polus

pŏlus, i, m., = πόλος.

• Lit., the end of an axis, a pole (poet. and post-Aug.): terra a verticibus duobus, quos appellaverunt polos, centrum caeli est, nec non Signiferi oblique inter eos siti, Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 63; 2, 70, 71, § 179; Ov. M. 2, 75; id. P. 2, 7, 64: polus glacialis, the north pole, id. M. 2, 173; or, gelidus, id. H. 18, 152; also absol., the north pole, id. Tr. 4, 3, 15: polus australis, id. M. 2, 131; or, austrinus, the south pole, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 56.—
• II Transf.
• • A The polar star, Vitr. 9, 6 fin.—
  • B The heavens, Att. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 14 (Trag. Rel. p. 190 Rib.); Verg. A. 3, 586; 5, 721; Hor. C. 1, 28, 6; 3, 29, 44; id. Epod. 17, 77; Val. Fl. 1, 622: immensi parva figura poli, Ov. F. 6, 278.

polus, ī, m. (πόλος, der Drehpunkt; dah.) I) der Pol an der Erd- und Himmelsachse, Nord- u. Südpol (rein lat. vertex), Cic. poët. u. Plin.: p. gelidus, glacialis, Nordpol, Ov.; u. ders. bl. polus, Ov.: p. australis, der Südpol, Ov. – II) übtr.: A) der sich über uns hindrehende, sichtbare Himmel, das Himmelsgewölbe (vgl. Varro LL. 7, 14), Acc. tr. fr., Hor. u.a. Dicht.: immensi parva figura poli, Himmelskugel, Ov. fast. 6, 278. – Plur., Val. Flacc. 1, 622. – B) der Nordstern, Polarstern, Vitr. 9, 4 (6), 6, 6.

1 polus v. 1 pola

2 polus [CL < πόλος], 2 pola 1 axis of the celestial sphere or pole of this axis, around which the stars appear to revolve. b pole-star. universitas totius creaturae quam ‥ agilis ~orum vertigo et bina cingunt emisperia Aldh. Met. 2 p. 63; dum ~us rotabit sidera, dum ulla in mundo erit littera W. Malm. Wulfst. prol. p. 3; sub opacis Antarctici ~i finibus Gir. TH II 17; ista duo puncta in firmamento stabilia dicuntur ~i mundi, quia spere axem terminant et ad illos volvitur mundus Sacrob. Sph. 87; ipsum [celum] est mobile super duos ~os motu circulari simplici et uniformi, ab oriente in occidentem Gros. Hexaem. III 16 p. 117; polo Grece est versor Latine, unde ~us mundi dicitur propter hoc quod circa eum vertitur Bacon Gram. Gk. 76.  b notabitur ‥ per astrolabium quanta sit in loco presenti ~i altitudo, tantum ‥ ejusdem loci latitudinem esse necesse est Adel. Elk. 24; stelle que sunt juxta ~um ‥ moventur ‥ uniformiter circa ~um describendo circulos suos Sacrob. Sph. 80; a pomel, ~us Levins Manip. 36. 2 sky, heaven; b (arx ~orum); c (as abode of God, angels, saints); d (dist. from earthly life and values). omnia quaeque polo sunt subter et axe reguntur Aldh. Aen. 100 (Creatura) 18; quaeque turbide, ~i vertice sub arduo, a totius gyri ambitu et omni loco terrarum, ad hanc vastam gurgitis se voraginem vertunt Lib. Monstr. I pref.; non tellure locus mihi, non in parte polorum est (Vers.) Ps.-Bede Collect. 103; ~um, caelum GlC P 546; appropinquante sole paulo cepisset albescere ~us Mir. Hen. VI II 37; hic ~us, hewyn WW.  b Vergilias numeris aequans in arce polorum Aldh. Aen. 53 (Arcturus) 7; Christus ‥ / aeternum regnum concedat in arce polorum Godeman 35.  c martyrii ‥ / ad convexa poli migrantes culmina celsi Aldh. VirgV 1122; reddidit atque animam tota sacrata polo Bede HE IV 18 p. 248; spiritus ‥ / angelicis vectus ulnis super astra polorum / ‥ / letus in aula poli turmis celestibus ille / junctus conspicue cernit Trinitatis honorem Mir. Nin. 272, 275; mundum linquit initque polum Garl. Tri. Eccl. 136.  d seculi hujus prosperitas innumera adversitate respergitur, ut deliciis non hereamus solo, puncti vero sepius avolemus ~o Pull. CM 200; plura putantur esse justa in foro soli qui sunt injusta in foro ~i Gascoigne Loci 118.

