focus

focus , ī, m.: a fireplace, hearth, 5.660; home, 3.134; place where the funeral pyre has been consumed, place of burning, 11.212; fire, firebrand, 12.285.

fŏcus, i, m. [root bha-, to be bright, Gr. φα- (cf. for, fari), strengthened, fac-, fax, facies, etc., Corss. Ausspr. 1, 423, who refers even facio to this root].

• A fire-place, hearth (syn.: clibanus, furnus, fornax, caminus): Varro focos ait dictos, quod foveat ignes, nam ignis ipsa flamma est: quicquid autem ignem fovet, focus vocatur, seu ara sit seu quid aliud, in quo ignis fovetur, Varr. ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 10, 1: at focus a flammis, et quod fovet omnia, dictus, Ov. F. 6, 301; Paul. ex Fest. p. 85 Müll.; Serv. Verg. A. 12, 118; Plaut. Aul. prol. 7; Plin. 19, 1, 4, § 19: dum meus assiduo luceat igne focus, Tib. 1, 1, 6: jam dudum splendet focus, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 7: ligna super foco Large reponens, id. C. 1, 9, 5: Curio ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus Samnites, cum attulissent, Cic. de Sen. 16, 55; cf. id. Fragm. ap. Non. 522, 28 (Rep. 3, 28 ed. Mos.); 68, 17: ad focum angues nundinari solent, Cic. Div. 2, 31, 66: exstruere lignis focum, to pile on wood, Hor. Epod. 2, 43.— Poet. of a funeral-pile, Verg. A. 11, 212; of an altar, Prop. 2, 19 (3, 12), 14; 4, 5, 64 (5, 5, 66 M.); Tib. 1, 2, 82; Ov. M. 4, 753 al.—On the hearths of Roman houses were placed, in little niches, the household gods (Lares), and for them a fire was kept up: haec imponentur in foco nostro Lari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 16 (386); cf.: focus Larium, quo familia convenit, Plin. 28, 20, 81, § 267.—Hence,
• • B Transf.: focus, like our hearth, serves to denote the house or family: domi focique fac vicissim ut memineris, Ter. Eun. 815; cf.: nudum ejicit domo atque focis patriis disque penatibus praecipitem Sextum exturbat, Cic. Rosc. Am. 8, 23: agellus, quem tu fastidis, habitatum quinque focis, by five houses, families, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 2.—Esp. freq.: arae et foci, pro aris et focis pugnare, to signify one's dearest possessions; v. ara. —
• II A fire-pan, coal-pan, brazier: panem in foco caldo sub testu coquito leniter, Cato R. R. 75; 76, 2; Sen. Ep. 78 fin.

focus, ī, m. (foveo), jede Feuerstätte, I) eig.: A) im allg., Ov. fast. 3, 728. – B) insbes.: 1) die Feuerstätte des Hauses, der Herd, a) eig., Cic. u.a.: focum accendere, Ov.: focum succendere, Hieron.: removere a foco, vom Herd (vom Feuer) nehmen, Apic. – b) übtr. wie unser Feuerstätte, Haus und Hof, Familiensitz, Besitztum, u. meton. = die Familie selbst, Hor. u. Tibull.: domo et focis patriis alqm eicere, Cic.: u. so in der Verbdg. arae focique, s. 1. ārano. IV,1. – 2) die Kohlenpfanne zum Wärmen, Cato u. Sen. – als Opferpfanne, Opferherd, Brandaltar, Ov. u.a. – 3) die Brandstätte des Scheiterhaufens, Verg. Aen. 11, 212. – II) meton. = a) Feuer, Glut, Prop. 4, 9, 10 u. 11, 52. Vulc. Gall. Avid. Cass. 4, 3. Oribas. fr. 1, 35 H.: focum facere, Schol. Iuven. 3, 214; 7, 24: sine foco coxerunt, Marc. Emp. 21. Vgl. Haase Greg. Tur. de curs. stell. 31. p. 39. – b) ein glühendes Eisen, Veget. mul. 1, 28, 7; 3, 11, 4.

