lustrum

lustrum, i, n. [1. luo, lavo; cf.: monstrum, moneo], a slough, bog, morass, puddle.

• I Lit.: prodigunt in lutosos limites ac lustra, ut volutentur in luto, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 8.—
• II Transf.
• • A A haunt or den of wild beasts: lustra ferarum, Verg. G. 2, 471; id. A. 3, 647: lustra horrida monstris, Val. Fl. 4, 370.—
  • • 2 A wood, forest: postquam altos ventum in montes atque invia lustra, Verg. A. 4, 151: inter horrentia lustra, id. ib. 11, 570.—
  • B A house of ill-repute: ubi in lustra jacuisti? St. Egone in lustra? Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 26 (242): quod dem scortis, quodque in lustris comedim, id. Bacch. 4, 4, 91 (730); id. Curc. 4, 2, 22 (508): in lustris latet, Turp. ap. Non. 333, 15: in lustris, popinis, alea, vino tempus aetatis omne consumpsisses, Cic. Phil. 13, 11, 24: homo emersus ex diuturnis tenebris lustrorum, id. Sest. 9, 20.—
  • • 2 Debauchery; cf.: lustra significant lacunas lutosas, quae sunt in silvis aprorum cubilia. A quā similitudine, hi, qui in locis abditis et sorditis ventri et gulae operam dant, dicuntur in lustris vitam agere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 120: domus, in qua lustra, libidines, luxuries, omnia denique inaudita vitia, versentur, Cic. Cael. 23, 57: studere lustris, Plaut. As. 5, 2, 17 (867): lustris perire, Lucr. 4, 1136: vino lustrisque confectus, Cic. Phil. 2, 3, 6: qui pugnent, marcere Campana luxuria, vino et scortis omnibusque lustris per totam hiemem confectos, Liv. 23, 45, 3.

lustrum, i, n. [2. luo],

• a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration, made by the censors for the whole people once in five years, after completing the census, and in which a swine, a sheep, and a bull were offered (suovetaurilia): lustrum condere, to make the lustral sacrifice: lustrum condidit et taurum immolavit, Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 268: censu perfecto edixit, ut omnes cives Romani in campo primā luce adessent. Ibi exercitum omnem suovetaurilibus lustravit: idque conditum lustrum appellatum, quia is censendo finis factus est, Liv. 1, 44; 3, 24; cf. id. 35, 9; 38, 36; 42, 10. The census could also be taken without being followed by a lustrum, Liv. 3, 22, 1; 24, 43, 4: sub lustrum censeri, at the close of the census, when the lustrum should begin: sub lustrum censeri, germani negotiatoris est (because these were usually not in Rome, and were included in the census last of all), Cic. Att. 1, 18, 8.—Being a religious ceremonial, the lustrum was sometimes omitted, when circumstances seemed to forbid it: census actus eo anno: lustrum propter Capitolium captum, consulem occisum, condi religiosum fuit, Liv. 3, 22, 1. Hence in part, doubtless, must be explained the small number of lustra actually celebrated; thus, A. U. C. 296: census perficitur, idque lustrum ab origine urbis decimum conditum ferunt, Liv. 3, 24, 10.—
• II Transf.
• • A A propitiatory offering: quinto die Delphis Apollini pro me exercitibusque et classibus lustra sacrificavi, Liv. 45, 41, 3.—
  • B A period of five years, a lustrum (because every five years a lustrum was performed).
  • • 1 In gen.: cujus octavum trepidavit aetas Claudere lustrum, Hor. C. 2, 4, 24; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 78; Mart. 10, 38, 9.—
    • 2 As the period of taxation, in reference to the imposition of duties, Varr, L. L. 6, 2, 11: hoc ipso lustro, Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5: superioris lustri reliqua, id. Fam. 2, 13, 3.—
  • C In gen., a period of several years; of four years (of the Julian calendar), Ov. F. 3, 163; cf. Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122: ingens lustrum, the grand lustrum, a hundred years, at the end of which the ludi saeculares were celebrated, Mart. 4, 1, 7.—
  • D From the time of Domitian, the Capitoline games, recurring every fifth year, Suet. Dom. 4; Censor. de Die Nat. 18; cf. Stat. S. 4, 2, 60: certamine Jovis Capitolini lustro sexto, Inscr. Grut. 332, 3; called lustri certamen, Aur. Vict. Caes. 27, 7.—
  • E Hectoris Lustra (not Lytra), title of a tragedy of Ennius; v. Trag. Rel. p. 28 sq. Rib.; Vahl. Enn. p. 113 sq.—
• F The term of a lease: priore lustro, Plin. Ep. 9, 37, 2.

