Rufinus
prime minister of Theodosius the Great, one of the most able, but also most intriuing, treacherous, and dangerous men of his time. Suidas calls him βαθυγνώμος ἄνθρωπος καὶ κρύψινος. He was a native of Elusium, the capital of Novempopulania, a portion of Aquitania, in Gaul, now Eause in Gascony. Although of low birth, he succeeded in working his way up to the imperial court, and early attached himself to the fortune of Theodosius, with whom he became a great favourite. He employed his ascendancy over the emperor to abuse his confidence, and Theodosius seemed to have been struck with a blindness which prevented him from seeing the odious vices and public crimes of this dangerous mall. At the time of the great troubles at Thessalonica, in A. D. 390, Rufinus held the important post of magister officiorum, and having great influence in the imperial cabinet, excited the vindictive Theodosius to those cruel measures which brought ruin upon that flourishing city. In 392 Rufinus was consul, and raised himself to the dignity of praefectus praetorio by deposing the then prefect Tatianus, sending him into exile, and putting to death his son Proculus, the praefect of Constantinople. In consequence of these proceedings, and his boundless rapacity through which the eastern provinces were nearly ruined, Rufinus incurred the general hatred; and the empire was surprised when, after the death of Theodosius in the same year, 392, he continued his former influence over the weak Arcadius. There were, however, men in the empire able to cope with him, and little dreading his power. Among these Stilicho and Eutropius were the principal, and they consequently became objects of fear and hatred to Rnfinus. In order to divert the attention of these powerfill men from his own person, and prevent them from joining in Constantinople for his destruction, Rufinus persuaded the Huns and the Goths to make an inroad into the empire. The former came from Scythia by sea, landed in Asia Minor, and carried destruction as fir as Antioch, where their farther progress was arrested. The Goths were met by the brave Stilicho who, owing to the nachinations of Rufinus, sustained more defeats than he obtained victories, and was unable to chastise the barbarians as they deserved. They retreated, however, and now Stilicho entered with Gainas, the Gothic ally of Arcadius, into a plan for ruining Rufinus. Gainas soon gained the assistance of his officers, land approached Constantinople under the pretext of having his troops reviewed by the emperor. Ruifinus had meanwhile prevailed upon Arcadius to make him co-emperor, and they set out from Constantinople to meet the returning army, and have the proclamation made in presence of Gainas and his men, whom they thought devoted to the all-powerful minister. Rufinus was so sure of his nomination, that he had already money coined with his effigy, destined to be distributed among the soldiers. Arcadius and Rufinus arrived in the camp of Gainas on the 27th of November 395, and the solemnity was on the point of taking place, when suddenly one of Gainas' men rushed upon Rufinus, who stood close to the emperor, and plunged his sword in his breast. Others soon followed his example, and in a moment Rufinus fell a victim to their fury. His head was cut off, stuck upon a spear, and paraded through the camp. His right hand was likewise cut off, and a soldier carried it about among his comrades, crying in mockery, "Charity, charity to the hand that could never get enough!" Arcadius fled in consternation from the scene of murder, but his fears were soon removed, and he agreed to confiscate the immense property of Rufinus. Of this Eutropius, who was secretly privy to the murder, got the lion's share. Others, who had been robbed by Rufinus, tried to obtain an indemnity by seizing whatever they could find belonging to him, till at last Arcadius issued an edict, at the instigation of Eutropius, by which the whole residue of the property of Rufinus was declared to be imperial, or more properly speaking Eutropian, property. The wife and daughter of Rufinus were exiled to Jerusalem, and there died in peace many yeats after. Rufinus was the brother of Saint Sylvia. (Claudian. Rufinus ; Suidas, s. v. Ῥουφῖνος ; Sozom. 7.24, &c.; Zosim. lib. iv. v.; Theodoret. 5.17, &c. ; Philostorg. 11.1, &c.) [W.P]
consul A. D. 131, with Ser. Octavius Laenas Pontianus. (Fasti.)
a man of quaestorian rank, was expelled by Domitian, when censor, from the senate because he danced. (Dio Cass. Ixvii. 13; Suet. Dom. 8.)
Rufinus was the name of an ancient family of the Cornelia gens, from which family the dictator Sulla was descended.
