catena

catēna, ae, f.: a chain, fetter, 6.558.

cătēna, ae, f. (once with num. distrib. as piur. tantum: trinis catenis vinctus, Caes. B. G. 1, 53) [Sanscr. kat, to fall away; cf. catax].

• I A wooden bracket, brace, etc., for holding two beams together, Cato R. R. 18, 9; Vitr. 7, 3; Pall. 1, 3, 1.—
• II A chain,
• • A Used as a fetter, shackle, etc.; usu. in plur. (syn. vincula): catenis vincire aliquem, Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 3 (79); Ov. M. 15, 601 al.: catenas indere alicui, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 3 (112): in catenas conicere aliquem, Caes. B. G. 1, 47; Liv. 29, 21, 2: catenas inicere alicui, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 106: in catenis aliquem Romam mittere, Liv. 29, 21, 12: in catenis aliquem per urbem ducere, id. 45, 40, 6: eximere se ex catenis, Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 8 (84): rumpere catenas, Hor. S. 2, 7, 71: catenas alicui exsolvere, Tac. H. 3, 31 al.—In sing., Liv. 24, 34, 10; Cat. 64, 297; Verg. A. 6, 558; Hor. S. 1, 5, 65; Curt. 4, 3, 22; 7, 5, 36; Tac. A. 4, 28; 6, 14; Suet. Aug. 94; Sen. Ep. 9, 8; Plin. 34, 15, 43, § 150.—
  • • 2 Of a chain stopping the entrance of a harbor: catena ferrea valde robusta, Amm.26, 8, 8.—
    • 3 Trop., a constraint, fetter, barrier, bond: taetra belua, constricta legum sacratarum catenis, Cic. Sest. 7, 16: compesce animum frenis, catenā, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63: validā teneamur catenā, Tib. 4, 5, 15; 4, 1, 117: splendidiore nunc eos catenā sed multo graviore vinctos esse, quam cum, etc., Liv. 35, 38, 10: qui ad superiora progressus est.. laxam catenam trahit nondum liber, Sen. Vit. Beat. 16, 3; id. Tranq. 10, 3.—
  • B A chain of gold or silver worn by women as an ornament, Plin. 33, 3, 12, § 40; Paul. Sent. 3, 6, 84.—
  • C A series of things connected together, a chain, series, Lucr. 6, 910 (but id. 2, 630, is a false reading for quod armis; v. Lachm.).—
  • D Trop.: (praecepta oratoria) in catenas ligare, Quint. 5, 14, 32.

catēna, ae, f. (verwandt mit cassis [das Netz]), die zum An- u. Zusammenschließen gebrauchte Kette, a) als Fessel, ferrea, Caes.: aurea, Vell.: collo inserta catena, Curt.: catenā vinctus, Tac.: catenā constrictus, Rutil. Lup.: catenis ligatus, Liv.: ferreis od. argenteis catenis vinctus, Val. Max. u. Amm.: catenis oneratus, Tac.: trinis catenis vinctus, Caes.: alqm catenis od. catenis aureis vincire, Liv., Plaut. u. Vell.: alqm in catenas conicere, Liv.: alci catenas indere, Plaut., od. inicere, Cic.: in catenis tenere, Caes., od. habere, Sall.: in catena esse (v. Türhüter), eine K. tragen, Suet.: cum catenis esse, K. tragen, Plaut.: alqm in catenis Romam mittere, Liv. – bildl., Fessel = Schranke, Zwang, legum catenae, Cic.: aliorum aurea catena est, aliorum laxa, aliorum arta et sordida, Sen.: hunc (animum) tu compesce catenā, Hor.: quae apprehensa Graeci in catenas ligant, schlagen die Gr. in Fesseln u. Bande, Quint. – b) als Schmuck, Plin. 33, 40. Paul. sent. 3, 6, 84. – c) Plur., catēnae, ārum, f., α) als hölzerne Bänder, die zwei andere Hölzer zusammenhalten, Klammerhölzer, Cato u.a. – β) = vincula, Gefängnis, carcerum custodes et quibus publicarum catenarum cura credatur, Firm. math. 3, 6. sect. 7. p. 41, 46. – d) übtr.: α) = Reihe, sempiterna quaedam et indeclinabilis series rerum et catena, Gell. 7 (6), 2, 1. – β) als rhet. t. t. = κλιμαξ, die Steigerung, Isid. 2, 21, 4.

