Capitolinus

Căpĭtōlīnus, a, um, adj. [Capitolium],

• of or pertaining to the Capitol, Capitoline: clivus, Cic. Rab. Perd. 11, 31: sedes, id. Div. 1, 12, 19; 2, 20, 45: collis, Mart. 12, 21: area, Suet. Calig. 22; 34; Gell. 2, 10, 2.—Of Jupiter, Auct. Dom. 57, 144; Suet. Caes. 84; id. Aug. 30; 91; 94; id. Tib. 53; id. Dom. 4: dapes, that was given to Jupiter, Mart. 12, 48: Venus, Suet. Calig. 7: amphora, q. v.: ludi, Liv. 5, 50, 4: certamen, Suet. Dom. 13; cf. id. ib. 4: quercus, a crown of oak given to victors in the Capitoline games, Juv. 6, 387. —
• • B Subst.
  • • 1 Căpĭtōlīnus, i, m., the Capitoline Hill, Auct. Her. 4, 32, 43.—
    • 2 Căpĭtōlīni, ōrum, m., persons who had the charge of these games, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2.— In sing., a cognomen of M. Manlius, on account of his rescue of the Capitol, Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 24.

1 Căpĭtōlīnus, (10) a, um, Capitolin, du Capitole : v. clivus ; Juppiter Capitolinus Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 66, Jupiter Capitolin ; ludi Capitolini Liv. 5, 50, 4, jeux Capitolins [célébrés en lʼhonneur de Jupiter] ; dapes Capitolinæ Mart. 12, 48, 12, festin servi à Jupiter dans la cérémonie du lectisternium ; Capitolina quercus Juv. 6, 387, couronne de chêne, prix du vainqueur dans les jeux Capitolins [institués par Domitien] || -līnī, ōrum, m. , prêtres chargés de la célébration des jeux Capitolins : Cic. Q. 2, 5, 2.

2 Căpĭtōlīnus, (11) ī, m. , surnom des Quinctius, des Manlius : Liv. 3, 12, 2 ; not^t M. Manlius Capitolinus, qui sauva le Capitole : Liv. 5, 31, 2 || Jules Capitolin, un des auteurs de lʼHistoire Auguste.

Capitoli'nus

a family-name in several Roman gentes, which was no doubt originally given to a person who lived on the hill Capitolinus. In the same way Aventinensis, Caeliomontanus, Esquilinus, frequently occur as the names of families at Rome. [L.S]

Capitoli'nus, Ju'lius Works Historiae Augustae Scriptores sex

We possess a volume containing the biographies of various Roman emperors and pretenders to the purple, compiled by writers who flourished towards the end of the third and the beginning of the fourth century, dedicating their works for the most part to Diocletian or Constantine. The number of pieces is in all thirty-four. They reach from Hadrian to the death of Carinus, that is, from A. D. 117 to A. D. 284, extending over a space of 167 years, and forming a sort of supplement to the Caesars of Suetonius, which terminate with Domitian. No immediate connexion, however, is established with the last-named work, since Nerva and Trajan are passed over; nor is the series absolutely complete, even within its own proper limits, for there is a gap of nine years, front the third Gordian to Valerianus, that is, from A. D. 244 to A. D. 253, including the reigns of Philippus, Decius, Gallus, and Aemilianus. It is by no means unlikely, indeed, that these, as well as Nerva and Trijan, may originally have formed a part of the whole, and that the existing blanks are owing to the mutilation of the MS. which formed the archetype; but this is merely a probable conjecture.

