corona

corona civica
the civic crown, award for saving the life of a fellow-citizen

corōna, ae, f.: a crown, 1.655; wreath, garland, 3.525; a crowd or throng; a circle of defenders on a rampart; a garrison, 9.508; a circle or crowd of assailants, 9.551.

cŏrō̆na (in the ante-Aug. per. sometimes written chorona, acc. to Quint. 1, 5, 20; cf. the letter C), ae, f., = κορώνη, a garland, chaplet, wreath.

• I Lit., of natural or artificial flowers, etc. (very freq. used for personal adornment at festivals, when sacrificing, or as a gift for friends, etc., for ornamenting the images of the gods, edifices, victims, the dead, etc.), Lucr. 5, 1399; Lex XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 21, 3, 5, § 7; Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 16 (461); Cic. Fl. 31, 75; id. Leg. 2, 24, 60; Liv. 23, 11, 5; 38, 14, 5; Curt. 4, 2, 2; 4, 4, 5; Hor. C. 1, 26, 8; id. Ep. 2, 2, 96; Tac. A. 2, 57; 15, 12; 16, 4; id. H. 2, 55 et saep.: coronas bibere, i. e. to throw into the cup leaves plucked from the garlands, Plin. 21, 3, 9, § 12. Vid. the artt. sacerdotalis, funebris, sepulchralis, convivialis, nuptialis, natalitia, Etrusca, pactilis, plectilis, sutilis, tonsa or tonsilis, radiata, and pampinea.—Poet.: perenni fronde corona, i. e. immortal, poetic renown, Lucr. 1, 119.—As emblem of royalty, a crown: regni corona = diadema, Verg. A. 8, 505. —Concerning the different kinds of garlands or crowns given to soldiers as a prize of bravery (castrensis or vallaris, civica, muralis, navalis or rostrata, obsidionalis, triumphalis, oleagina, etc.), v. Gell. 5, 6; Dict. of Antiq.; and the artt. castrensis, civicus, muralis, etc.—
• • • 2 Esp.: corona fidei, the crown of martyrdom (eccl. Lat.), Cypr. Ep. 58; 60; Lact. Epit. 72, 23; and corona alone, Lact. 4, 25, 10; id. Mort. Pers. 16, 11.—
  • B Sub coronā vendere, t. t. of the lang. of business, to sell captives as slaves (since they were crowned with chaplets; cf. Caelius Sabinus ap. Gell. 7, 4, 3; and corono, I.), Caes. B. G. 3, 16; Liv. 42, 63, 12; so, sub coronā venire, id. 9, 42, 8; 38, 29, 11; 41, 11, 8: sub coronā venundari, Tac. A. 13, 39; id. H. 1, 68: sub coronā emere, Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 4.—
  • C As a constellation.
  • • 1 The northern crown (according to the fable, the crown of Ariadne transferred to heaven; v. Ariadna), Cic. Arat. 351 sq.; Caes. German. Arat. 71; called Gnosia stella Coronae, Verg. G. 1, 222: Cressa Corona, Ov. A. A. 1, 558: Ariadnea Corona, Manil. 5, 21; cf. also Ov. M. 8, 181; Plin. 18, 26, 60, § 224 al.—*
    • 2 The southern crown, Caes. German. Arat. 391.—
• II Meton., of objects in the form of a crown.
• • A Most freq., a circle of men, an assembly, crowd, multitude (esp. of judicial assemblies), Cic. Fl. 28, 69; id. Phil. 2, 44, 112; id. Mil. 1, 1; id. Fin. 2, 22, 74; Quint. 12, 10, 74; Suet. Aug. 93 al.; Cat. 53, 1; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 53; Ov. M. 13, 1 al.—Hence,
  • • 2 Milit. t. t., the besiegers round a hostile place, the line of siege or circumvallation, Caes. B. G. 7, 72; Liv. 10, 43, 1; 23, 44, 3; Curt. 4, 6, 10 al.—Also, a circle of men for the defence of a place, Liv. 4, 19, 8.—
  • B In arch., the cornice, Vitr. 5, 2; Plin. 36, 24, 59, § 183.—
  • C In the agrimensores, an elevated ridge of land as a boundary line, Cato R. R. 6, 3; Front. Col. 114 and 131 Goes.—
  • D The hairy crown over the horse's hoof, Col. 6, 29, 3; Veg. Art. Vet. 1, 13, 1.—
  • E Montium, a circular ridge of mountains, Plin. 6, 20, 23, § 73.—
• F The halo round the sun (for the Gr. ἅλως), Sen. Q. N. 1, 2, 1.

