robur

naves factae e robore
ships made from oak robore corporis stolide ferox
brutishly taking pride in physical strength robur militum
the strength of the soldiers

rōbur, oris, n.: hard oak or wood, 6.181; a tree, 8.315; (meton.), timber, a wooden structure; fabric, 2.260; (fig.), sturdiness, strength, firmness, courage, vigor, 2.639; pl., rōbora, wood, timber, 4.399; vigor, flower, 8.518.

rōbur (rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. ῥώννυμι for ῥώθνυμι, to strengthen, ῥώμη], a very hard kind of oak (cf.: quercus, ilex), Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

• I Lit.
• • • 1 In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood: morsus roboris, i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat); so of the same, id. G. 2, 305; cf.: solido de robore myrtus, id. ib. 2, 64: annoso validam robore quercum, i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so, annoso robore quercus, Ov. M. 8, 743: antiquo robore quercus, with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332: Massyla, i. e. citri, Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also, Maurorum, id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—
    • 2 Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.: fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92: agitata robora pulsant (delphines), id. ib. 1, 303.—
    • 3 Oak-wood, oak: naves totae factae ex robore, Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.: (sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus, Cic. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.: o saxis nimirum et robore nati! Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
• II Transf.
• • A Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.
  • • 1 In gen.: Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt, i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy: sacrum, Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance: ferro praefixum, id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.: aratri, i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—
    • 2 In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum): Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret, Liv. 38, 59 fin.: robur et saxum minitari, Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1: verbera, carnifices, robur, Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—
  • B Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).
  • • 1 Lit.: duri robora ferri, Lucr. 2, 449; so, ferri, Verg. A. 7, 609: saxi, Lucr. 1, 882: navium, Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.: qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret, Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149: paululum jam roboris accessit aetati, id. Cael. 30, 73: solidaeque suo stant robore vires, Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21: si quod est robur, Flor. 2, 1, 1.—
    • 2 Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.): alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis, Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16: in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore, id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so, animi (with magnitudo), id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95: robur incredibile animi, id. Mil. 37, 101: quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum, id. Fam. 6, 1, 3: multo plus firmamenti ac roboris, id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12: hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt? id. Planc. 8, 21: pectus robore fultum, Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11: te mea robora fallunt, id. H. 16, 367: velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti, Liv. 24, 26, 11: verba quanti roboris plena, Sen. Ep. 10, 3: qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint, Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.: robur oratorium adicere sententiis, id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. § 3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.: O saxis nimirum et robore nati, Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
    • • b Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—
      • c Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.): versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore, Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.: quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit, Caes. B. C. 3, 87: quod roboris ea provincia habuerat, Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.: senatūs robur, Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.: tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani, Cic. Clu. 56, 163: haec sunt nostra robora, id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.: robora pubis, Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510: ingentia robora virorum, Plin. Pan. 34, 3: conferta robora virorum, Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold: quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset, Tac. H. 2, 19.—Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat: quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat, Col. 2, 6, 1.

