palus

Caesar paludes siccare voluit
Caesar wanted to drain the swamps

palūs, ūdis, f.: a marsh, swamp, moor, fen, 6.107; water, 6.414; pond, lake, 8.88.

pālus, i, m. (neutr. collat. form pālum, i, Varr. ap. Non. 219, 18) [for paglus (cf. dim. paxillus); root pag-; Sanscr. pācas, snare; Gr. πήγνυμι, fasten; Lat. pango; cf.: pignus, pax], a stake, prop, stay, pale.

• I Lit. (very freq. and class.; syn.: sudes, stipes): ut figam palum in parietem, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 4 (1140); id. Men. 2, 3, 53 (403): damnati ad supplicium traditi, ad palum alligati, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11: palis adjungere vitem, Tib. 1, 8 (7), 33; Ov. F. 1, 665: palos et ridicas dolare, Col. 11, 2, 11; Varr. 1. 1.—The Roman soldiers learned to fight by attacking a stake set in the ground, Veg. Mil. 1, 11; 2, 23; hence, aut quis non vidit vulnera pali? Juv. 6, 246.—And, transf.: exerceamur ad palum: et, ne imparatos fortuna deprehendat, fiat nobis paupertas familiaris, Sen. Ep. 18, 6.—In the lang. of gladiators, palus primus or palusprimus (called also machaera Herculeana, Capitol. Pert. 8), a gladiator's sword of wood, borne by the secutores, whence their leader was also called primus palus, Lampr. Commod. 15; Inscr. Marin. Fratr. Arv. p. 694.—Prov.: quasi palo pectus tundor, of one astonished, stunned, Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 2 (1289).—
• II Transf., = membrum virile, Hor. S. 1, 8, 5.

pălus, ūdis (nom. sing. pălŭs, Hor. A. P. 65; but usually pălūs, Verg. A. 6, 107; v. infra; gen. plur. paludum, Caes. B. G. 4, 38, 2 Oud.; rarely paludium, Liv. 21, 54, 7 Drak.; Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 174; Just. 44, 1, 10; Eum. Pan. Const. Aug. 12, 2), f. [= Gr. πηλός, mud; cf. Sanscr. palvala, pool; perh. -ud of the stem = ὕδωρ, water], a swamp, marsh, morass, bog, fen, pool (cf.: stagnum, lacus).

• I Lit.: ille paludes siccare voluit, Cic. Phil. 5, 3, 7: paludes emere, id. Agr. 2, 27, 71: palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum, Caes. B. G. 2, 9: propter paludes exercitui aditus non est, id. ib. 2, 16: Cocyti tardāque palus inamabilis undā, Verg. G. 4, 479: sterilisve diu palus aptaque remis, Hor. A. P. 65: udae paludes intumuere aestu, Ov. M. 1, 737: stagnata paludibus ument, id. ib. 15, 269: nigra, Tib. 3, 3, 37: exusta, Verg. G. 3, 432: alta, id. ib. 4, 48: putida, Cat. 17, 10: nebulosa, Sil. 8, 382: sordida, Stat. S. 4, 3, 8.—Hence, Palus Maeotis, = Lacus Maeotis, now the Sea of Azof, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168; Mel. 1, 19.—
• II Transf.
• • A A reed that grows in marshes: tomentum concisa palus Circense vocatur, Mart. 14, 160, 1; 11, 32, 2.—
  • B Water: (cymba) multam accepit rimosa paludem, Verg. A. 6, 414.

1. pālus, ī, m. (pango, eig. pag-lus, dah. Demin. paxillus), der Pfahl, I) im allg., Cic. u.a.: alqm ad palum alligare od. deligare, Cic. – = Nagel, figere palum in parietem, Plaut. mil. 1140. – II) als milit. t. t., der Pfahl = das hölzerne Phantom eines Gegners, gegen das der junge Soldat zur Übung seine Angriffe richtete, ad palum doceri, contra palum se exercere, ad palum exerceri, s. Veget. mil. 1, 11 u. 2, 23: dah. im Bilde, exerceamur ad palum, müssen uns gegen Angriffe des Geschicks gefaßt machen, Sen. ep. 18, 8. – ➳ Nbf. pālum, ī, n., Varro sat. Men. 179 (wo Plur. pala).

2. palūs, ūdis, f. (altindisch palvalá-m, Pfuhl, griech. πηλός, παλός Schlamm), I) ein stehendes Wasser, der Sumpf, die Pfütze, der Pfuhl, zuw. auch der See, Caes. u.a.: Stygia palus, v. Styx in der Unterwelt, Lact.: ders. inferna palus, Lact.: u. v. dems., tarda palus, Verg., u. dis iuranda palus, Ov.: tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso = palus Acherusia bei Kumä, Verg.: quod utrumque (aquam pabulumque) large palus (der See) praebere poterat, Auct. b. Alex. – II) meton., das Sumpfrohr, Mart. 14, 160, 1. – ➳ Genet. Plur. gew. paludum (vgl. Charis. 144, 28); doch auch paludium, Liv. 21, 54, 7. Mela 3. § 82. Plin. 2, 274. Iustin. 44, 1, 10.

