aerarii
庫大使。布政使。— tribuni 管兵餉者 — milites 受錢 糧之兵。— quaestores 督催。司計人。稅課。
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AERA´RIIa class of Roman citizens, excluded from the tribes, and liable to pay a poll-tax, at the discretion of the censors. They consisted of three classes :-- 1. Municipes sine suffragio.These were the inhabitants of conquered towns, which had been deprived of their local self-government. Their citizens obtained the conubium and commercium, but no political rights. As Caere was the first municipium sine suffragio (about B.C. 353), the lists of the burghers of Caere were called the tabulae Caeritum; and this came to be the general name for the lists of the citizens who held only this inferior franchise. Hence in tabulas Caeritum referri came to be equivalent to aerarium fieri (Ps. Ascon. on Cic. Div. in Caec. 3, p. 103 Orell.; Schol. Cruq. on Hor. Ep. 1.6, 62; Gell. 16.13.7; Cic. Clu. 43, 122: cf. Madv. Opusc. 1.233; Mommsen, Röm. Trib. 160 f.).2. Infames, i.e. those who had incurred legal infamia, by (1) some dishonouring act, such as bigamy; (2) a dishonouring profession, such as that of leno, actor, gladiator; (3) a judicium turpe, such as condemnation in a prosecution for furtum, injuria, dolus, or in a judicium tutelae, pro socio, or mandati (cf. Lex Jul. munic. 11. 110-125: Cic. Cluent. 42, 119; Caec. 3, 8; Rosc. Coin. 6, 16; de Orat. 1.36, 166, &c.).3. Those visited by the severest nota censoria, who were said to be tribu moti et aerarii facti (Liv. 4.24; 24.18-Z2, 43; 42.10-Z2; 44.16-Z2; 45.15-Z2).
All these three classes were aerarii, as they had to pay protection-money (aes); their exclusion from the tribes and the centuries involved the loss of the suffrage, and doubtless also (though this has been denied) the ius honorum. The only instance of a magistracy held by an aerarius is to be regarded as the result of an amnesty passed by the supreme authority of the people. The infames were always excluded from military service (Liv. 7.2; Val. Max., 4), and could not rise above the class of aerarii: the municipes sine suffragio served in the legions, or formed a special corps (e.g. legio Campana), and ceased to be aerarii when they attained the full franchise, as all the Italians did by the leges Julia and Plautia Papiria (q. v.). Those notati by the censors generally had more burdensome conditions of service (Liv. 24.18), but the nota could be removed by succeeding censors.
The origin of the class of aerarii is a much disputed question, the ancient authorities only referring to the class as existing. Mommsen (Hist. 1.101; cf. Forsch. 1.389) and Lange (Röm. Alt. 1.406) held that they were originally resident aliens (metoeci) holding no freeholds, and therefore not included in the tribes. Niebuhr (Hist. 1.472) held that they consisted of artisans and freedmen, a view not widely differing from that of Mommsen in practice, though based upon a different idea. Madvig (Verf. 1.122) maintains that they were only a class of degraded citizens, not including either the cives sine suffragio or the artisans, who would be classed according to their property. Willems (Droit Romain, p. 97, note 4), following Göttling, argues that these could not have been citizens in any sense, and that the class cannot be traced back as far as Servius Tullius, but probably grew up by degrees. The first view is perhaps the most correct. (Comp. Zonaras (Zonar. 7.9; Huschke, Verfassung des Serv. Tull. p. 494, &c. ; Göttling, Gesch. der Röm. Staatsverf. p. 260, &c. ; Becker, Handbuch der Röm. Alterth. vol. ii. pp. 183-196; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. pp. 408-9, 678-9.)
[A.S.W]By the constitution of Servius Tullius (see Centuria), aerarii were citizens who were not settled on land of their own, and therefore not included in any one of the property classes founded on land-ownership. The term was also applied to those standing outside of the tribal union, who were excluded from the right of voting and from military service, and who were bound to pay a poll-tax in proportion to their means. Citizens in the classes and tribes could be expelled from their tribe by the censors in punishment for any fault, and placed among the aerarii. But when the latter were likewise admitted into the tribes (B.C. 308), being enrolled in the city tribes (B.C. 304), which were on that account less esteemed than the country ones, a penal transfer to the aerarii consisted in expulsion from one's proper tribe and removal to one of the city tribes till at least the next census.