1. P. Cornelius Rufinus, dictator B. C. 334, was obliged to lay down his office on account of a fault in the auspices at his election. (Liv. 8.17.)
2. P. Cornelius Rufinus, P. F., probably son of the preceding, was twice consul and once dictator. He was consul for the first time in B. C. 290, with M'. Curious Dentatus, and in conjunction with his colleague brought the Samnite war to a conclusion, and obtained a triumph in consequence. [Dentatus.] He was consul a second time in B. C. 277, with C. Junius Brutus Bubulcus, and carried on the war against the Samnites and the Gireeks in Southern Italy, who were now deprived of the powerful protection of Pyrrhus. The chief event of his second consulship was the capture of the important town of Croton. Rufinus bore a bad character on account of his avarice and dis honesty, but he was at the same time one of the most distinguished generals of his time; and accordingly C. Fabricius, his personal enemy, is said to have supported his application for his second consulship in B. C. 277, because the Romans stood in need of a general of experience and skill on account of their war with Pyrrhus. But as Pyrrhus had left Italy in the middle of the preceding year, Niebuhr remarks (llist. of Rome, vol. iii. note 903) that the support of Fabricius must refer to his first consulship, or perhaps with even more probability to his dictatorship, the year of which is not mentioned, but which Niebuhr refers to B. C. 280, after the defeat of the Romans at the Siris. In B. C. 275, Rufinus was expelled from the senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q, Aemiilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten pounds of silver plate. (Liv. Epit. 11; Eutrop. 2.9; Cic. de Orat. 2.66; Quint. Inst. 12.1.43; Gel. 4.8; Dio Cass. Fragm. 37; Veil. Pat. 2.17 ; Frontin. Strat. 3.6.4; Zonar. 8.6; Liv. Epit. 14; Cell. 17.21; V. Max. 2.9.4; Macr. 1.17; Plut. Sull. 1.) Rufinus is said to have lost his sight in sleep, while dreaming of this misfortune. (Plin. Nat. 7.50, s. 51.) His grandson was the first of the family who assumed the surname of Sulla. [Sulla.]
consul A. D. 142, with L. Statius Quadratus. (Fasti.)
1. A. Junius Rufinus, consul A. D. 153 with C. Bruttius Praesens. (Fasti.)
2. M. Junius Rupfinus Sabinianus, consul A. D. 155 with C. Julius Severus. (Fasti.)
a jurist, who lived under Alexander Severus, which appears from his consulting Paulus (Dig. 40. tit. 13. s. 4). Works Regulae
There are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve books of Regulae by Rufinus, according to the Florentine Index; but one excerpt (Dig. 42. tit. 1. s. 34) is superscribed Lib. Xll., which, however, proves nothing, as error easily occurs in such a numeral. Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum
The name of Licinius Rufinus appears in the Geneva edition of the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum, as the compiler; but this Rufinus cannot be the contemporary of Paulus, for the Collatio was compiled after the publication of the Code of Theodosius; not to mention other arguments. (Zimmern, Geschichte des Röm. Priratrechts, vol. i.) [G.L]
one of the generals of Vitellius, A. D. 69. (Tac. Hist. 3.12.)
a friend of the younger Pliny, had been decemvir, or one of the chief magistrates, of the Roman colony of Vienna in Gaul. (Plin. Ep. 4.22.) He is probably the same person as the Rufinus to whom one of Pliny's letters is addressed. (Ep. 8.18.)
consul in A. D. 210 with M'. Acilius Faustinus. (Fasti.)
consul suffectus in A. D. 22. (Fasti.)
literary.