1 pālus, ~um [CL], 3 pāla 1 a pale, a stake; b (dist. acc. use). c (her.) vertical stripe. ligo, becca, vel ~us, vel fustis Ælf. Gl. 106; 10‥ ~us, pal WW; paxillus, a ~o, i sude, i pel GlSid f. 143vb.  b siquis ‥ infra has publicas vias ‥ foderit vel ~um fixerit (Kent) DB I 2ra; si in vado scopulis pleno ~us ponatur cui naves loris alligentur, quo longius a ~o fuerint, eo gravius ingruente tempestate ferientur Alex. Cant. Dicta 14 p. 163; [vinee] que ‥ per bajulos ~os in celsum surgunt W. Malm. GP IV 186; 1154 habere boscum illum solidum et quietum, exceptis ~is ad exclusas faciendas Act. Hen. II I 87; a1190 de bosco ‥ retineo ad focum coram me faciendum et ad coquinam meam et virgas et ~as ad faldos et sepes circa curiam meam faciendas (Ch.) Chr. Abingd. II 190; rane cura pălus, furis dampnacio pālus Serlo Wilt. 2. 92; 1200 J. primo percussit eum ~o, et alii strangulaverunt eum SelPlCrown 36; unde et Deus assimilatus est serpenti fixo super ~um eneum [cf. Num. xxi 9] T. Chobham Praed. 281; 1234 si colligat spinas, ‥ debet habere j ~um quem ponit ex transverso fascis et j ~um quem vocant stingsoghles Cust. Glast. 88; 1252 de navibus et batellis ibidem attachiatis per palludes infra predictam aquam stallagium (CurR 146 m. 10d.) SelCWW 31; operarii in parco ‥ ad reparandum palicium ejusdem prostraverunt plures quercus ad ~os inde faciendos SelPlForest 55; c1280 faciet in eodem stagno [molendini] ~um ‥ qui erit signum altitudinis aque stagni DCDurh. Reg. I. 1 f. 52; 1287 custus carectarum: ‥ in ~is viij d. ob Rec. Elton 21; 1335 in xij pallud’ ad fald’ emptis iiij d (Durrington) Ac. Man. Coll. Wint.; arestatus est et statim decapitatus. caput vero ejus in altum erigitur super ~um Chr. Kirkstall 125; c1440 Romani ‥ posuerunt ~as ereas in signum sue fortitudinis MonA VI 77.  c 1388 alba ‥ cum lunis, avibus, et rosis parvis contexta cum borduris et ~is, avibus, leonibus griffonibus, et aliis intertextis (Invent. Westm.) Arch. LII 242; albe nigri coloris non brudate sunt tredecim de una secta cum una ~a in medio parurarum de panno aureo blodii coloris Ib. 256; ~us seu vallus et statumen trames est per centrum erectus, latitudinis tertiae areae partis, si solus reperiatur Spelman Asp. 96. 2 a paling, palisade, fence, stockade (also pl.); b (round fortress or town); c (round domestic building, workplace, garden, or field); d (round park); e (for combat or ordeal). hic ~us, a palys WW.  b 1231 quod veterem ~um et veterem bretaschiam de vetere fossato ville Salopie faciat habere Cl 508; c1246 quod ballium circa castrum nostrum Cestrie quod clausum fuit ~o, amoto ~o illo claudi faciatis calce et petra RL II 45; 1261 de brecca Turris London’ ~o claudenda. precipimus vobis quod breccam que est inter murum civitatis nostre London’ et murum ballii Turris nostre London’ ibidem faciatis ‥ bono ~o claudi et firmari Liberate 37 m. 13; arepta costa sua flumine transnatat. ~oque transito in hostes ruit inopinatus Chr. Bury Cont. B f. 196v.  c c1150 dedisse ‥ unum francum ~um in piscaria de Gerna Ch. Heref. 34; 1226 intruserunt in domum ‥ et domum illam fossato et pallo clauserunt CurR XII 2555; 1233 faciat habere ‥ ~os et clausturam ad haiam faciendam super fossatum Cl 329; 1268 viginti quercus ad curiam regis de G. inde ~o includendam Cl 465; 1457 sol’ D. F. carpentario operanti apud B. super emendacione le Gavill et inclusione ~orum gardini ibidem Ac. Durh. 635.  d 1433 parcum ipsius abbatis intrare ac clausuras et ~os ejusdem frangere ‥ comminantur RParl IV 459a; 1526 juxta ~am parci Rec. Eton XXIX 55.  e 1268 et habet furcas suas et palam in predicto manerio suo IMisc 15(a); s1386 rex Francie fecerat quendam ~um mire structure cum turribus et municionibus, quem ~um secum veherent, et intrata terra Anglie quasi in tribus horis super terram ‥ erigerent Knighton II 212. 3 (in gl. understood as): a hook. b nail. a arpago vel ~um, hooc Ælf. Gl. 107.  b paxillum, ~um, naegl GlC P 107.