rōbur (altlat. rōbus), oris, n. (aus *rōbos, vgl. rōbustus), das Starke, I) eig., das Starkholz, Hartholz, Kernholz, bes. das Eichenholz, die Eiche, a) im allg.: robur querceum vel subereum, Colum.: quercus antiquo robore, Verg.: annoso robore, Verg. u. Ov.: fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, mit der Eiche, Ov.: naves totae factae ex robore, Caes.: u. so sapiens non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus, Cic. – poet. v. and. Hartholz, morsus roboris, des Oleasters, Verg.: robora Maurorum, Citrusbäume, Stat. – b) κατʼ ἐξ. – die sehr harte Steineiche, Plin. 16, 19 (neben ilex, quercus etc.) u.a. – II) meton.: A) von den aus Eichen- od. anderem hartem Holze bereiteten Ggstdn.: a) übh.: in robore accumbunt, auf eichenen, harten Bänken, Cic.: r. aratri, eichener Pflug, Verg.: r. sacrum, das hölzerne Pferd von Troja, Verg.: robur praefixum ferro, Speer, Lanze, Verg.: u. so r. letale, Sil.: robur impingere, Mauerbrecher, Lucan.: substernere robora (eichene Balken), Min. Fel. – b) insbes., der von Servius Tullius im röm. Staatsgefängnisse (carcer) angelegte schauerliche unterirdische Kerker, in dem schwere Staatsverbrecher gefangen gehalten u. auch hingerichtet wurden, nach dem Erbauer auch Tullianum gen., Liv. 38, 59, 10. Tac. ann. 4, 29. Hor. carm. 2, 13, 19: archaist. robus, Paul. ex Fest. 264, 12. – B) die Härte, Stärke, Festigkeit, Kraft eines Ggstds., 1) als Eigenschaft: a) v. phys. Härte usw., r. ferri, Verg.: saxi, Lucr.: navium, Liv. – omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gewinnt Kraft, Lucr. – v. Körperkraft, die Manneskraft, Rüstigkeit, robur et colos imperatoris, Liv.: rob. iuventae, Liv.: qui (Messala) si iam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret, Cic.: cum paululum iam roboris accessisset aetati, Cic. – b) v. polit. Macht, neque his ipsis tantum umquam virium aut roboris fuit, Liv. 21, 1, 2. – c) v. geistiger u. moralischer Kraft, Stärke, alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis, Cic.: r. incredibile animi, Cic.: grave magnanimi robur Rutili, Ov.: quantum in cuiusque animo roboris est ac nervorum, Cic.: quid roboris attulerunt, Cic. – sententiis adicere oratorium robur, rednerischen Nachdruck geben, Quint.: m. Gen. Gerund., robur dicendi, Quint. – 2) konkr., der stärkste, kräftigste Teil eines Ggstds., Kraft, Kern, Stamm, a) übh.: versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore, Cic.: Celtiberi, id est robur Hispaniae, Flor.: poet., r. betae, Stengel, Colum. poët. – Plur., C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani, Cic.: ingentia robora virorum, Plin. pan. – b) v. Soldaten, der Kern, die Kerntruppen, der alte Stamm, et robur et suboles militum periit, As. Poll. in Cic. ep.: quod fuit roboris duobus proeliis interiit, Caes. – Plur., haec sunt nostra robora, Cic.: robora peditum, centurionum, Liv. – c) v. einer Örtl., der Stützpunkt, quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem (Herd) bello legisset, zu fester Basis des Kr., Tac. hist. 2, 19. – d) (archaist. robus) eine vorzügl. schwere Art Weizen, Kraftweizen, Colum. 2, 6, 1. – C) der Starrkrampf, als Krankheit der Pferde, Pelagon. veterin. 23 (294 Ihm); vgl. Veget. mul. 5, 23. § 3 u. 17. – ➳ Archaist. Form robus, Cato r. r. 17, 1. Colum. 2, 6, 1. – Bei den Gramm. (Charis. 30, 5; 43, 31; 86, 5; 119, 2. Prisc. de accent. 24. p. 524, 2 K. Phocas 416, 10 K.) u. in sehr guten Hdschrn., doch nicht in den Ausgaben, auch robor, s. Lachm. Lucr. 2, 1131. p. 140. Neue Wagener-Formenl. 1, 270.