1. Tyrannius or Turranius, or Toranus, as the name is variously written, must have been born about the middle of the fourth century, but neither the precise date nor the place of his nativity can be determined with certainty, although some of his biographers have confidently fixed upon A. D. 345, for the former, and Concordia, near the head of the Adriatic, as the latter. After he had attained to manhood he became an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, where, upon acquiring a knowledge of the principles and rites of Christianity, he received the sacrament of baptism, in 371 or 372, from the hands of the presbyter Chromatius. At this epoch also he formed that close intimacy with Hieronymus which was long maintained with great mutual warmth, but eventually most rudely dissolved. Having conceived an eager desire to visit Palestine, Rufinus set out, almost immediately after his admission into the Church, for Syria, in the train of Melania, a noble, wealthy, and devout Roman matron, and remained in the East for about twenty-six years, passing a portion of his time at Alexandria, where he enjoyed the instructions of Didymus and other learned fathers; and the rest at Jerusalem, where he took up his abode with the monks on the Mount of Olives, making frequent excursions, however, in different directions, in company with Melania, to whom he seems to have acted as spiritual adviser and almoner. During the earlier part of the above period he maintained a most affectionate correspondence with Jerome, who had retired to the desert between Antioch and the Euphrates, and although they met once only (in 385), their friendship continued uninterrupted up to 393, when bitter strife arose. Both had been warm admirers of Origen, and this admiration had been expressed in the most emphatic terms by Jerome, in the preface to his translation of the Homilies upon the Song of Solomon. But when the doubtful tendency of many of the theories involved in the imaginative orientalisms of Origen began by degrees to be more clearly discerned, and when the cry of heresy, first raised by Theophilus, became loud and strong, Jerome, eager to escape all suspicion of adherence to such errors, vehemently supported Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, in his attack upon John of Jerusalem, by whom Rufinus had been ordained a presbyter, and to whom he was warmly attached. The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy were cherished into vigour by the characteristic heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his fonner companion became, by quick degrees, more and more fierce and unsparing; but before the quarrel had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its progress was checked by the interposition and explanations of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation took place at Jersalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397.
In the autumn of the same year Rufinus embarked for Italy, along with Melania, and having been hospitably entertained by Paulinus [Paulinus], at Nola, betook himself from thence, without visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pinetum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East, the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical fraternities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various other points upon which one who had been so long resident in Asia and Egypt would be capable of imparting information. The intelligence thus obtained proved so interesting, that the learned traveller was earnestly solicited to gratify curiosity still further, by translating into Latin some of those productions to which he had been in the habit of referring most frequently. With this request, not foreseeing the storm he was about to excite, he willingly complied, and accordingly published translations of the Apology for Origen by Pamphilus. and of the books of Origen Περὶ ἀρχῶν, together with an original tract De Adulteratione Librorum Origenis, while in the preface to the De Principiis, either from a wish to avoid any misconception of his own views, or from some feeling of lurking malice, he quoted the panegyric pronounced by Jerome upon Origen, of which we have made mention above. The appearance of these works produced a violent ferment. Pammachius and Oceanus represented the transaction in the most unfavorable light to Jerome, whose wrath blazed forth more hotly than ever; all attempts to bring about a better understanding served only, from the bad faith of the negotiators, to feed the flame; a bitter correspondence followed, which was crowned by the Apologia of the one ad versus Hieronymam, and the Apologia of the other ad versus Rufinum.
Soon after the commencement of the dispute Rufinus retired to Aquileia, and during the life of Siricius, was steadily supported by the pontifical court. But, upon the elevation of Anastasius, he was summoned by the new pope to repair to Rome, for the purpose of answering the charges preferred against his orthodoxy : this mandate, however, he evaded, and, instead of appearing in person, transmitted an Apologia, in which he explains his real views, and altogether disavows any participation in the dangerous doctrines imputed to him by his enemies. Anastasius replied by an epistle, in which he condemned, most unequivocally,the tenets of Origen, and censured indirectly the rashness of his translator, without, however, seeking further to disturb him in his retreat. After the death of Anastasius in 402, the flames which had raged furiously for upwards of three years, gradually became more faint, and at length expired altogether, Rufinus remaining at Aquileia, under the protection of Chromatius, busily employed in literary labours, until A. D. 408, when he returned to Pinetum. From thence, upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric, he fled to Sicily, where he died soon after, in 410. In allusion to the place of his decease, his great adversary, whose hostility endured beyond the grave, composed the following epitaph :-- "Scorpius inter Enceladum et Porphyrium Trinacriae humo ponitur." Works
The extant works of Rufinus must be separated into two classes :-- A. Original Compositions, and, B. Translations from the Greek, those belonging to the latter division being the more voluminous. A. Original Compositions I. De Adulteratione Librortum Origenis
A sort of Epilogus or supplement to the translation of the Apology for Origen by Pamphilus. It is dedicated to a monk Macarius, at whose urgent request that translation was undertaken, and is intended to prove that many of the false doctrines ascribed to Origen did not in reality proceed from that father, but were deductions from corruptions and interpolations of his genuine text. Editions
This tract will be found appended to the Apology in the fifth volume of the Benedictine edition of Jerome. II. De Benedictionibus XII. Patriarchrorum Libri II.