catena [CL] 1 chain. b (for animals); c (for confining captives); d (for hanging criminals); e (for chaining books). f (fig.) bond, link. [lapidem] ipsum alii lapidi ‥ ferreis ~is fortiter ligatum Gir. IK II 7; 1265 v chatene majores et minores et j frustrum ferri Rec. Leic. I 106; 1362 in j batella de novo facta cum ~a, †ferrura [? l. serrura] et ‥ aliis expensis Ac. Durh. 126.  b vinxit virtute draconem, / fortia ferratis constringens vincla catenis Aldh. VirgV 546; 1175 pro reparanda cathena ‥ ursi Pipe 29; 1287 pro ij chathenis et ij lyenis emptis ad duos limarios KR Ac 351/24 m. 5; 1290 in †cachenis emptis pro leporariis Doc. W. Abb. Westm. 172.  c arta catenarum constringunt vincla lacertos / necnon et collum nectunt cum crure gemello Aldh. VirgV 1210; 9‥ boias, ~as, sweorcopsas vel handcopsas WW; ~e quibus sub Herode ligatus fuit Petrus Beleth RDO 141. 146; 1225 fregit stapellum ferreum tenens cathenam unde ligatus fuit ad quendam truncum CurR XII 1055; 1269 imprisonavit R. ‥ in cathenis ferreis pro transgressione foreste SelPlForest 50.  d s1366 quidam serviens ad arma ‥ cum scorta sua, filio et coco, qui in latrociniis ‥ et homicidiis convicti [fuerant], ille cathena ferrea, ceteri funibus suspendebantur J. Reading 190.  e 1384 cathena pro libro S. Cuthberti Ac. Durh. 425; 1456 pro xxij cathenis ferreis pro libris cathenandis in librario Fabr. York 67.  f juramenti nodosis vincla catenis / nititur imprudens verbis constringere falsis Aldh. VirgV 936; 717 amico ‥ quem mihi ‥ spiritalis necessitudinis famosa adfinitas inmarcescibilis ~a caritatis ‥ copulavit Bonif. Ep. 9; Map NC IV 3 (v. concatenare c). 2 barrier: a (in town); b (in river or harbour). a s1265 quod stipites et cathene, quibus fuerat civitas [London’] roborata, tollerentur Flor. Hist. III 6 (cf. Ann. Lond. 70); 1337 in parochia S. Mildrithe juxta ~am Cart. Osney I 44; 1498 infra cathenas ex parte australi Ib. III 276.  b 1170 villata de Cestrehunte [Herts] debet ij m. pro navibus captis ad ~am cum viridi Pipe 110; 1224 ~a in signum ‥ prohibitionis [transitus] levata fuit ex transversum aque de War’ [Herts] CurR XI 1434; ~as ‥ prohibentes ne navis quevis sine licencia introeat vel exeat G. Hen. V 4. 3 chain of precious metal; b (worn as ornament). 1222 item corona una argentea cum cathenis iij argenteis, cum columba argentea ad eukaristiam Reg. S. Osm. II 129; 1383 item capsa argentea cum cathena argentea cum diversis reliquiis Ac. Durh. 426.  b 10‥ ~a, racenteah WW; 1391 aurifabro pro deauracione cathene Johannis D., militis Ac. H. Derby 101; 1416 unum circulum, unum sarpe de auro et quandam †catheriam de auro Cl 266 m. 23. 4 (?) skein. nullus filus lane mittetur extra villam ad texendum nisi prius videatur in cathena per aldermannos, quod sit in latitudine ut supradictum est Little RB Bristol II 5. 5 (w. gulae) collar-bone. si illud os quod est cathena gule fractum fuerit vel aliquo modo recesserit, medicus brachium infirmi vel humerum elevet et altera manu partem illius ossis elevatiorem superius comprimat Gilb. IV 180v. 2.

cătēna, (9) æ, f. , ¶ 1 chaîne : catena firma Liv. 24, 34, 10, une chaîne solide ; catena vinctus Tac. Ann. 4, 28, enchaîné ; catenis vincire aliquem Pl. Men. 3, enchaîner quelquʼun ; catenas indere alicui Pl. Capt. 112 [injicere Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 106 ], mettre des chaînes à quelquʼun ; in catenas conjicere Cæs. G. 1, 47, 6, jeter dans les fers ; eum in catenis Romam miserunt Liv. 29, 21, 12, ils lʼenvoyèrent enchaîné à Rome || [fig.] contrainte, lien, barrière : legum catenis constrictus Cic. Sest. 16, maintenu par la contrainte des lois ; animum compesce catena Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63, enchaîne tes passions ¶ 2 attache, lien : Vitr. Arch. 7, 13 ; Pall. 1, 13, 1 ¶ 3 ceinture de femme : Plin. 33, 40 ¶ 4 série, enchaînement : Gell. 6, 2, 1 ¶ 5 [rhét.] gradation : Isid. Orig. 2, 21, 4.