robur [CL] 1 oak tree. b (unspec.) tree; c (w. ref. to Dan. iv 7–8). in loco qui ‥ lingua Anglorum Augustinaes Ác, id est ~ur Augustini ‥ appellatur Bede HE II 2 p. 81; ~or ‥ aac GlC R 206.  b tremebat tellus turbida / atque eruta robora / cadebant cum verticibus / simul ruptis radicibus (Aldh.) Carm. Aldh. 1. 42; siquando ornos aut ingentia ~a de montibus evulsa radicitus traxit Lib. Monstr. I 56; nidificare volens fert cinnomon cinomolgus / edificatque suum procero robore nidum V. Merl. 1354; ventus ‥ templa domosque detexit ‥ et innumera silvarum ~ora prostravit Ord. Vit. XII 1 p. 312; licet generaliter omnis herba gramen vocetur; sicut ~ur omne lignum quum sit et species Alb. Lond. DG 11. 10; s1252 in cimiterio beati Albani ~ora, que trium hominum amplexibus circumdari nequiverant, tria radicitus avulsit M. Par. Maj. V 273.  c frondoso regnator stipite robor / imperio fretus vidit de cespite crescens Aldh. VirgV 338. 2 solid part of oak or other trees, trunk, large log, also ligni or stipitum robur; b (used as firewood). c piece of timber, wood; d (w. ref. to Matth. vii 3–4); e (transf. also of rock). c705 cava stipitum ~ora rimatur [rex apum] Aldh. Ep. 9 (12); caudex, ~or GlC C 39; ligni ~ur pro hostio conveniens admovit et hoc ‥ tanti ponderis erat quod ab inclusa nullatenus ‥ removeri poterat V. Chris. Marky. 39; castores ‥ a silvis ad aquas lignea ~ora ‥ conducunt Gir. TH I 26; 1245 eas [carratas bosci] eis habere faciat de ramis et ~oribus siccis folia non ferentibus Liberate 21 m. 11; 1277 quercus et ~ora quercuum CalCl 392; duo ~ora ad domos suas ‥ emendand’ Ib. 393; unum ~ur fagi folia fagi non portantis Ib. 394; 1297 preceptum est quod vendantur rodri [MS: rodr'] et veteres arbores in bosco Ac. Cornw 253; 1307 de xl s. de iiijxxvij roffris venditis in bosco hoc anno Crawley 251.  b 1224 meminimus nos ‥ dedisse ‥ x vetera ~ora non ferentia fructum vel folia ‥ ad focum suum Cl I 590a; 1265 quinque quercus ad maeremium et ‥ quinque ~ora ad focum Cl 50; 1292 quadraginta ~ora singulis annis percipienda in forestis nostris ‥ ad focum suum in camera sua MonA II 337b; 1296 ~era folia non portantia ad focum suum Cl 113 m. 2; 1463 cum omnibus copiciis et omnibus rubboribus FineR m. 5.  c tunc crucis in patulum coguntur scandere robur Aldh. VirgV 1117; ‘pars inventa sacri est mecum de stipite ligni’ / ‥ roboris ‥ aegro dedit Alcuin SS Ebor 493.  d si nostram, lector, festucam tollere quaeris, / robora de proprio lumine tolle prius Alcuin Carm. 80. 1. 10.  e s1169 cives ‥ ad defensionem promptissimi, ~ora ‥ tam lignea quam saxea projicientes Gir. EH I 3 p. 232. 3 physical strength: a (of person); b (of animal); c (of plant). a incolumis subito factus ac robore fortis / perrexit sanus Alcuin WillV 31. 16; ~ores, vires GlC R 210; quoad juvenilis etatis ~ur adversitatibus assuesceret Abbo QG 1 (2); comes, viridis juventa et precellens ~ore W. Malm. GR III 236; quia mortalium ~ur labile est subitoque ceu flos feni marcet Ord. Vit. III 5 p. 73; quosdam paralisis dissolverat, omne ~ur eorum enervans J. Furness Kentig. 29 p. 212; brachii quoque et pedis debilitatem gratuita bonitate ‥ in pristinum ~ur restituit Mir. Fridesw. 70.  b in omni fere animantium genere, mares majori in ~ore natura producat Gir. TH I 12; non ‥ elephantos mole, tauros ~ore, tigrides velocitate preibimus Bern. Comm. Aen. 29.  c potest ‥ viror herbe intelligi novella ‥ sanctitatis conversacio, ~ur vero ligni, conversacio eadem cum creverit in solidam perfeccionem Gros. Hexaem. IV 29 p. 153. 4 military strength, (by metonymy) troops. b power, might (of people or nation). quicquid residuum erat militaris ~oris exhausit W. Malm. GR I 2; Henricus ‥ cum ~ore Normannorum Gallie regnum optinuit Ord. Vit. I 24 p. 179; non militari ~ore prostratus sed livore femineo corruptus Ib. VII 7 p. 187; nonne corrobore [l. cum robore] mei exercitus victor exstitit? Hist. Meriadoci 393.  b eo extincto Britonum ~ur emarcuit, spes imminute retro fluxere W. Malm. GR I 8; ut post primam pugnam numquam communi umbone ad libertatem temptarint assurgere; quasi cum Haraldo ~ur omne deciderit patrie Id. Wulfst. II 1. 5 ability to effect something, strength, power. b strength of character, resolve. quae res in terris armatur robore tanto / aut paribus fungi nitatur viribus audax Aldh. Aen. 93 (Scintilla) 1; operimini pro fidei vestre ~ore horrenda supplicia W. Malm. GR IV 347; perpendentes fidei tue ~ur (Lit. Papae) Ib. V 415; centurio ‥ in plenum fidei convaluit ~ur J. Ford Serm. 48. 5; Spiritus Sanctus ‥ ordinavit genus cantus enharmonicum quod et ~or habet sine horrore et sine lascivia condelectat Bacon Tert. 297.  b Cesaream ‥ Balduinus totis viribus et offirmato ~ore obsidens W. Malm. GR IV 380. 6 force, validity, authority. b (in suo ~ore permanere or sim.) to remain in force. c confirmation, corroboration, proof. ut hec donatio ‥ ~ur perpetuitatis ‥ optineat Reg. Malm. II 254; ut ‥ firmum perpetuitatis ~ur obtineat Gir. TH pref. p. 21; c1310 aliquod scriptum ‥ prius factum ‥ huic concessioni ‥ in nullo valeat impedire, nec ~ur habere inposterum FormA 384; c1380 extunc presens concessio ‥ nullius sit ~oris vel virtutis Reg. Whet. I 85; 1433 idcirco volumus et decrevimus quod prefate litere nostre ‥ de cetero omni ~ore careant et virtute Pri. Cold. 107; 1508 nullius ~uris fore Reg. Aberbr. II 381.  b 1220 rescriptis apostolicis in suo ~ore permanentibus Pat 244; 1254 donacio ‥ in suo ~ore perseveret RGasc I 518a; 1311 aliis ‥ statutis ‥ in suo ~ore duraturis MunAcOx I 90; 1334 nos concessionem nostram predictam in suo ~ore permanere volentes volumus RScot 271a; 1428 obligacio ‥ in suo ~ore permaneat et effectu Lit. Cant. III 152; 1477 obligacio ‥ in suo ~ore stat et in effectu FormA 365.  c 1072 ultimum quasi ~ur causaeque firmamentum prolata sunt antecessorum vestrorum ‥ privilegia atque scripta Lanfr. Ep. 3 (4); 1235 in hujus rei ~ur et testimonium literas meas patentes vobis transmitto FormA 6; 1420 signumque meum apposui in ~ur et testimonium omnium premissorum Reg. Cant. I 66; 1422 in signum ~oris dicte prefessionis sue fecit in dicta cedula quoddam signaculum crucis Ib. 79.