1 focus [CL] 1 hearth, fireplace. b (~us vivus) hearth in use, inhabited dwelling. ~us ‥ favillarum cineribus coopertus Aldh. VirgP 60; accenso ‥ ~o in medio et calido effecto caenaculo Bede HE II 13 p. 112; Id. CuthbP 36 (v. coctura 1); ~us, i. ‥ furnus GlH F 595; ex hoc igne omnes ~i ‥ accendantur Lanfr. Const. 118; prestat in ede fõcis jungi quam per mare fōcis Serlo Wilt. 2. 44; Gir. GE II 18; Id. JS sup. 145 (v. 2 focarius 4a); 1363 erat quoddam potum super ~um plenum aque bulliante SelCCoron 40; 1425 quod omnes ‥ qui ‥ tenent shoppas apertas vel ~os in arte predicta [sc. cocorum] sint sub correccione scrutatorum Mem. York II 160.  b vocamus in wlgari nostro casalia non viva et milicias non vivas in ‘lauces’ ubi non habeant ~um vivum V. Montf. app. 305. 2 altar. arula, vas †apium at [l. aptum ad] ~um GlC A 768; tribus diis ‥ tres ~os statuerunt G. Mon. I 11; hic ~us, A. a hautere ‥; est altare focus, locus et focus ignis WW. 3 fuel. ~us, i. ‥ tynder GlH F 595; a1234 fenum equis nostris ad sufficientiam invenient et ~um et candelas albas Reg. S. Thom. Dublin 4; 1359 Alicie inveniat ‥ candelam et ~um RR K's Lynn I 222. 4 fire; b (fig.). c (~us jocunditatis) bonfire. d fire (as element of warfare). ceu salamandra focos solet insultare pyrarum Aldh. VirgV 1115; ~us, i. ignis GlH F 595 (cf. ib. 588: †foces [l. focus], i. flamma); testis adest custos, ergastula saeva serenis / inspiciens radiare focis in tempore noctis Frith. 848; indicare potest famulo qui ~um facit et lignum portat ‥ Lanfr. Const. 150; 1361 Matilda le Weth de fine pro quadam effraihura a ~o in domo predicte Matilde CourtR Winchester; hic ~us, A. fyre WW; ~us e furno ‥ vel ustrino prorumpens Mir. Hen. VI III 95.  b fornaci virginis focus inicitur Walt. Wimb. Carm. 181.  c fotos [vv. ll. focos, foca, gl.: fires] jocunditatis facientes, convivia ‥ celebrabant Plusc. IX 39.  d terras ‥ ense, ~o, et rapina vastavit Plusc. VII 4. 5 beacon. 1303 ballivi V Portuum ‥ defecerunt in sustentacione ~orum, per quod navis ‥ cum xx hominibus periclitasset JustIt 945 r. 5b; 1309 per totum annum ad manutenendum ‥ ~um ardentem in capella illa ut marinelli mare transeuntes de nocte per ~um illum ‥ vitare possint pericula rupellium capelle contiguarum S. Jers. XVIII 240.

2 focus [by conf. ofOF fou < fagusw. fou < focus] , beech, beech-tree. 1293 resumet de bosco archiepiscopi ‥ unum quercum et unum ~um quolibet anno IPM 65/14.

3 focus v. phoca

fŏcus, (9) ī, m. , foyer : Cic. CM 55 ; Div. 2, 66 ; Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 7 || bûcher : Virg. En. 11, 212 ; autel : Prop. 2, 19, 14 || [fig.] maison, feu, foyer : Cic. Amer. 23 ; agellus habitatus quinque focis Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 2, petit domaine de cinq feux ; pro aris focisque Liv. 5, 30, 1, pour ses autels et ses foyers || réchaud : Cato Agr. 75 ; Sen. Ep. 78, 23.

focus , i. m.
瓶。爐。烟戶。家。

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focus ī, m

• 1 FAC-, a fire-place, hearth: ligna super foco reponens, H.: ad focum sedens: exstruere lignis focum, pile on wood, H.: cinerem et confusa ruebant Ossa focis, the funeral-pile, V.: Dis tribus focos ponit, altars, O.: Crateresque focosque ferunt, i. e. fire-pans, V.: vivi foci, fires, Pr. —A hearth, home, family: domi focique ut memineris, T.: patrii: agellus, habitatus quinque focis, families, H.

FOCUS

FOCUSdim. FO´CULUS (ἑστία: ἐσχάρα, ἐσχάρις, dim. ἐσχάριον), a fire-place; a hearth; a brasier. The fire-place, while serving all the requirements of ordinary life, possessed a sacred character both among the Greeks and Romans. In the primitive Greek house the ἐσχάρα stood against, or near, the back wall of the μέγαρον, the kitchen and living-room of the family: in the more spacious dwellings of a later age it was transferred, with other objects of domestic worship, to a small private chapel, vaulted so as to resemble the Tholos (θόλος), the dome-shaped ἑστία of the state (Hermann-Blümner, Privatalt. p. 151, where the identity of ἑστία and ἐσχάρα is maintained; Guhl and Koner, ed. 5, p. 97). The well-known use of the hearth as a sanctuary for suppliants occurs as early as Homer (Hom. Od. 7.153-169: cf. Apollon. 4.693; Thu<*>yd. 1.136).