2 pălus [CL], ~uda 1 marsh, swamp, fen (also w. ref. to marshland); b (spec. as salt-marsh); c (in fig. context or as symbol of licentiousness or luxuriousness). lurida per latices cenosas lustro paludes Aldh. Aen. 43 (Sanguisuga) 1; dicunt monstra esse in ~udibus cum tribus humanis capitibus Lib. Monstr. I 34; sues ‥ ~udibus columbae rivulis delectantur aquarum Bede Cant. 1163; †704 (8c) pratis, palludibus, piscuariis, fluminibus CS 111; 880 cum campis, silvis, pratis, pascuis, ~udis Ch. Roff. 27; 893 tenentur obsessi Dani in Thornige insula ~i Æthelw. IV 3 p. 49; c1145 quantum supradicte vacce ejusdem manerii poterunt per palludem in eisdem pasturis attingere per os accipient et familia abbatis herbam utrinque cum vaccis capiant Doc. Bury Sup. 817; 1330 in silvis ‥ palludis PQW 553a; 1334 est una magna palleda, que solebat reddere per annum vj s. viij d., que est in manu domini pro defectu firmarii Surv. Denb. 289; hec ~is, a more WW.  b locus ‥ inmensis salis ~udibus circumcirca septus V. Neot. A 12.  c [anima mea] quasi cenosis ~udibus stercorata Ailr. Serm. (PL) 441A; nebula nascitur ex paludibus et fumo terre quia duo precipue exceccant hominem, sc. luxuria, que significatur per ~udes, et avaricia T. Chobham Serm. 23. 90vb. 2 (of the waters of the nether world). pars cujus inferior Stigia Letheaque palude / fertur Aldh. Aen. 53 (Arcturus) 8; ne post perniciem nigram transire paludem / cogantur Altercatio 112; ~udem Acherontis per rimas navis haurit Bern. Comm. Aen. 90.

1 pālus, (12) ī, m. , poteau : ad palum adligare Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, attacher au poteau ; ad palum exerceri Veg. Mil. 1, 11 ; 2, 23, faire lʼexercice du poteau [sʼescrimer contre un poteau] ; vulnera pali Juv. 6, 246, les coups reçus par le poteau [dans cet exercice] || [fig.] exerceri ad palum Sen. Ep. 18, 6, sʼexercer au poteau, sʼaguerrir [en exerçant son âme] || primus palus Lampr. Comm. 15, le premier des gladiateurs nommés secutores || membre viril : Hor. S. 1, 8, 5.

2 pălūs, (9) ūdis, f. , marais, étang : Cic. Phil. 5, 7 ; Cæs. G. 2, 9, 1 ; Hor. P. 65 ; Ov. M. 1, 737 || jonc, roseau : Mart. 14, 160, 1 || eau du Styx : Virg. En. 6, 414.

➳ gén. pl. ordin^t -dum ; qqf. dium : Liv. 21, 54, 7 ; Just. 44, 1, 10.

palus , i. m.
一條木。插條。橛。Ad palum alligare vel deligare 綁于橛。

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palus , udis. f.
湖。水淀。

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pālus (1) ī, m

• PAC-, a stake, prop, stay, pale: ad palum adligantur: palo suspendat aratrum, O.—A stake, wooden post(for young soldiers to practise on with weapons): aut quis non vidit volnera pali? Iu.

palūs (2) (once palus, H.), ūdis, genplur. palūdum, rarely palūdium, L., f

• a swamp, marsh, morass, bog, fen, pool: planities hiemantibus aquis paludem fecerat, S.: paludes siccare: propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset, Cs.: sterilis, H.: Stygiae paludes, O.: propinquitas fluminum ac paludium, L.: (cymba) multam accepit rimosa paludem, water, V.

PALUS

PALUSa pole or stake, was used in the military exercises of the Romans. It was stuck into the ground, and the tiro, armed with a heavy wicker shield and a wooden sword, had to attack it as if it were a real enemy. Vegetius (1.11) gives a full account of the drill. This kind of exercise is sometimes called palaria (Sosip. Charis. 1. p. 11). It was used for exercise (e. g. before the bath) as well as for military drill. So Martial (Mart. 7.32, 8) speaks of nudi stipitis ictus hebes, where the stipes = palus, and the ictus hebes expresses the wooden sword, which Juvenal (6.247) renders by sudes, when he is speaking of women taking to these manly exercises (vulnera pall). See Becker-Göll, Gallus, 3.185 f.

[W.S] [G.E.M]

Palus

(πάσσαλος). A pole or stake used by the Romans in their military exercises. It was thrust into the ground and then attacked by the raw recruit (tiro), who was equipped with a heavy wicker shield and wooden sword (Vegetius, Mil. i. 11).