3 polus [πολύς] , much, many. polymitam, i. multivariam. ~i, i. multa Comm. Cant. I 189; polis multus et multa, poli multum Bacon CSPhil. 443; polys, multus, multa Id. Gram. Gk. 64 (v. polyandrium); πολυς ‥ quod est pluralitas Fortescue NLN I 23 (v. politia 1).

4 polus, 3 pola [ME pol < AS pal < 1 palus] 1 stake, pole. 1200 eam percussit cum quodam ~o CurR I 293; 1211 in pollis parandis ad novam grangiam vj d. Crawley 197; 1242 mandatum est ‥ quod faciat habere Franco de B. centum ~as, decem trenchas, et sex picois, ad faciendum novam motam RGasc I 83b; 1285 debet quelibet virgata claudere j perticatam sep[is] ‥ et ‥ cooperire grangiam de Stonham cum pollis, et quelibet virgata dat pro predictis pollis et claustura j d. ob., sed debent habere boscum ad pollas illas faciendas de bosco domini (Cust. Wadhurst) Sussex Rec. Soc. LVIII 35; 1307 sumonitus fuit ‥ ad respondendum domino pro pollis et busca in Coulesue asportatis CourtR Hales 592; 1487 pro sustentacione ‥ molendini unacum virgis vocatis windings et pollis pro le weres in forestis Cart. Glam. 1734. 2 metal rod, shaft, as part of mill. 1237 Hugoni le Lorimer pro ~o faciendo ad molendinum v d. KR Ac 501/18 r. 1; 1286 in ferro et ascero empto ad ~am fusill’ et bill’ molendini emendandis MinAc 827/39 r. 2d.; 1295 in xiij li. eris empt’ et iij pol’ ad molend’ inde et de xxvij li. eris veterum ~arum fundend’, iiij s. ij d. MinAc 829/27 r. 1; 1296 in una ~a eris fabricanda de novo xx d. cum vetere ere, item in ij ~is eneis fundendis cum viij eris emptis Ib. 829/27 r. 2. 3 linear measure of land, pole. 1469 iij li. ix s. iiij d. solut’ cuidam tectori pro reparacione et punctuatione lij ~orum, preciumle pole xvj d. Arch. Hist. Camb. I 14n; a bode, ~a CathA; 1588 unum cotagium nostrum cum tribus ~is terre Pat 1319 m. 21.

1 pŏlus, (10) ī, m. (πόλος), ¶ 1 pôle [du monde] : Plin. 2, 63 ; Ov. M. 2, 75 || le Nord : Ov. M. 2, 173 ; Tr. 4, 3, 15 || lʼétoile polaire : Vitr. Arch. 9, 6, 6 ¶ 2 le ciel : Acc. Tr. 190 ; Virg. En. 3, 586 ; Hor. O. 1, 28, 6.

polus , i. m.
極。天。Duo poli 南北二極。

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pŏlus, i, m.: polo

● stella polare Vitr

● (poet.), volta del cielo, sfera celeste, cielo

♢ acc. -on Germ.

polus ī, m

• , πόλος, an end of an axis, pole: rotatis polis, O.: glacialis, the north pole, O.: australis, O.—The heavens, sky, celestial vault: lucidus, V.: rotundus, H.: inmensus, O.