1. lustrum, ī, n. (vgl. λῦμα, der Schmutz), I) der Ort, an dem sich die Schweine wälzen, Pfütze, Morast, Varro r. r. 2, 4, 8. – II) übtr.: 1) übh. der Aufenthalt der Tiere im Walde, die Wildhöhle, Wildbahn, das Wildlager, lustra ferarum, Verg.: lustra devia, Ov. – 2) das Bordell, mala lustra, Hor.: lustris studere, Plaut.: in lustris tempus aetatis consumere, Cic.: vino lustrisque confectus, durch B. (= ausschweifende, liederliche Lebensart), Cic.

2. lūstrum, ī, n. (1. lustro), I) das Reinigungs- od. Sühnopfer, das alle fünf Jahre von den Zensoren bei dem Schlusse ihres Amts für das ganze Volk dargebracht wurde (wobei die drei für den Mars ausersehenen Opfertiere, ein Schwein, Bock u. Stier, dreimal im Kreise herumgeführt u. darauf dem Gotte geopfert wurden u. zugleich das gleiche Gelübde für das neue lustrum geleistet wurde, vota in proximum lustrum suscipere, Suet. Aug. 97, 1), lustrum condere, dieses Opfer verrichten, dah. die Zensur beschließen, Cic.: u. so lustrum perficere, Liv. 1, 44, 2: u. eius rei causā lustrum mittere, Act. fr. Arv. im Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 2107, 7: sub lustrum, bei dem Schlusse der Zeusur, Cic. Vgl. Mommsen Röm. Staatsrecht² II, 406. – II) eine Zeit von gewöhnlich fünf Jahren, ein Jahrfünft, Ov., Plin. u.a.: octavum claudere lustrum, Hor. Vgl. Mommsen Röm. Staatsrecht² II, 332 ff. – Jnsbes., a) die Pachtzeit, Plin. ep. 9, 37, 2. – b) die Steuer, Finanzperiode, in bezug auf die Zahlung der direkten u. indirekten (durch die Publicani erhobenen) Steuern, Varro LL. 6, 11. Cic. ep. 2, 13, 3; ad Att. 6, 2, 5. – c) zur Kaiserzeit alle fünf Jahre abgehaltene Festfeiern, die mit Spielen und Wettkämpfen zu Ehren der Götter verbunden sind, bes. die kapitolinischen, Stat. silv. 4, 2, 62: certamine Iovis Capitolini lustro sexto, Corp. inscr. Lat. 9, 2160: auch lustri certamen gen., Aur. Vict. de Caes. 27, 7.

1 lustrum [CL] 1 marsh, bog (fig.). 799 si nova surgerent tecta in palustribus perfidiae ~is Alcuin Ep. 181. 2 den, lair (of wild beast), cave; b (fig.). et vaga venatrix rimabor lustra ferarum Aldh. Aen. 65. 6; ecclesiam gemino qui rexit episcopus anno, / et priscis properavit ovans se reddere lustris Bede CuthbV 587A; ubi quondam psallentium chori, ibi ~a et latibula ferarum visa sunt, stercoribus et immunditiis omnia plena Alcuin Vedast. 421; a meridiana plaga muro monasterii harum [sc. ferarum] adherebat atrium, et hic lato ambitu sua ~a suumque possederant suburbanum Gosc. Edith (II) 65; a lustris revocas mox, liparea, feras Neckam DS VI 298.  b in ventris ‥ lustro Walt. Wimb. Carm. 22 (v. denticulus a). 3 (gen.) countryside, land. Wulf. Æthelwold 11 (v. gyrare 4).

2 lustrum [CL] 1 ceremony of purification. Trevet Troades 56 (v. lustratio 1). 2 period of time (esp. of five years). et quater annorum complevit tempora dena, / hoc est octeni spatiosa volumina lustri Aldh. VirgV 2480; lustrum dicebatur spatium quinque annorum, quo lustrabatur urbs et ab omnibus gentibus solvebatur tributum Abbo QG 20 (43); lumine corporeo fruitur quinquennis ‥ / ‥ et eo gaudens videt omnia lustro Wulf. Swith. I 1483; ~a ‥ recurrebant perplurima et Olympiades veniebant non pauci, antequam ad intelligibilem pervenissem aetatem Byrht. V. Ecgwini 362; per multa annorum ~a Gosc. Transl. Mild. prol.; ~um, quinque annorum spatium Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 326. 3 book of rent or tax, (~um Angliae) Domesday Book. Camd. Br. 121 (v. censualis 2e). 4 light, eye. vir super illustres rex Boemie generosus, / providus, annosus cadit ad Cressi sine lustris (In Franciam) Pol. Poems I 36.

