asper

loca aspera et montuosa
harsh and mountainous regions opinione asperius
more difficult than expected

asper , era, erum: (adj.), rough, 2.379; rugged, craggy, jagged, 6.360; chased, embossed, 5.267; (fig.), of the weather, stormy, 2.110; of temperament, spirit, or nature, barbarous, 5.730; formidable, fierce, 1.14; full of strife, warlike, 1.291; cruel, stern, 6.882; angry, 1.279; bitter, 2.96; displeased, 8.365.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. Ap. Apol. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra: aspris = asperis, Verg. A. 2, 379; aspro = aspero, Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with ἀσπαίρω, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae];

• as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).
• • I.1 Lit.: lingua aspera tactu, Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325: mixta aspera levibus, Lucr. 2, 471: in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum; lene, asperum, id. Fin. 2, 12, 36: tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli, Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf. Leucas, Luc. 1, 42: loca, Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29: viae asperae, ib. Bar. 4, 26: vallis aspera, ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2: glacies, Verg. E. 10, 49: hiems, Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375; and of climate: aspera caelo Germania, harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. τραχύς (cf. exaspero): aspera signis Pocula, Verg. A. 9, 263: Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis, id. ib. 5, 267: signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater, Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.: stantem extra pocula caprum, Juv. 1, 76): Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho, Ov. M. 13, 701: aspera pocula, Prop. 2, 6, 17: ebur, Sen. Hippol. 899: balteus, Val. Fl. 5, 578: cingula bacis, Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279: nummus, not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19: mare, agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior: barba, Tib. 1, 8, 32: sentes, Verg. A. 2, 379: rubus, id. E. 3, 89: mucro, Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—
  • • 2 Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85 (194); cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37 (497); also of a cough producing hoarseness: quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis, Mart. 11, 86, 1.—
    • 3 Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place: latens in asperis radix, Hor. Epod. 5, 67: aspera maris, Tac. A. 4, 6: propter aspera et confragosa, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53: per aspera et devia, Suet. Tib. 60: erunt aspera in vias planas, Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.: asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus, Tac. A. 3, 5.—
• II Transf.
• • • 1 Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent: asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide, Ter. Heaut. 458: asper sapor maris, Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis; quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius, id. 19, 6, 34, § 111: asperrimum piper, id. 12, 7, 14, § 27: acetum quam asperrimum, id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—
    • 2 Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.: (pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum, Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R (also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant; virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat, Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53: duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem, Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—
    • 3 Of smell, sharp, pungent: herba odoris asperi, Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—
• III Trop.
• • • A.a Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14): quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos, Cic. Planc. 16, 40: orator truculentus, asper, maledicus, id. Brut. 34, 129: aspera Juno, Verg. A. 1, 279: juvenis monitoribus asper, Hor. A. P. 163: patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis, Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27: rebus non asper egenis, Verg. A. 8, 365: cladibus asper, exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485: asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus, unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2: (Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā, Ov. M. 13, 803: Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus, Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21: asper contemptor divom Mezentius, Verg. A. 7, 647: aspera Pholoe, coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living: accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur, Cic. Mur. 29: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.): (Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae, Liv. 39, 40: (Karthago) studiis asperrima belli, Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner: Camilla aspera, id. ib. 11, 664; cf.: gens laboribus et bellis asperrima, Just. 2, 3: virgo aspera, i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—
    • • b Of animals, wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu, Verg. G. 3, 434: bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax, id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11: ille (lupus) asper Saevit, Verg. A. 9, 62: lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper, Ov. M. 11, 402: ille (leo) asper retro redit, Verg. A. 9, 794: tigris aspera, Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10: (equus) asper frena pati, Sil. 3, 387.—
  • B Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets): in periculis et asperis temporibus, Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, (our) circumstances are bad, (our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13: venatus, Verg. A. 8, 318: bellum, Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7: pugna, Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124: fata, id. ib. 6, 882: odia, id. ib. 2, 96.—Absol.: multa aspera, Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive: asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem, Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68: verba, Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3: vox, Curt. 7, 1.—Adv.
  • • • a Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—
      • b Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.
    • 1 Transf.: loqui, Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5: dicere, id. 2, 8, 15: syllabae aspere coëuntes, id. 1, 1, 37.—
    • 2 Trop.: aspere accipere aliquid, Tac. A. 4, 31: aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6: aspere agere aliquid, Liv. 3, 50: aspere et ferociter et libere dicta, Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28: aspere et vehementer loqui, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.: asperius loqui aliquid, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: asperius scribere de aliquo, id. Att. 9, 15.—Sup.: asperrime loqui in aliquem, Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5: asperrime pati aliquid, Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1: asperrime saevire in aliquem, Vell. 2, 7.