The authors of the collection are commonly classed together under the title Historiae Augustae Scriptores sex, their names being Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Aelius Lampridius, Trebellius Pollio, and Flavius Vopiscus. In consequence of the confusion which prevails in the MSS. it is impossible to assign each section with absolute certainty to its real owner, and no trustworthy conclusion can be drawn from comparing the styles of the different portions, for the lives do not exhibit the well-digested result of careful and extensive research, but are in many instances evidently made up of scraps derived from different sources and possessing different degrees of merit, loosely tacked together, and often jumbled into a rough mass destitute of form and symmetry. Hence we find numerous repetitions of frivolous details, a strange mixture of what is grave and valuable with the most puerile and worthless rubbish, and a multitude of irreconcilcable and contradictory statements freely admitted without remark or explanation. We have history here presented to us in its lowest and crudest shape--a total want of judgment in the selection and classification of facts; an absence of all unity of purpose, no attempt being made to establish a relation between the circumstances recorded and the character of the individual under discussion ; and a total disregard of philosophical combination and inference. The narratives have all the bareness and disjointed incoherence of a meagre chronicle without possessing simplicity and methodical arrangement.

These strictures may perhaps be slightly modified in favour of Vopiscus, who appears to have had access to valuable public records, and to have taken some pains to extract what was most interesting, although he often exhibits as little discretion as the rest in working up his raw materials. But, notwithstanding all these defects, this compilation is of no small importance in enabling us to form a just conception of an important period of Roman history. We have no reason to question the general accuracy of the great events recorded, although blended with idle rumours and false details; nor the general fidelity of the portraits of the leading men, although the likenesses may be in some instances flattered and in others caricatured, according to the predilections of the artist. The antiquarian, above all, will here discover a mass of curious statements with regard to the formal administration of public affairs and the history of jurisprudence, together with a multitude of particulars illustrating the state of literature and the arts, the social usages and modes of thought and feeling which prevailed among the different classes of the community during this stormy period. Nay, the very frivolous minuteness with which these writers descant upon matters connected with the private life and habits of the personages who pass under review, although unworthy of the dignity of history, opens up to us a very singular region for observation and inquiry, the more interesting because usually inaccessible. In these departments also we may receive the information conveyed without suspicion, for upon such topics there could be no conceivable motive for falsehood or misrepresentation ; and the worst we have to fear is, that the love of the marvellous may occasionally have given rise to exaggeration in describing the fantastic extravagance and profusion so characteristic of that epoch.

Nine biographies bear the name of Capitolinus : 1. Antoninus Pius 2. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 3. L. Verus 4. Pertinax 5. Clodius Albinus 6. Opilius Macrinus 7. the two Maximini 8. the three Gordiani 9. Maximus and Balbinus. Of these Antoninus Pius and L. Verus are inscribed to Diocletian, who is also addressed in M. Aurelius (100.19); Pertinax and Maximus with Balbinus bear no inscription; the rest are inscribed to Constantine. Salmasius, following the authority of the Palatine MSS., assigns the first five to Spartianus, and acknowledges the sixth, seventh, and 8th only, as the genuine productions of Capitolinus; but these are points on which it is foolish, in the absence of all satisfactory evidence, internal or external, to hazard even an opinion. Editions

The editio princeps of the Historiae Augustae Scriptores was printed at Milan in 1475 by Philip de Lavagna, in a folio volume divided into three parts, of which the first contains Suetonius; the second a piece entitled de exordio Nervae, followed by the Augustan Historians; the third Eutropius and Paulus Diaconus. It is excessively rare, and bears a high price. It was reprinted at Venice by Bernardinus, fol. 1489, and by Rubeus, fol. 1490. These lives are also to be found in various miscellanies containing the history of the Caesars which appeared during the 16th century; but they were first brought out in an independent form at Paris, 4to. 1603, under the inspection of Isaac Casaubon; this was followed by the edition of Salmasius, fol. Par. 1620, which exhibits a text greatly improved by a careful examination of MSS. and copious notes containing a prodigious but illdigested mass of erudition. The most useful edition is that by Schrevelius (Lugd. Bat. 1671); but much remains to be done, for palpable corruptions appear in every page. Further Information