1 lustrum, (12) ī, n. (luo 1), dʼordin. au pl. lustra, ¶ 1 bourbier : Varro R. 2, 4, 8 ¶ 2 tanière, repaire, [ou en gén.] lieux sauvages, escarpés : Virg. G. 2, 471 ; En. 3, 647 ¶ 3 bouge, mauvais lieu : Cic. Phil. 13, 24 ; Sest. 20 || [dʼoù] débauches, orgies, cf. P. Fest. 120 ; Cic. Cæl. 57 ; Liv. 23, 45, 3.

2 lūstrum, (11) ī, n. (luo 2), ¶ 1 sacrifice expiatoire, fait par les censeurs tous les cinq ans à la clôture du cens pour purifier le peuple romain, v. suovetaurilia ; cf. Liv. 1, 44, 2 ; vota quæ in proximum lustrum suscipi mos est Suet. Aug. 97, les vœux quʼil est dʼusage de faire pour le sacrifice suivant [c.-à-d. quʼexécutera le censeur suivant] ; lustrum condere Cic. de Or. 2, 268, faire le sacrifice de clôture du cens ; sub lustrum censeri Cic. Att. 1, 18, 8, être recensé à la fin de la censure ¶ 2 [en gén.] sacrifice expiatoire : lustra Apollini sacrificare Liv. 45, 41, 3, faire un sacrifice expiatoire à Apollon ¶ 3 période quinquennale, lustre : Liv. 27, 33, 8 || [en part.] bail, fermage [les censeurs affermant les biens de lʼÉtat tous les cinq ans] : Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5 ; Fam. 2, 13, 3 || spectacles donnés tous les cinq ans : Stat. S. 4, 2, 62 [jeux Capitolins, cf. Suet. Dom. 4 ].

lustrum , i. n.
野獸穴。水泥地。五年。祭于圍。Condere lustrum 數烟戶而祭獻。

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lustrum, i, n.: pantano Varr

● tana, covile, caverna

♢ comun. al pl.

lustrum (1) ī, n

• 3 LV-, a slough, bog, haunt, den of beasts: ferarum Lustra, V.—A wood, forest, wilderness: horrentia lustra, V.: per devia lustra, O.—A house of ill-repute: tenebrae lustrorum.—Fig., debauchery: vino lustrisque confectus: mala lustra Obiciet mihi, H.: omnibus lustris confectos, L.

lūstrum (2) ī, n

• 3 LV-, a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration(for the whole people by the censors at the end of their term of five years): lustrum condidit, made the lustral sacrifice: sub lustrum censeri, at the close of the census.—A period of five years, lustrum: octavum, H.: hoc ipso lustro: superioris lustri reliqua.— A period of four years(of the Julian calendar), O.