POLUS

POLUS(πόλος), a word of various meanings, all however connected in some way with a sphere of revolution, the root of the word being the same which appears in πολέω and πέλομαι, which implies motion, especially motion round a centre. It is only the scientific meanings which will here be noticed, of which the best known is that which has reference to astronomy; the other, much rarer and derived from the former, referring to a part of the sun-dial [HOROLOGIUM], In astronomy, again, by far the most common meaning of polus or πόλος is the heavenly sphere or spheres, or vault of the sky, originally conceived of as solid: thus in the earliest passage in which πόλος occurs (Aesch. Prom. 427) Atlas is represented as supporting this sphere on his shoulders. Probably the word was not very ancient in the time of Aeschylus, for in Aristophanes (Av. 179-182) there is a formal explanation of it, and it is in his contemporary, Euripides, that it first becomes frequent (Orest. 1.685; Ion, 1154, &c.). The account of the heaven accepted among Greek philosophers generally (though with variations) represented it as formed of concentric spheres, the outside sphere being that which contained the fixed stars, while the inner spheres, each having its own proper motion, contained the sun, moon, and five principal planets (which alone are visible to.the naked eye). See Plato, Timaeus, p. 38, and the second book of Aristotle, de Caelo; in which book, especially in the latter half, are to be found acute observations, mixed with obscure reasonings. But it is to be remarked that both in Timaeus, 40 B, and de Caelo, 2.14, πόλος is used, not for the entire heaven, but for the axis of heaven and earth, around which the whole revolved. Again, in the de Caelo, 2.2, the πόλοι are the poles, north and south, in our sense of the word; and the same meaning is common in Latin, when the entire heaven is not intended (Plin. Nat.2.63). Another meaning altogether, the orbit of a star, is found in [Plat.] Epin. 986 C. (Cf. [Plat.] Axioch. p. 371 B; Alex. ap. Athen. p. 60 a; Ukert, Geog. d. Griech, u. Röm. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 115: and for the conception of heaven among the Greeks, Whewell, Hist. of the Inductive Sciences, vol. i. pp. 153 sqq.; Cornewall Lewis, Astronomy of the Ancients, which moreover takes notice of the point next to be mentioned.)

Connected.with the most common astronomical meaning of πόλος, the revolving heavenly sphere, is the use of the word to mean a dial. The .first scientific attempt to mark the time of day with exactitude was by constructing a hollow hemisphere, so placed as to catch the sun's rays on its interior surface, the axis of the hemisphere being parallel to the polar axis of the heavens. Then on this interior surface the path of the sun was marked by means of the shadow of a bead fixed on the axis of the hemisphere, or (which comes to the same thing) by the extremity of an index (γνώμων) reaching to the same point. The simple index or μνώμων, in the sense of an upright rod, had no doubt been used from very early times as a means of roughly measuring the time. of. day, by the length and direction of the shadows. But when to the γνώμων was added the above-described hemisphere, or πόλος as it was naturally called, from its being the counterpart of the heavenly πόλος, the result was a scientific sun-dial. Herodotus (Hdt. 2.109) uses the two words, πόλον καὶ ψγώμονα, together, to describe the compound instrument, and he tells us, no doubt correctly, that the Greeks derived it from the Babylonians. (See Ideler, Handbuch der Chronologie, vol. 1. p. 233, referred to by Grote, vol. 2. p. 155, in editions after the first; also Bahr's note on Herodotus ad loc., with his, references to Bailly, Delambre, Letronne, and Creuzer.) Vitruvius (Vitr. 9.9) tells us that this form of sup-dial (hemicyclium) was invented by Berosus, who lived at Babylon at the end of the fourth, and during the first part of the third, century n.C. But this, considering the.passage in Herodotus, can hardly be correct; though Berosus may no doubt have improved the instrument, and his. bust is represented on the base of a dial found, at Palestrina. Besides Herodotus, Aristophanes mentions the πόλος in a fragment of the Gerytades, where it clearly means a sun-dial, and is explained as such (ὡρολόγιον by Pollux.(9.46), to whom we owe the fragment. Lucian (Lexiphan. 4) speaks of the γνώμων as overshadowing the middle of the πόλος, which shows clearly the relation between the two. (See also Alciphron, Ep. 3.4.) Some interesting remarks on ancient sun-dials, with pictures in which the πόλος and its hour-lines are well illustrated, and another of a different make of dial, will be found in Mrs. Alfred Gatty's Book of Sun-dials(London, 1889), pp. 1-13, 391-404.

[P.S] [J.R.M]