Dodwell, Praelect. Academ. 8vo, Oxford, 1692 ; Heyne, Opusc. Academ. vol. vi. p. 52, &c.; Gu. de Moulines, Mémoires sur les Ecricains de l'Histoire Auguste, in Mémoires de l'Académie de Berlin, 1750 ; Godofred. Muscovius, Oratio de Usu et Praestantia Hist. August. in Jure Civili, in his Opusc. Juridica et Philolog. 8vo. Lips. 1776; H. E. Dirksen, Die Script. Histor. August. 8vo. Lips. 1842. [W.R]

Capitoli'nus, P. Mae'lius

twice consular tribune, in B. C. 400 and 396. (Liv. 5.12, 18.) [L.S]

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

1. M. Manlius Capitolinus, consular tribune in B. C. 434. (Liv. 4.23.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

2. L. Manlius Capitolinus, consular tribune in B. C. 422. (Liv. 4.42.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

3. A. Manlius CN. N. Capitolinus Vulso, A. F., thrice consular tribune, in B. C. 405, 402, and 397. In B. C. 390 he was one of the ambassadors whom the senate sent to Delphi, to dedicate there the golden crater which Camillus had vowed. In the straits of Sicily the ambassadors fell in with pirates of Lipara and were made prisoners, but they were restored to freedom and treated with distinction at Lipara, when it became known who they were. (Liv. 4.61, 5.8, 16, 28.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

4. M. Manlius Capitolinus, T. F. A. N., the famous deliverer of the Capitol from the Gauls, was consul in B. C. 392 with L. Valerius Potitus. An insignificant war was carried on in that year against the Aequians, for which Manlius was honoured with an ovation, and his colleague with a triumph. Rome was visited at the time by a pestilence, and as the two consuls were seized with it, they were obliged to abdicate, and an interreign followed. In B. C. 390, when the Gauls one night endeavoured to ascend the Capitol, Manlius, whose residence was on the Capitol, was roused from his sleep by the cackling of the geese, and on discovering the cause of it, he and as many men as he could collect at the moment hastened to the spot where the Gauls were ascending, and succeeded in repelling them. This gallant and successful deed was rewarded the next day by the assembled people with all the simple and rude honours and distinctions which were customary at the time. He is said to have received the surname of Capitolinus from this circumstance; but this is probably a mistake, as it had become a regular family-name m his gens before his time, and he would thus have inherited it from his father. In B. C. 387 he was appointed interrex, but two years later, B. C. 385, he abandoned the cause of the patricians, to whom he belonged, and placed himself at the head of the plebeians, who were suffering severely from their debts and the harsh and cruel treatment they experienced from their patrician creditors. The motive, however, from which Manlius came forward to support them was not pure; it appears that after his delivery of the Capitol he was so intoxicated with his exploit, that he could not bear seeing any man placed on an equality with or raised above himself, and it is even believed that he harboured the scheme of making himself tyrant or king of Rome. With such or similar intentions he excited the plebeians against their oppressors, who became so alarmed that they resolved upon the appointment of a dictator, A. Cornelius Cossus. While the dictator was absent from Rome, Manlius had recourse to violence to rescue the plebeians from the hands of their creditors, and conducted himself altogether like a complete demagogue. When the dictator returned to the city in order to put a stop to the proceedings of Manlius, he summoned Manlius to appear before him. The rebel came accompanied by a host of plebeians; but the dictator had him arrested by one of his viators and consigned to prison as a seditious citizen. The plebeians, though they did not venture anything against the orders of the dictator, displayed their grief by putting on mourning for their champion, and gathering around his prison. The attempts of the senate to allay the indignation of the plebeians by assignments of land, only irritated them their more, as they regarded these favours as bribes to betray their patron, and the insurrection rose to such a height, that the senate and patricians saw themselves obliged to liberate Manlius. By this step, however, nothing was gained; the plebeians now had a leader, and the insurrection instead of decreasing spread further and further. In the year following, B. C. 384, the Romans had not to fight against any foreign enemy, and as Manlius did not scruple to instigate the plebs to open violence, the consular tribunes of the year received orders, viderent ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Manlius was charged with high-treason, and brought before the people assembled in the campus Martius, but as the Capitol which had once been saved by him could be seen from this place, the court was removed to the Poetelinian grove outside the porta Nomentana. Here Manlius was condemned, notwithstanding his former military glory and his appeals to the gratitude of the people, and the tribunes threw him down the Tarpeian rock. The members of the Manlia gens considered that he had brought disgrace upon them, and accordingly resolved that none of then should ever have in future the praenomen of Marcus. (Liv. v. 31, 47, 6.5, 11, 14_20; Cic. de Re Publ. 2.27, Philipp. 1.13, 2.44; Gel. 17.21; Dio Cass. Frag. 31, p. 15, ed. Reimar, 45.32; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 24.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