an attempt to interpret the prophecy of Jacob regarding the destinies of his sons, contained in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis. Editions
This piece will be found under its best form in the edition of Rufinus commenced by Vallarsi,but not continued beyond the first volume, which appeared at Verona, fol. 1745. III. Apologia pro Fide sua ad Anastasiunm Pontificem. and IV. Apologia s. Invectivarurm in Hieronymum Libri II.
In these two polemical pieces Rufinus seeks, in the first place, to establish his own orthodoxy beyond suspicion, and in the second place, to rebut and retort the injurious statements of his opponents, especially of Jerome, whom he imitates too closely in violence and want of charity. Editions
Both will be found in the Benedictine edition of Hieronymus, and in that of Vallarsi. V. Historia Eremiticca, s. Vitae Patrum
The biographies of thirty-three holy men, who passed a life of sanctity and solitude in the desert of Nitria. The collection was long ascribed to Jerome, and when, from the words of Jerome himself, this was proved to be impossible, it was assigned to various authors by different critics : but, from a passage in the Historia Ecclesiastica (11.4, see below), it is evident that Rufinus must be regarded either as the compiler of the lives, or as the translator from some Greek original. Editions
The best edition is that by Rostveyd, fol. Antv. 1615, reprinted fol. Lugdun. 1617, and fol. Antv. 1628. VI. Expositio Symboli
An explanation of the Apostles' Creed. Editions
It is contained in the first volume of the edition of Rufinus commenced by Vallarsi, fol. Veron. 1745. VII. Historiae Ecclesiasticae Libri XI
This work belongs partly to the first and partly to the second of the two divisions laid down above, since the first nine books are a loose translation of the ten books of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, while the tenth and eleventh are a continuation by Rufinus himself, embracing a history of the Church, from the commencement of the Arian heresy down to the death of Theodosius. Editions
The best edition is that by Cacciari, 2 vols. 4to. Rom. 1740. B. Translations from the Greek I. Basilii Magni Regula,
Editions
inserted in the Codex Regularum, &c. of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, reprinted at Vienna, fol. 1759. II. Basilii Magni Homiliae VIII. Editions
These will be found in the edition of St. Basil, published at Paris by Gamier, in 1722, vol. ii. p. 713. III. Pamphili Apologia pro Origene Editions
to be found in all the best editions of Origen and Jerome. IV. Origenis de Principiis Libri IV.and V. Origenis Homiliae, XVII. in Genesim., XIII. in Exodum, XVI. in Leviticum, XXVIII. in Numeros, XXVI. in Josue, IX. in Judices, I. in I. Librum Regum, IV. in Cantica Canticorum, X. Libri in Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos. Editions
The whole of the above translations will be found in all the editions of Origen. VI. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opuscula X., Editions
first published by Johannes Adelphus, at Strasburg, 4to., 1508, and included in the Latin translation of the whole works of Gregory, by Mosellanus and Pirckheimerus, printed at Leipzig, 8vo. 1522. VII. Sixti Sententiae s. Enchiridium s. Annulus,
a series of moral Apophthegms, the author of which was altogether uncertain, even in the age of Rufinus, since by some they were supposed to be the production of Sextius the Stoic, named by Seneca, by others of a Pythagorean, by others of Sixtus II., who was bishop of Rome, and suffered martyrdom in A. D. 258. A collection of this nature is peculiarly open to interpolation, and hence it is little surprising that the MSS. should present variations quite irreconcileable. It is not improbable that the reflections of some heathen philosopher may have formed the groundwork, that these were modified and adapted to Christianity by Rufinus and others, and that transcribers from time to time made such alterations and additions as suited their own views and tastes. Editions
The best edition is that of Urbanus Godofredus Siberus, 4to. Lips. 1725. VIII. Evagrii Sententiae ad Monachos, Evagrii Sententiae de Apathia, Evagrii Liber ad Virgines.