asper, era, erum, Adi. m. Compar. u. Superl., rauh, barsch (Ggstz. lēvis u. lenis), I) eig.: 1) rauh für den Gefühlssinn, a) übh., uneben, holperig, aspera saxa, Enn. fr. u. Pacuv. fr.: asperi Athones, Lucil. fr.: loca aspera et montuosa, Caes.: in locis autem et illa naturalia (spectantur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi, Cic.: asperrimo atque arduissimo aditu, Cato fr.: asp. hiems, Vell.: arteria, die Luftröhre, Cic.: nummus, noch nicht durch den Gebrauch abgegriffen, neu geprägt, Suet.: mare, stürmisch, Liv.: equum tenacem asperioribus frenis castigare, Liv. – m. Abl. (durch), Athesis ille saxis asper, Pan. vet.: pocula aspera signis, mit halberhabener Arbeit, Verg.: aspera caelo (dem Klima nach) Germania, Tac.: m. 2. Sup., asper attactu, Varr. r. r. 2, 5, 8: asper tactu, Hor. carm. 3, 2, 10. – subst., asperum, ī, n., das Rauhe, Unebene, in aspero (ungeprägter Münze) accipere, Sen.: asperrimo hiemis, Tac.: im Plur., aspera maris, die Stürme des Meeres, Tac.: per aspera (rauhe Orte) et devia, Suet.: a tergo insulae per aspera (Klippen) erepo, Sen. – b) rauh, harsch u. dah. stechend, kratzend, sentes, Verg.: barba, Tibull.: tussis, im Halse kratzend, Mart. – u. spitz, scharf, mucro, Lucan. 6, 186; 7, 139. – 2) für den Geschmack od. Geruch, rauh, harsch, herb, beißend, victus (Kost), Plaut.: vinum, Ter.: allium asperi saporis, Plin.: piper asperrimum, Plin.: herba odoris asperi, Plin. – subst., quid iudicant sensus? dulce amarum, lene asperum, Cic. de fin. 2, 36. – 3) für das Gehör rauh, grob, derb (Ggstz. lenis), (plura vocum genera) lene, asperum, Cic.: vox, Quint.: aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo littera, quae toto nomine prima fuit, R in L (Remuria in Lemuria), Ov. fast. 5, 481. – dah. in der Rhetor. von der Rede, holperig, unregelmäßig, uneben (Ggstz. lēvis), aspera, tristis et horrida oratio, Cic.: compositio praefracta et aspera, Sen. – u. in der Gramm., spiritus asper, der H-Laut, Prisc. – II) übtr.: 1) v. lebenden Wesen u. deren Benehmen gegen andere, rauh, barsch, trotzig, ungestüm, spröde, abhold (Ggstz. mitis, lenis, placidus et quietus), amica, aspera atque praecox, Lucil. fr.: homo asper et durus, Cic.: quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos, Cic.: C. Fimbria (orator) asper, maledicus, Cic.: verbis asper, Ps. Quint. decl.: cladibus asper, erbittert, Ov.: aspera est illi Venus, abhold, Tibull.: Pholoë, spröde, Hor.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, Liv.: rebusque veni non asper egenis, nicht abhold schmaler Bewirtung = gern vorlieb nehmend mit usw., Verg.: monitoribus asper, voll Trotz gegen usw., Hor. – u. rauh, grämlich, streng in bezug auf Lebensansicht u. Lebensweise, (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et moribus, Cic.: accessit istuc doctrina non moderata nec mitis, sed, ut mihi videtur, paulo asperior et durior, quam aut veritas aut natura patitur, Cic.: Cato asperi animi fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae, Liv. – u. wild, trotzig durch die Beschäftigung mit Waffen, Krieg u. Jagd, (Carthago) studiis asperrima belli, Verg.: gens laboribus et bellis aspera, Iustin.: virgo, Diana, Sen. poët.: in ludo ac rudibus cuivis satis asper, Trotz bietend, Lucil. sat. 4, 27. – v. Tieren, wild, graus, anguis asper siti, gereizt, Verg.: lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper, Ov.: bos aspera (drohend) cornu, Verg.: m. folg. Infin., (equus) asper frena pati, Sil. 3, 387. – 2) v. Zuständen, wie unser mühsam, schwierig, kitzlich, dornenvoll, mißlich, hart, bitter, rauh, empfindlich, unangenehm, niederschlagend, dolor (est) motus asper in corpore, Cic.: scilicet res ipsa aspera est, die Sache ist kitzlich, schlimm, Sall.: res asperae, schwierige Aufträge, Sall.: asperius opinione, schwieriger, als man sich's vorstellte, Sall.: mala res, spes multo asperior, noch weit trüber die Aussicht, Sall.: fata, Verg.: odia, Verg. – insbes. v. Krieg u. Kampf (s. oben no. II, 1), wild, bellum, Sall. u.a.: u. so pugna, Verg. – u. v. Verhältnissen usw., peinlich, schwer u. bedrängt, drückend, mißlich, res, tempora, Cic. u.a.: u. subst., aspera, ōrum, n., Widerwärtigkeiten, Ungemach, Bedrängnis, Hor., Liv. u.a. – v. Urteilen, Gesetzen, Strafen usw., hart, streng, streng u. sträflich, sententia, Liv.: censura, Vell.: lex, Quint.: custodia, Tac.: subst., asperiora suadere, zu härteren Maßregeln raten, Suet. – 3) von der Rede, stechend, bitter, kränkend u. beleidigend, facetiae, Cic.: verba, Ov. – ➳ Synkop. Formen aspro, Scribon. 180. Pallad. de insit. 67: aspros, Stat. Theb. 1, 622: aspris, Verg. Aen. 2, 379.