5. A. Manlius Capitolinus, A. F. A. N., four times consular tribune, in B. C. 389, 385, 383, and 370. In his first tribuneship Rome was attacked by several enemies at once, and A. Manlius obtained the command of one of the three armies then raised for guarding the city. In the second tribuneship he persuaded the senate to appoint a dictator to carry on the war against the Volscians, Latins, and Hernicans. (Liv. 6.1, 11, 21, 36.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

6. C. Manlius Capitolinus, consular tribune in B. C., 385. (Liv. 6.30.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

7. P. Manlius Capitolinus, A. F. A. N., consular tribune in B. C. 379. He was created dictator in B. C. 368, as the successor of M. Furius Camillus, for the purpose of restoring peace between the two orders, and during his government the Licinian laws were carried. In the year following he was elected consular tribune a second time. (Liv. 6.30, 38, &c.; Plut. Camill. 39, 42.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

8. L. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, A. F. A. N., was dictator in B. C. 363 clavi figendi causa. (Liv. 7.3.)

Capitoli'nus, Ma'nlius

9. Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, L. F. A. N., was consul in B. C. 359 with M. Popillius Laenas, and carried on a war with the Tiburtines. Two years later, B. C. 357, he was again called to the consulship, during which he had to carry on a war against the Faliscans and Tarquinienses. In B. C. 351 he was censor with C. Marcius Rutilus, and during the war with the Auruncans in 345, he was magister equitum to the dictator L. Furius Camillus. (Liv. 7.12, 16, 22, 28.) [L.S]

Capitoli'nus, Peti'llius

was according to the Scholiast on Horace (Sat. 1.4. 94) entrusted with the care of the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol, and was accused of having stolen the crown of Jupiter, but was acquitted by the judges in consequence of his being a friend of Augustus. The Scholiast states that Petillius received the surname of Capitolinus from his being placed over the Capitol; but whether this be so, or whether it was a regular family-name of the gens, so much is certain, that the annexed coin of the gens refers to the connexion of one of the Petillii with the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, for the obverse represents the head of Jupiter, and the reverse the temple.