These three tracts are generally believed to be the "Opuscula" of Evagrius which Jerome, in his letter to Ctesiphon, mentions as having been translated by Rufinus, and to which Gennadius also makes allusions (cc. xi. and xvii.), although doubtfully and indistinctly. Editions
These three tracts will be found in the appendix to the Codex Regularum. &c., of Holstenius, 4to. Rom. 1661, IX. Clementis Romani Recognitiones,
of which the original was attributed to Clemens Romanus. [Clemens Romanus.] X. Anatolii Alexandrini Canon Paschalis, Editions
first published, front a MS., by Aegidius Bucherius, in his De Doctrina Temporum, fol. Antv. 1634. Translations from Origen frequently ascribed to Rufinus
The following translations from Origen frequently ascribed to Rufinus, are of doubtful authenticity : -- Homiliae VII. in Matthaeum; Homilia in Johannem; De Maria Maria Magdalena; De Epiphania Domini. Works erroneously ascribed to Rufinus
The following works have been erroneously ascribed to Rufinus : -- Versio Origenis Homiliarum in Lucamn, which belongs to Jerome; Versio Josephi Operum, which belongs to Ambrose; Commentarii in LXXV. priores Davidis Psalmos; in Oseamn, Joteltem, Amnos; Vita S. Eutgeniae; Libellus de Fide brevior; Libellus de Fide fusior. Lost Works
The following works by Rufinus have been lost : Epistola ad Hierotymum, in reply to the first part of Jerome's Apologia; Epistolae ad Aniciam Falconiam Probam ; some translations from Latin into Greek. Assessment
The style of Rufinus is remarkably perspicuous, and, although tinged with the corruptions of his age, is far removed from barbarism. His original works do not indicate commanding genius, nor indeed are the subjects such as to admit of much display, while his merits as a translator rank very low, since all his efforts in this department are characterised by extreme inaccuracy. Indeed his object seems to have been rather to convey a general idea of the meaning of an author than faithfully to represent his words, and he does not hesitate to expand, condense, correct, or omit such passages as seemed to him obscure, diffuse, inaccurate or unnecessary, although we cannot with justice accuse him of wilful distortion or suppression. Into the merits of the controversy with Jerome, to which perhaps he owes his chief celebrity. it is unnecessary to enter. It redounded to the praise of neither party, but the latter was undoubtedly the aggressor, the motives of the attack were probably unworthy, and the coarse invective in which it was couched excites no feeling except disgust, especially when contrasted with the hyperbolical praises lavished by him not long before upon the same individual.
No complete impression of the works of Rufinus having ever been published, we have noticed the best edition of each piece separately. Further Information
The events connected with the life of Rufinus have been investigated, with great industry and learning, by Giusto Fontanini, archbiship of Ancyra, in his Historia Literaria Aquileiensis, 4to. Rom. 1742, and by J. F. B. Maria de Rubeis, in his Dissertationes Duae, 4to., Venet. 1745; to which we may add the notices prefixed to the edition by Cacciari of the Historia Ecclesiastica, and the recent dissertation bv J. H. Marzuttini, entitled De Turanii Rufini Presbyteri Aquileiensis Fide et Religione, 8vo. Patav. 1835; see also Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. x. p. 121; Schönemann, Bill. Patrum Latt. vol. 1.27; Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. suppl. Band. 2te Abtheil. § § 95-98.
2. Rufinus, the name attached to a little poem in twenty-two lines, Pasiphaes Fabula ex omnibus Metris Horatianis, which, as the name imports, contains an example of each of the different metres employed by Horace. It was first published by Cruquius (1579), by whom it was found in the Blandini MSS. attached to an ancient exposition of the Horatian metres. It has been printed by Burmann, in his Anthol. Lat. 3.232, or No. 997, ed. Meyer, by Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. 393, comp. p. 339. and is usually appended to the larger editions of Horace. The author is altogether unknown, and even the name is uncertain, but he may be the same person with
3. Rufinus, a grammarian of Antioch, whose treatise De Metris Comicis, or rather extracts from it, composed partly in prose and partly in verse, is contained in the "Grammaticae Latinae Auctores Antiqui" of Putschius, 4to., Hannov. 1605, pp. 2706-2727. He was probably not earlier than Theodosius, since he quotes Firmianus. Victorinus, Albinus, and Donatus. [W.R]
4. Rufinus, the author of thirty-eight epigrams in the Greek Anthology, and probably of one more, which is ascribed in the Planudean Anthology to an otherwise unknown Rufius Domesticus, but is headed in the Palatine MS. Ῥουθίνου δομεστικοῦ. (Concerning the meaning of this title, see Du Cange, Gloss. Med. et Inf. Graec.) There can be no doubt that the author was a Byzantine, and his verses are of the same light amatory character as those of Agathias, Paulus, Macedonius, and others; but beyond this there is no other indication of his age. Jacobs rejects the supposition of Reiske, that he should be identified with the author of the Pasiphae, (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. pp. 390, 490; Jacobs, >Anth. Graee. vol. iii. pp. 98, 193, vol. xiii. pp. 947,948 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 494.)