1 asper [CL] 1 rough, rugged. b (fig.). c (of style). d (of sounds). ~era, unsmopi GlC A 859; plano superficiem constans asperrima rerum Aldh. Aen. 21 (Luna) 4; in arduis ~erisque montibus (V. Cuthb.) Bede HE IV 25; locis saxosis et ~eris Alph. 102.  b quasi vias vestras dirigens, ~era queque complanans Gir. TH III 48; qui vias currens asperas / vie torrentem liberas J. Howd. Cyth. 72.  c sermonis †aspersi [? l. ~eri] magis et blandi minus ‥ veniam peto Gir. Symb. 28 p. 292.  d Abbo QG 9 (v. aspiratio 1b). 2 harsh, disagreeable, troublesome. b stern. non est tam ~era hiemps [AS: swa stearc winter] ut audeam latere domi Ælf. Coll. 90; pane ~eriori vescebatur G. Crispin Herl. 15; veritas ~era est et plerumque molestiam parit J. Sal. Pol. 486B; clamore horrendo, ‥ precipiti cursu, crebris quoque jaculorum ictibus gens ~errima Gir. DK II 3; rascacio est ~era sputi educcio vel expulsio SB 36; s1397 desideravit de hiis ‥ ~eram correccionem sumere V. Ric. II 131; qui ~errimam vitam duxerant Rolle IA 230; Fortescue LLA 4 (v. appetitivus c).  b ~errimae invectionis severitate Aldh. VirgP 23; ~era illos invectione corrigebat Bede HE III 5.

2 asper [ἀσπρός] , Greek silver coin. 1292 cclxviij aspres KR Ac 308/13 r. 3; cij besaunt’, qui valent dx asper Ib. 15 r. 2.

3 asper v. 2 asser(a)

1 aspĕr, (8) ĕra, ĕrum.

I rugueux, âpre, raboteux : ¶ 1 [opposé à lēvis, poli, lisse]: Cic. Tusc. 5, 83 ; Fin. 2, 36 ; [en parlant de plantes] Cic. Div. 1, 75 ; [de rochers] Cic. Agr. 2, 67 ; [de collines] Cæs. C. 3, 43, 1 ; [de terrains] Cic. Planc. 22, etc. || cymbia aspera signis Virg. En. 5, 267, coupes que les ciselures couvrent de rugosités (chargées de reliefs) ; nummus asper Suet. Nero 44, pièce neuve (qui a encore son relief) ; in aspero accipere Sen. Ep. 19, 10, recevoir (être payé) en monnaie neuve ¶ 2 maria aspera Virg. En. 6, 351, mer âpre, hérissée, orageuse ; hieme aspera Sall. J. 37, 3, pendant les rigueurs de lʼhiver : asperrimo hiemis Tac. Ann. 3, 5, au plus âpre (au plus fort) de lʼhiver ; Germania aspera cælo Tac. G. 2, la Germanie dure de climat || vinum asperum Cato Agr. 109, vin âpre, cf. Sen. Ep. 36, 3 ; Plin. 17, 250 || [en parl. de la voix] rauque : Cic. de Or. 3, 216, etc. || [du style] âpre, rude [où lʼarrangement des mots présente des sons heurtés, des hiatus] : Cic. Or. 20 ; 150 ; de Or. 3, 171 ; Att. 2, 6, 2 ¶ 3 plur. n. , horum (collium) asperrima pascunt Virg. En. 11, 319, ils font paître sur les parties les plus âpres de ces collines ; in inviis et asperis saxorum Curt. 7, 11, 18, sur un sol que les rochers rendaient impraticable et raboteux ; per aspera Curt. 7, 11, 16, à travers (sur) un terrain raboteux ; asperis maris obviam ire Tac. Ann. 4, 6, remédier aux difficultés de la navigation.