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

1. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, was consul in B. C. 471 with App. Claudius Sabinus Regillensis. During the disputes about the Publilian law, he opposed his colleague and conciliated the plebeians, and the law was carried. He then conducted the war against the Aequians, and his great popularity with the soldiers enabled him to conquer the enemy, who did not venture to meet the Romans, but allowed them to ravage the country. The immense booty acquired in this campaign was all distributed among the soldiers. He obtained the consulship a second time in B. C. 468, during which year he again carried on a war against the Volscians and Aequians, and by his presence of mind saved the Roman camp, which was attacked by the enemy during the night. After this war he was honoured with a triumph. In B. C. 365 he was made consul a third time. The war against the Aequians and Volscians was still continued, and Capitolinus, who was stationed on mount Algidus and there heard of the ravaging inroads of the Aequians in the Roman territory, returned to Rome and delivered his fellow-citizens from their terror. The senate proclaimed a justitium, and the consul again marched out to protect the Roman frontier; but as he did not meet with the enemy, who had in the meantime been defeated by his colleague Q. Fabius, Capitolinus returned to Rome four days after he had left it. The consulship was given him for the fourth time in B. C. 446, together with Agrippa Furius. During the quarrels which were then going on at Rome between the patricians and plebeians, the Aequians and Volscians again took up arms, began ravaging Latium, and advanced up to the very walls of the city. The people of Rome were too distracted among themselves to take the field against the enemy, but Capitolinus succeeded in allaying the discontent of the plebs, and in rousing the nation to defend itself with all energy. The supreme command of the Roman army was given him with the consent of his colleague, and he routed the enemy in a fierce contest. In B. C. 443 he obtained his fifth consulship. In this year the censorship was instituted at Rome as an office distinct from the consulship. While his colleague M. Geganius Macerinus was engaged in a war against Ardea, Capitolinus gained equal laurels at home by acting as mediator between the patricians and plebeians, with both of whom he had acquired the highest esteem. The extraordinary wisdom and moderation he had shewn on all occasions, obtained for him the sixth consulship in B. C. 439, together with Agrippa Menenius. Rome was at that time visited by a famine, and when he pointed out the necessity of appointing a dictator under the circumstances, the dignity was offered him, but he declined it on account of his advanced age, recommending L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, who was accordingly raised to that dignity. In B. C. 437, he accompanied the dictator Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus as legate in his campaign against Fidenae, and a few years later he came forward as a suppliant for the son of the dictator Cincinnatus, who was tried before the comitia, and the prayer of the aged Quinctius procured his acquittal. After this time we hear no more of him. (Liv. 2.56-60, 64, 3.2, &c., 66, &c., 4.8, 10, 13, 17, 41; Dionys. A. R. 9.43, &c., 57, 61, 11.63; Zonar. 7.19.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

2. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, a son of No. 1, was consul in B. C. 421, together with N. Fabius Vibulanus. (Liv. 4.43.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

3. T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, T. F. T. N., a son of No. 2, consular tribune in B. C. 405. (Liv. 4.61; Zonar. 7.20.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

4. T. Quinctius Capitolinus, consular trbune in B. C. 385, and magister equitum in the same year to the dictator Q. Cornelius Cossus. (Liv. 6.11.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

5. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus, consular tribune in B. C. 388. [Cincinnatus.]

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

6. T. Quinctius Cincinnatus CAPITOLINUS, consular tribune in B. C. 368. [Cincinnatus.]

7. T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus, T. F., was appointed dictator in B. C. 361, to conduct the war against the Gauls, as Livy thinks, who is supported by the triumphal fasti, which ascribe to him a triumph in this year over the Gauls. In the year following he was magister equitum to the dictator, Q. Servilius Ahala, who likewise fought against the Gauls. In B. C. 354 he was consul with M. Fabius Ambustus, and in that year the Tiburtines and Tarquinienses were subdued. In B. C. 351, he was appointed consula sesecond time, and received the conduct of the war against the Faliscans as his province, but no battle was fought, as the Romans confined themselves to ravaging the country. (Liv. 7.9, 11, 18, 22.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

8. T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus CRISPINUS. In B. C. 214, when M. Claudius Marcellus went to Rome to sue for his third consulship, he left Capitolinus in Sicily in command of the Roman fleet and camp. In B. C. 209, he was elected praetor, and obtained Capua as his province. The year after, B. C. 208, he was elected consul together with M. Claudius Marcellus, and both consuls were commissioned to carry on the war against Hannibal in Italy. In a battle which was fought in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, Capitolinus was severely wounded and retreated. He was afterwards carried to Capua and thence to Rome, where he died at the close of the year, after having proclaimed T. Manlius Torquatus dictator. (Liv. 24.39, 27.6, 7, 21, 27, 28, 33; Plb. 10.32.)