rōbŭr (8) (rōbŏr Lucr. 2, 1131 ), ōris, n. , ¶ 1 rouvre [sorte de chêne très dur] : Plin. 16, 19 ; 16, 28, etc. || [poét.] lʼolivier : Virg. En. 12, 783 ¶ 2 bois de chêne chêne : Cæs. G. 3, 13, 3 ; Cic. Ac. 2, 101 ; Div. 2, 85 ; Hor. O. 1, 3, 9 || objets en chêne : [banc] in robore accumbere Cic. Mur. 74, sʼasseoir sur le chêne, à même le chêne [pour manger] ; [lance] Virg. En. 10, 479 ; [bois de la charrue] Virg. G. 1, 162 || cachot dʼune prison : Liv. 38, 59, 10 ; Tac. Ann. 4, 29 ; cf. P. Fest. 264, 12 || instrument de torture : Lucr. 3, 1017 ¶ 3 [fig.] a) dureté, solidité, force de résistance : [du fer] Lucr. 2, 449 ; Virg. En. 7, 610 ; [de la pierre] Lucr. 1, 882 ; [des navires] Liv. 37, 30, 2 ; [dʼune personne] Cic. Amer. 149 ; Cæl. 73 ; b) force, résistance, vigueur [au moral] : Cic. Off. 1, 14 ; de Or. 2, 343 ; Mil. 101 ; Mur. 58 ; Liv. 24, 26, 11 ; quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt ? Cic. Planc. 21, quelle force nʼapportèrent-ils pas à sa candidature ! oratorium robur Quint. 10, 5, 4, la vigueur oratoire ; c) [la partie la plus solide dʼune chose] cœur, noyau, élite : versari in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore Cic. Or. 34, vivre au milieu dʼune élite aussi brillante que solide, formée des meilleurs citoyens ; robur legionum Liv. 28, 22, 13, lʼélite constituée par les légions ; quod fuit roboris Cæs. C. 3, 87, ce quʼil y avait de plus solide [dans lʼarmée], lʼélite, [cf. quod roboris in exercitu erat Liv. 30, 20, 5 ] ; C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Mæcenas, illa robora populi Romani Cic. Clu. 163, C. Flavius Pusio, etc., cette élite du peuple romain ; hæc sunt nostra robora Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3, voilà le noyau de mes troupes ; robora virorum Liv. 21, 54, 3, lʼélite des guerriers || coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legere Tac. H. 2, 19, choisir comme point dʼappui solide et comme base pour la guerre une colonie forte et riche ; d) robus Col. Rust. 2, 6, 1, sorte de blé dʼélite [lourd et brillant].