Among the Romans the fire-place was dedicated to the Lares of each family (Plut. Aul. 2.8, 16; Cato, de R. R. 15; Ov. Fast. 1.135, 6.302); a consecration which did not interfere with its homely uses (Hor. Epod. 2, 43; Epist. 1.5, 7; Ov. Met. 8.673; Senec. Cons. ad Helv. 10.7). On festivals the housewife decorated the hearth with garlands (Cato, de R. R. 143; Ov. Tr. 5.5, 10); a woollen fillet was sometimes added, nor were animal sacrifices unknown (Propert. 5.6, 1-6). The phrase pro aris et focis expressed attachment to all that was most dear and venerable (Cic. N. D. 3.4. 0, § 94; Flor. 3.13). At Rome, likewise, the progress of wealth and refinement led to the removal of the focus and penates to an inner apartment (Marquardt, Privatl. 234): the change from the single atrium or house-place to the more elaborate arrangement of a separate dining-room, culina, and Lararium is described under DOMUSp. 670 a, 672 b. In the Pompeian houses we see the atrium, now become a reception room, adorned with a fountain and a marble table [CARTIBULUM], but no longer with a hearth.

The focus was usually a fixture, constructed of stone or brick, and elevated a few inches above the ground; see the first figure on p. 672 a. It was also frequently made of bronze, variously ornamented, and could then be carried from room to room. One is shown under BALNEAEp. 276 b: another, found at Caere in Etruria, and preserved in the British Museum, is represented in the annexed woodcut.

The small portable brasier or chafing-dish, called foculus or ἐσχάριον, was especially used in sacrifices; and the same name was applied to the hollow or fire-pan at the top of an altar (Liv. 2.12; Cic. pro Domo, 47.123; ARA). The movable focus or foculus was also employed in the kitchen (Plaut. Capt. 4.2, 68; Juven. 3.262), and for keeping things hot was brought into the dining-room (Senec. Ep. 78.23). The treasures of Herculaneum and Pompeii are rich in illustrations of this kind of focus, whether pictorial or in bronze vessels actually preserved. See CALDARIUMand the second cut under AUTHEPSA

[J.Y] [W.W]

Focus

dim. Focŭlus (ἑστία: ἐσχάρα, ἐσχάρις, dim. ἐσχάριον). A fireplace; a hearth; a brazier. The fireplace, while serving all the requirements of ordinary life, possessed a sacred character both among the Greeks and Romans. In the primitive Greek house the ἐσχάρα stood against, or near, the back wall of the μέγαρον, the kitchen and livingroom of the family; in the more spacious dwellings of a later age it was transferred, with other objects of domestic worship, to a small private chapel, vaulted so as to resemble the Tholos, the dome-shaped ἑστία of the State. The well-known use of the hearth as a sanctuary for suppliants occurs as early as Homer ( Od. vii. 153-169). See Domus.

Among the Romans the fireplace was dedicated to the Lares of each family (Plaut. Aul. ii. 8, 16); a consecration which did not interfere with its homely uses. On festivals the housewife decorated the hearth with garlands (Ovid, Trist. v. 5, 10); a woollen fillet was sometimes added, nor were animal sacrifices unknown (Propert. v. 6, 1-6). The phrase pro aris et focis expressed attachment to all that was most dear and venerable (Cic. N. D. iii. 40. 94). At Rome, too, the progress of wealth and refinement led to the removal of the focus and Penates to an inner apartment (Marquardt, Privatl. 234). In the Pompeian houses we see the atrium, now become a reception-room, adorned with a fountain and a marble table (cartibulum), but no longer with a hearth. See lararium.

The focus was usually a fixture, constructed of stone or brick, and elevated a few inches above the ground. It was also frequently made of bronze, variously ornamented, and could then be carried from room to room.

The small portable brazier or chafing-dish, called foculus or ἐσχάριον, was especially used in sacrifices; and the same name was applied to the hollow or fire-pan at the top of an altar (Livy, ii. 12; Pro Domo, 47. 123; see Ara). The movable focus or foculus was also employed in the kitchen (Plaut. Capt. iv. 2, 68; Juv.iii. 262), and for keeping things hot was brought into the diningroom (Plin. Ep. 78. 23). See caldarium, and the illustration under authepsa.