Capitoli'nus, Qui'nctius

9. T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus, T. F., consul in B. C. 9. (Fast. Cap.) [L.S]

Capitoli'nus, P. Se'xtius or Se'xtius Vaticanus

surnamed VATICANUS, was consul in B. C. 452 with T. Menenius Agrippa. In this year the ambassadors who had been sent to Athens for the purpose of consulting its laws and institutions, returned to Rome, and in the year following P. Sextius was one of the decemvirs appointed to draw up a new code of laws. Festus (s. v. peculates) mentions a lex multaticia which was carried by P. Sextius and his colleague during their consulship. (Liv. 3.32, &c.; Dionys. A. R. 10.54.) [L.S]

Capitoli'nus, Sp. Tarpe'ius Monta'nus

consul in B. C. 454 with A. Aternius Varus. A lex de multae sacramento which was carried in his consulship, is mentioned by Festus (s. v. peculatus, comp. Cic. de Re Publ. 2.35; Liv. 3.31; Dionys. A. R. 10.48, 50). After the close of their office both consuls were accused by a tribune of the people for having sold the booty which they had made in the war against the Aequians, and giving the proceeds to the aerarium instead of distributing it among the soldiers. Both were condemned notwithstanding the violent opposition of the senate. In B. C. 449, when the Roman army advanced towards Rome to revenge the murder of Virginia, and had taken possession of the Aventine, Sp. Tarpeius was one of the two ambassadors whom the senate sent to the revolted army to remonstrate with then. In the year following, he and A. Aternius, though both were patricians, were elected tribunes of the plebs by the cooptation of the college to support the senate in its opposition to the rogation of the tribune L. Trebonius. (Liv. 3.50, 55.) [L.S]

Capitōlīnus adj.

• Capitolium, of the Capitol, Capitoline: clivus: ludi, L.: quercus, a crown of oak awarded in the Capitoline games, Iu.—Plurm. as subst., the directors of the Capitoline games.

Capitolīnus

(1) A surname of Iupiter, from his temple on the Mons Capitolinus.

(2) A surname of M. Manlius (q.v.), who, for his ambition in aspiring to sovereign power, was thrown down from the Tarpeian Rock, which he had so nobly defended (Flor.i. 13 and 26).

(3) Mons, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built, containing the citadel and fortress of the Capitol. (See Capitolium.) Three ascents led to its summit from below. (a) By the 100 steps of the Tarpeian Rock, which was probably on the steepest side, where it overhangs the Tiber. (b) The Clivus Capitolinus, which began from the Arch of Tiberius and the Temple of Saturn, near the modern Hospital of the Consolazione, and led to the citadel by a winding path. (c) The Clivus Asȳli, which, being less steep than the other two, was, on that account, the road by which the triumphant generals were borne in their cars to the Capitol. This ascent began at the Arch of Septimius Severus, and from thence, winding to the left, passed near the ruined pillars of the Temple of Concord, and from thence led to the Intermontium. The Capitoline Hill is said to have been previously called Saturnius, from the ancient city of Saturnia, of which it was the citadel. Afterwards it was known by the name of Mons Tarpeius, and finally it obtained the appellation first mentioned, from the circumstance of a human head (caput) being discovered on its summit, in making the foundations of the Temple of Iupiter. It was considered as forming two summits, which, though considerably depressed, are yet sufficiently apparent. That which looked to the south and the Tiber was the Tarpeian Rock or citadel, the other, which was properly the Capitol, faced the north and the Quirinal. The space which was left between these two elevations was known by the name of Intermontium. See Roma.

Capitolīnus

(1) Petilius. A governor of the Capitol. (Compare the commentators on Horace, Sat. i. 4, 94.) It is also related that he was accused of having stolen, during his office, a golden crown, consecrated to Iupiter, and that, having pleaded his cause in person, he was acquitted by the judges, in order to gratify Augustus, with whom he was on friendly terms.

(2) Iulius, one of those later Roman historians whose works form what has been termed the Augustan History (Augusta Historia). He lived during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine the Great, and we have from him the lives of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Verus, Pertinax, Albinus, Macrinus, the two Maximins, the three Gordians, Maximus, and Balbinus. He wrote other lives also which have not reached us. The greater part of his biographies are dedicated to Diocletian and Constantine. His works show carelessness and want of proper arrangement. See Augustae Historiae Scriptores.