II [fig.] ¶ 1 âpre, dur, pénible : res asperæ Sall. J. 7, 6, les choses (les entreprises) difficiles ; periculosis atque asperis temporibus Cic. Balbo 22, dans des circonstances dangereuses et difficiles ; doctrina asperior Cic. Mur. 60, doctrine philosophique un peu trop sévère ; sententia asperior Liv. 3, 40, 7, avis plus rigoureux ; bellum asperrumum Sall. J. 48, 1, guerre menée avec acharnement ; aspera mea natura Cic. Vat. 8, mon caractère est dur ; nihil esse asperum nisi dolorem Cic. Fin. 1, 71, [ils disent] quʼil nʼy a de pénible que la douleur ; multo asperioribus verbis quam cum gravissime accusabat Cic. Att. 11, 13, 2, [il se justifie] en employant des termes beaucoup plus durs (amers) que quand il faisait les plus graves accusations ; verbum asperius Cic. Q. 1, 2, 7, parole un peu blessante ; in rebus asperis Cic. Off. 1, 80, dans le malheur, dans lʼépreuve, cf. de Or. 2, 34, 6 ; Fin. 5, 78 ; Liv. 22, 27, 3, etc. ¶ 2 [en parl. des pers.] âpre, dur, sévère, farouche : Panæti præceptis asperior non est factus Cic. Mur. 66, les leçons de Panétius ne lʼont pas rendu plus dur [moins indulgent, moins humain] ; in patrem ejus fuisti asperior Cic. Q. 1, 2, 6, tu tʼes montré un peu dur envers son père ; asperrimi ad condiciones pacis Liv. 22, 59, 7, [nos pères] si intraitables sur les conditions de la paix ; aspera Pholoe Hor. O. 1, 33, 5, lʼintraitable (insensible) Pholoé || [en parl. des animaux] farouche, violent : (bos) interdum aspera cornu Virg. G. 3, 57, (la génisse) qui menace parfois de la corne ; (anguis) asper siti Virg. G. 3, 434, (serpent) que la soif rend farouche (redoutable).

➳ formes syncopées : aspro Scrib. Comp. 180 ; aspros Stat. Th. 1, 622 ; aspris Virg. En. 2, 379.

asper , era, erum. adj. c. erior. s. errimus.
粗糲。不平。嚴。— homo 不好性情之人。Mores asperi 粗鹵行爲。 — nummus 新鑄起之錢。Vasa aspera signis 起花之器皿。Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum 卑者登高位其不仁無比。Verba aspera 責備之首。Aspera littera, scilicet littera R. Aspera loca 不好水土之地方。Aspera saecula 國風 鄙陋之時。Asper mucro 利刃。

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asper era, erum (poet., ablplur. aspris, V.), adj.with comp.and sup.

• ab + spes, without hope, adverse, calamitous, troublesome, cruel, perilous: tempora: oppugnatio, Cs.: mala res, spes multo asperior, S.: venatus, V.: fata, V.— As subst: aspera multa pertulit, hardships, H.— Of nature and character, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, cruel: homo naturā: Iuno, V.: iuvenis monitoribus, H.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, L.: rebus non asper egenis, V.: cladibus asper, exasperated, O.: doctrina asperior: fores, i. e. of a cruel mistress, H.: Asperior tribulis (Galatea). more unfeeling, O.— Wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) siti, V.: tactu leo, H.: facetiae.—Of climate, harsh, severe: caelo Germania, Ta.: hiemps, S.: asperrimo hiemis, in the depth, Ta.— Of style, harsh: oratio. — Rough, uneven: regio: loca, Cs.: rura dumis, V.: rubus, prickly, V.: aequora ventis, H.: pocula signis, i. e. wrought in relief, V.: frons cornu, O.: capilli (i. e. hirsuti), H.: maria, stormy, V.: vinum, harsh, T.: pronuntiationis genus, rough: littera, i. e. the letter r, O.