➳ forme arch. robus Cato Agr. 17, 1 ; Col. Rust. 2, 6, 1 || robor est attesté par les gramm.: Char. 30, 5 ; 43, 31, etc.; Ps. Prisc. Accent. 24.

robur , oris. n.
橡樹。棍。推下犯人之處。壯健。力。大胆。— ferri 鐵之硬。— accusationis 吿狀之機。罪由。

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rōbur oris, n

• hard-wood, oak-wood, oak: naves totae factae ex robore, Cs.: (sapiens) non est e robore dolatus: Illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, H.—Very hard wood: morsus Roboris, i. e. of the wild olive, V.: solido de robore myrtus, V.—A tree-trunk: annoso validam robore quercum, i. e. old and sturdy, V.: antiquo robore quercus, with ancient trunk, V.—An oak-tree, oak: fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, O.: agitata robora pulsant (delphines), O.—A piece of oak, structure of hard wood: in robore accumbunt, i. e. on hard benches: sacrum, i. e. the wooden horse, V.: ferro praefixum, i. e. lance, V.: nodosum, i. e. club, O.: aratri, i. e. the oaken plough, V.—A stronghold, dungeon: in robore et tenebris exspiret, L.: Italum, H.—Fig., hardness, physical strength, firmness, vigor, power: aeternaque ferri Robora, V.: navium, L.: satis aetatis atque roboris habere: corporum animorumque, L.: solidaeque suo stant robore vires, V. —Enduring strength, force, vigor: virtutis: animi: pectus robore fultum, O.: neque his (gentibus) tantum virium aut roboris fuit, L.—The best part, pith, kernel, strength, flower, choice: totius Italiae: quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit, Cs.: senatūs robur, L.: haec sunt nostra robora: lecta robora virorum, L.: robora pubis, V.

ROBUR

ROBUR[CARCER]

Robur

See carcer, p. 277.