There were also two or three sophists and rhetoricians of this name, for whom a bare mention will suffice, namely, Rufinus of Cyprus, a peripatetic philosopher, mentioned as a contemporary by Lucian (Demonact. 54. vol. ii. p. 393); Rufinus, of Nancratis, an illegitimate son of Apollonius of Naucratis (Philost. Vit. Sophist. 2.19, p. 599); Rufinus, praetor of Smyrna under Severus and Caracalla, and perhaps some others. (See Olearius, ad Philost 2.25, p. 608; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. 137.) [P.S]
(1) P. Cornelius Rufīnus. A Roman who was consul in B.C. 290 with M' Curius Dentatus, and in conjunction with his colleague brought the Samnite War to a conclusion, and obtained a triumph in consequence. He was consul a second time in 277, and carried on the war against the Samnites and the Greeks in Southern Italy. The chief event of his second consulship was the capture of the important town of Croton. In 275 Rufinus was expelled from the Senate by the censors C. Fabricius and Q. Aemilius Papus, on account of his possessing ten pounds of silver plate. The dictator Sulla was descended from this Rufinus. His grandson was the first of the family who assumed the surname of Sulla.
(2) Licinius Rufīnus. A jurist who lived under Alexander Severus. There are in the Digest seventeen excerpts from twelve books of Regulae by Rufinus.
(3) The chief minister of state under Theodosius the Great, and an able but at the same time a treacherous and dangerous man. He instigated Theodosius to those cruel measures which brought ruin upon Antioch, A.D. 390. After the death of Theodosius in 395, Rufinus exercised paramount influence over the weak Arcadius; but towards the end of the year a conspiracy was formed against him by Eutropius and Stilicho, who induced Gainas, the Gothic ally of Arcadius, to join in the plot. Rufinus was in consequence slain by the troops of Gainas.
(4) Surnamed Tyrannius or Turranius, or Torānus. A celebrated ecclesiastical writer, born probably about A.D. 345 in Italy. He was at first an inmate of the monastery at Aquileia, and he afterwards resided many years at a monastery in Palestine, where he became very intimate with St. Jerome. The two friends afterwards quarrelled, and Jerome attacked Rufinus with the utmost vehemence on account of his supporting the tenets of Origen. After remaining in the East for about twenty-six years, Rufinus returned to Italy in 397, where he published a Latin translation of the Apology for Origen by Pamphilus, and of the books of Origen, De Principiis, together with an original tract, De Adulteratione Librorum Origenis. In the preface to the De Principiis he quoted a panegyric which Jerome had at an earlier period pronounced upon Origen. This led to a bitter correspondence between the two former friends, which was crowned by the Apologia of the one adversus Hieronymum, and the Apologia of the other adversus Rufinum. Rufinus died in Sicily in 410, to which island he had fled upon the invasion of Italy by Alaric. Several of his works are extant, the chief edition being that of Vallarsi (Verona, 1745).
(5) The author of a little poem in twenty-two lines, Pasiphaës Fabula ex Omnibus Metris Horatianis, which, as the name imports, contains an example of each of the different metres employed by Horace. His date is quite uncertain, but he may be the same person with the following. Edited by Bährens in the Poet. Lat. Min. vol. v.
(6) A grammarian of Antioch, whose treatise De Metris Comicis, or rather extracts from it, is contained in the Grammatici Latini of Keil, vi. 569.
(7) The author of thirty-eight epigrams in the Greek Anthology. His date is uncertain, but there can be no doubt that he was a Byzantine. His verses are of the same light amatory character as those of Agathias, Paulus, Macedonius, and others.