catena , ae. f.
鎍鏈 金錬。横板。Plena catenarum quaestio 難辨之理。Catenas ludere 拉手 跳舞。

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catēna ae, f

• CAT-, a chain, fetter, shackle: ferrea, Cs.: catenā vinctus, Ta.: collo inserta catena, Cu.: firma, L.: stridor tractae catenae, V.donasse catenam Laribus, i. e. to have been a slave, H.—Usu. plur: alqm vincire catenis, O.: in catenas conicere alqm, Cs.: catenas inicere alcui: alqm in catenis Romam mittere, L.: catenas alcui exsolvere, Ta.: rumpere catenas, H.—Fig., a constraint, fetter, barrier, bond: belua constricta legum sacratarum catenis: validā teneamur catenā, Tb.: mille adde catenas, clauses of obligation(in a bond), H.

CATENA

CATE´NAdim, CATELLA(ἅλυσις dim. ἁλύσιον, ἁλυσίδιον), a chain. The true chain in which the metal links are joined together by soldering can be traced as far back as the 8th century B.C.; and beyond that, relics of the Bronze age show rings interlaced by very laborious processes without the aid of solder. This is seen especially in the bronze bits of primitive antiquity which have been discovered in Italy [FRENUM]. In the classical period the art of chain-making was quite as well understood as in modern times, and the variety of patterns was as great. The specimens of ancient chains which we have in bronze lamps, in scales [LIBRA], and in ornaments for the person, especially necklaces [MONILE], are equally elegant and ingenious. Besides a plain circle or oval, the separate link is often shaped like the figure 8, or as in the accompanying cut from a steel-yard in the British Museum, a figure 8 with one of its loops turned at right angles to the other. We find also a bar with a circle at each end, and other forms, some of which are here shown. The links are also found so closely entwined that the chain resembles plaited wire or thread, like the gold chains now manufactured at Venice. This is represented in the lower figure of the woodcut.

The chains which were of superior value, either on account of the material or of the workmanship, are commonly called catellae, the diminutive expressing their fineness and delicacy, as well as the smallness of their size. These ornamental chains were sometimes given as rewards to the soldiers (Liv. 34.31), but they were commonly worn by women (Hor. Ep. 1.17, 55; Pollux, 10.167; Philippides, fragm. 32, Meineke), either on the neck (περὶ τὸν τράχηλον ἁλύσιον, Menand. fr. 252, Meineke), round the waist (Plin. Nat.33.40), or over one shoulder, as in some of the pictures from Herculaneum and Pompeii. They were used to suspend pearls, or jewels set in gold, keys, lockets, and other trinkets (Petron. 67, quoted under CAPSA).

[J.Y] [W.W]

Catēna

dim. Catella (ἄλυσις, dim. ἀλύσιον, ἀλυσίδιον). A chain.

Thucydides informs us that the Plataeans made use of “long iron chains” to suspend the beams which they let fall upon the battering-rams of their assailants. (See aries.) Under the Romans, prisoners were chained in the following manner: The soldier who was appointed to guard a particular captive had the chain fastened to the wrist of his left hand, the right remaining at liberty. The prisoner, on the contrary, had the chain fastened to the wrist of his right hand. Hence dextras insertare catenis means to submit to captivity: leviorem in sinistra catenam. The prisoner and the soldier who had the care of him (custos) were said to be tied to one another. Sometimes, for greater security, the prisoner was chained to two soldiers, one on each side of him. If he was found guiltless, they broke or cut asunder his chains. Instead of the common materials, iron or bronze, Antony, having got into his power Artavasdes, king of the Armenians, paid him the pretended compliment of having him bound with chains of gold ( Paterc. Vell.ii. 82).

Chains which were of superior value, either on account of the material or the workmanship, are commonly called catellae (ἀλύσια), the diminutive expressing their fineness and delicacy as well as their minuteness. The specimens of ancient chains which we have in bronze lamps, in scales (see Libra), and in ornaments for the person, especially necklaces (see monile), show a great variety of elegant and ingenious patterns. Besides a plain circle or oval, the separate link is often shaped like the figure 8, or is a bar with a circle at each end, or assumes other forms, some of which are here shown. The links are also found so closely entwined that the chain resembles plaited wire or thread, like the gold chains now manufactured at Venice. This is represented in the lower figure of the illustration.

These valuable chains were sometimes given as rewards to the soldiers; but they were commonly worn by ladies, either on the neck or around the waist; and were used to suspend pearls, or jewels set in gold, keys, lockets, and other trinkets.