LUSTRUM

LUSTRUMThe term lustrum primarily meant a purification by sacrifice. Varro (L. L. 6.2) explains it thus: lustrum nominatur tempus quinquennale a luendo, id est solvendo, quod quinto quoque anno vectigalia et ultrotributa per censores persolvebantur. The derivation is probably right, but the explanation is wrong. Paul. D. 120 says, Cum ejusdem vocabuli prima syllaba producitur, significat nunc tempus quinquennale, nunc populi lustrationem. In the regal period this sacrifice without doubt had been one of the duties performed by the king in his capacity of priest. Thus Livy (Liv. 4.44) represents king Servius Tullius as celebrating the first lustrum in 566 B.C. when he had completed the census. ( Censu perfecto edixit, ut omnes cives Romani in campo prima luce adessent. Ibi omnem exercitum suovetaurilibus lustravit: idque conditum lustrum appellatum, quia is censendo finis factus est.) Under the early Republic it was naturally performed by the consuls, who represented the king of the previous epoch. When with the growth of the state the duties of the consuls had largely increased, and it was found necessary to establish the censorship in 443 B.C. (or 435 B.C., according to Mommsen), the duty of performing this rite devolved on the censors. The latter held office not from lustrum to lustrum, but were appointed at intervals of five years [CENSOR]. They entered on their office in April, and by May of the following year they had completed the census and their other duties. They then celebrated the lustrum, without which, according to some, their official acts were devoid of authority (Mommsen, Staatsr. 2.322). The lustration [LUSTRATIO] took place in the Campus Martius. All the men of military age were assembled there; thrice round them were borne on spears a boar, a ram, and a bull (suovetaurilia), which were sacrificed by the censors to Mars for the fulfilment of the vows made by the preceding censors. One censor at the same time offered fresh vows for the coming years. They then led the whole host to the city gate, and as a mark of the completion of the lustrum drove a nail into the wall of a temple (that of Mars Ultor since the 2nd century B.C.), and then deposited the new register of the citizens in the treasury. After this the censors immediately laid down office. From the fact that the lustrum took place (as a rule) every fifth year, the term was likewise applied to the period of five years preceding. The solemn rite was thus regarded as completing this quinquennium, and hence the term condere lustrum was used to describe it. But though it was usual to hold it every five years, its celebration was by no means invariable. Sometimes the rite was omitted on religious grounds, as we learn from Livy (Liv. 3.22: Census actus eo anno, lustrum propter Capitolium captum, consulem occisum, condi religiosum fuit (cf. Livy (Liv. 24.43), and probably from other causes likewise; for the Fasti Capitolini, in which are entered the censors, and the letters L F attached to the names of those who completed this rite, show that, although the customary interval was five years, not unfrequently six and seven years elapse, or sometimes only four between each celebration. According to Livy (Liv. 10.47), in the period between the first appointment of censors (443 or 435 B.C.) and 294 B.C., there had only been twenty-six pairs of censors, and only twenty-one lustra. In later times the ceremony was probably simplified. Cicero (de Or. 2.66, 268) says, lustrum condidit et taurum immolavit. The last celebration of a lustrum took place under Vespasian, 74 A.D.

From the interval between the lustra being usually five years, the term lustrum came gradually to be used as a general expression for a period of five years. But, according to the Roman method of computation, the phrase quinto quoque anno might mean every four years. Thus Cicero (de Or. 3.32, 127) calls the Olympic festival maxima illa quinquennalis celebritas ludorum. Thus likewise the Roman priests interpreted the quarto quoque anno of the Julian Calendar as meaning every three years (Macrob. 1.14, 1). Hence from the earliest times there would be a vagueness in the use of the term. In the writers of the Augustan age, who commonly use lustrum in its general sense, we find its use fluctuating. Ovid, for instance, uses it for a period of five years (Amor. 3.6, 27: nondum Troia fuit lustris obsessa duobus). In Fasti, 3.119, he uses it in the same sense when describing the year of Romulus ( mensibus egerunt lustra minora decem), but in the same poem (1. 165) where he is explaining the Julian year and the intercalation of the dies bissextus ( hic anni modus est: in lustrum accedere debet quae consummatur partibus una dies), lustrum must mean a period of four years. Again, from Trist. 4.10, 96, and Epp. ex Pont. 4.6, 5, we find that he identifies the Roman lustrum with the Greek Olympiad ( in Scythia nobis quinquennis Olympias acta est: jam tempus lustri transit in alterius), just as Polybius (Plb. 6.13) uses πενταετηπὶς to translate the Latin lustrum. The later writers seem to use it only as a period of four years. Pliny (Plin. Nat.2.47) twice uses it of the four-year Julian cycle. We also find on inscriptions the intervals of four years between the Capitoline games instituted by Domitian described as lustra; and Censorinus (18), when defining the lustrum or annus magnus, seems unaware that it ever differed from the Olympiad, or denoted any other period than four years.

[W.R]

Lustrum

among the Romans, was the purification, or absolution from sin, of the entire people. It took place at the close of each census (q.v.), commonly in May of the year following the censors' accession to office. The host of the people, horse and foot, in their newly constituted classes, was drawn up in full armour on the Campus Martius under the leadership of the censor to whom this duty fell by lot. The Suovetaurilia—a pig, ram, and bull—were carried three times round the whole army, and thereupon sacrificed to Mars, accompanied by a prayer of the censor in which he besought that the power of the Roman people might be increased and magnified, or, as it ran later, might be maintained entirely undiminished. The censor then led the army under his banner to the city gate, where he dismissed them, while he himself, as a token of the completed lustrum, drove a nail into the wall of a temple and deposited the new roll of citizens in the Aerarium. The last lustrum took place in A.D. 74, under Vespasian.