in quadrantes (the unit being the digit), that is, in quarters of a digit; so that the Quinaria had a diameter of five-fourths of a digit, or 1 1/4 digit, and so on, up to the Vicenaria, above which the notation was altered, and the names were no longer taken from the number of linear quarters of a digit in the diameter of the pipe, but from the number of square quarters of a digit in its area. The usual limits of size were from the Quinaria, adopted by Frontinus as the standard measure (modulus) of the whole system, to the Centenaria. This writer mentions, however, a size larger than the centenaria, the centum vicenûm; and one smaller than the quinaria, the digitus rotundus, or pipe of exactly a digit in bore ( Digitus rotundus habet diametri digitum unum; capit quinariae septuncem semunciam sextulam; a roundabout way of expressing 45/72 or 5/8, Frontin. 100.26 extr.). But the largest pipes now extant exceed 300 quinariae (Middleton, p. 466. For further details, see Frontinus, de Aquaed. 24-63, with the notes of Polenus). Another mode of explaining the nomenclature was by the story that when Agrippa undertook the oversight of the aqueducts, finding the modulus inconveniently small, he enlarged it to five times its diameter, and hence the origin of the fistula quinaria (Frontin. 25). Of these accounts, that of Frontinus is the most generally accepted.

The subject of inscriptions on lead pipes was first noticed by Marini (Atti de' Fratelli Arvali, Rome, 1795); but it is much more fully treated in the magnificent work of the Commendatore Lanciani (I Comentarii di Frontino, Rome, 1880). Recent excavations in Rome have unearthed immense quantities of these inscribed pipes, many of which have unfortunately been melted down as old lead. From those which have been preserved, Comm. Lanciani has identified 81 sites of houses within the walls, 88 in the suburbs, and has gathered much valuable information as to the distribution of water from the various castella, and many collateral historical and topographical facts. The earliest existing inscriptions date from the reign of Augustus, the latest from that of Valentinian II., A.D. 375-392: nearly all the intervening names are included. They are most numerous in the reigns of Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Severus and Caracalla ; after Decius the number steadily declines. The facts usually recorded on them are the name of the reigning emperor, sometimes the consuls of the year, the Procurator Aquarum, the plumber who made the pipe, the owner of the house, the name of the estate, the fact of the water being an imperial concession; and many have numerals, showing the capacity of the pipe in quinariae (Middleton, p. 462; who adds a copious selection illustrating the above points, pp. 463-465). Our specimen (fig. A) bears the inscription STATIONIS PROPRIAE PRIVATAE DOM. N. ALEXANDRI AUG.; indicating the private water supply of the imperial palace under Alexander Severus. Another, from the Palatine, has [DOM ]VS AUGUSTANAE; while a pipe inscribed IMP. AUG. VESPASIANI . STATIO. VRBANA. AUG. belonged to the public water-works of the city. Respecting the uses of pipes in the aqueducts, see AQUAEDUCTUSp. 154 a.

Of the earthen (terracotta) pipes we know very little. Pliny says that they are best when their thickness is two digits (1 1/2 inch), and that each pipe should have its end inserted in the next, and the joints should be cemented; but that leaden pipes should be used where the water rises. The earthen pipes were thought more wholesome than the leaden. (Plin. Nat.31.57; Vitruv. l. c. § 10; Pallad. 9.11.) Water pipes were also made of leather (Plin. Nat.5.128; Vitruv. l. c. § 8), and of wood (Pallad. l. c.), especially of the hollowed trunks of the pine, fir, and alder (Plin. Nat.16.224).

[P.S] [W.W]

Fistŭla

Properly a reed, a Pan's-pipe (σύριγξ); then a water-pipe (σωλήν), usually made of lead, but in the villa of Antoninus Pius of pure silver (cf. Stat. Silv. i. 5, 48).