1. corōna, ae, f. (κορώνη), der Kranz, I) eig., der Kranz, die Krone aus Blumen (natürlichen od. künstlichen), Zweigen u. dgl. (als Schmuck der Menschen bei fröhlichen u. ernsten, feierlichen Gelegenheiten, wie der Gäste beim Mahle um Kopf und Hals, der Opfernden [s. Fabri Liv. 23, 11, 5], der Toten, der Mischkessel u. Becher bei Trinkgelagen [s. Voß Verg. georg. 2, 528. p. 454. Wagner Verg. Aen. 1, 724], sowie der Götterbilder, der Gebäude, der Schiffe [s. Mützell Curt. 4, 4, 5] u. der Opfertiere; als Geschenk für Geliebte, Freunde usw. [goldene, als Geschenk für Könige u. Feldherren, s. Mützell Curt. 4, 2, 2. p. 190. Drak. Liv. 7, 37, 1; 38, 14, 5] usw., c. aurea, Cornif. rhet., Liv. u.a.: laurea, Cic.: myrtea, Val. Max.: pinea, Plin.: quercea, Tac.: quernea, Suet.: spicea, Inscr.: spinea, Dornenkrone (Christi), Lact.: facta duabus virgulis oleaginis, Nep.: lemniscata, Serv.: corona modici circuli (von geringem Umfang od. Durchmesser), Liv. – als Kampfpreis, Belohnung, bes. tapferer Krieger, c. castrensis, civica, muralis, navalis, obsidionalis etc., Plaut., Cic. u.a.: c. aurea muralis, vallaris, Inscr. – corona virtute parta, Cic.: corona victoriae, Greg. in Iob 22, 45: corona victrix, Lact. de mort. pers. 16, 11. – coronam imponere alci, Cic. u. Liv., statuae, Suet.: redimire frontem coronā, Mart. (u. so redimitus coronis, bei Gelagen, Cic.): coronam (capite) gerere oder gestare, Suet.: decernere alci coronam lauream, Cic.: dare alci honoris coronam, Nep.: alqm coronā donare, Cic.: coronam habere unam in capite, alteram in collo, Cic.: coronam ponere, Cic.: deponere, Liv.: coronam capiti detrahere, Liv.: ludis circensibus coronā laureā uti, Vell.: coronas venditare, Plin.: sternere vicos floribus coronisque, Curt.: totum iter floribus coronisque consternere, Curt.: complere alqm floribus coronisque, Cic. – coronas bibere, aus den Kränzen die Blätter in die Becher pflücken u. sie mittrinken, Plin. 21, 12. – poet., corona perenni fronde, d.i. unsterblicher Dichterruhm, Lucr. 1, 118: u. so v. Dichterruhm, alci Delphicā lauro cingere comam, Hor.: insignem suo capiti petere coronam, Lucr. – nectere alci coronam, jmdm. einen Kranz flechten = jmd. durch ein Gedicht verherrlichen, Hor., od. = jmd. wegen eines Gedichtes verherrlichen, preisen, Hor.; vgl. Mitscherl. Hor. carm. 1, 26, 8. Schmid Hor. ep. 2, 2, 96. – sub corona vendere, einen Kriegsgefangenen als Sklaven verkaufen (weil die Gefangenen bekränzt wurden, vgl. Cael. Sabinus b. Gell. 7, 4, 3), Caes. u. Liv.: ebenso sub corona venire od. venundari, Liv.: sub corona emere, Varr. – poet., regni corona = diadema, Verg. Aen. 8, 505. – corona fidei, Märtyrerkrone, Cypr. ep. 58 u. 60. Lact. epit. 72, 23 (dies. auch bl. corona, Lact. 4, 25, 10). – II) übtr.: 1) in der Baukunst = Kranzleiste, Einfassung, Gesims, Vitr. u. Plin. – 2) in der Kriegskunst = Rand, Einfassung einer Mauer, angusta muri corona erat, Curt. 9, 4 (18), 30. Vgl. Held Hirt. b. G. 8, 9, 3 (wo einige Hdschrn. auch coronis haben). – 3) bei den Agrim. = oberster Rand der Äcker als Abgrenzungslinie, Cato r. r. 6, 3. Gromat. vet. 217, 1 u. 218, 3. – 4) cor. montium, kreisförmige Gebirgskette, Plin. 6, 73. – 5) haarige Krone über dem Pferdehufe, Col. u. Veget. mul. – 6) Hof um die Sonne, für das griech. ἅλως, Sen. nat. qu. 1, 2. – 7) gew. = Kreis von Menschen, Zuschauer, Zuhörer, Versammlung, Menge, Cic. u.a. (s. Schmid Hor. ep. 1, 18, 53). – dah. als milit. t. t. = die einen Ort feindlich od. als Schutz rings umgebende (einfache, zweifache, ja dreifache) Truppenlinie, Belagerungslinie, Befestigungslinie (s. Fabri Liv. 23, 18, 5. Mützell Curt. 4, 6, 10. p. 250), (urbem etc.) coronā cingere, Caes. u. Liv., circumdare od. oppugnare, Liv. u.a. – zum Schutze, coronā vallum defendere, Liv. 4, 19, 8. – 8) corona bubula = cunila bubula, großer Saturei, so genannt wegen seiner Vortrefflichkeit, Apul. Apic. 4, 144 u. 145. – ➳ chorona geschr., Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 22102 = Carm. epigr. 92 ed. Buecheler; vgl. Quint. 1, 5, 20. Ter. Scaur. de orthogr. (VII) 14, 11.

corona [CL < κορώνη] 1 garland, chaplet; b (w. ref. to garlanding of slaves put up for sale). quasi quosdam ‥ vernantes pratorum flosculos coacervans ad unius ~ae texturam congerere nitar Aldh. Met. (pref.) 1; kalendula est herba ‥ portans florem rubeum vel croceum, de quibus floribus faciunt sibi juvencule ~as SB 26.  b 680 qui [Romani] eorum barones et hostes exercitu superato sub ~a vendere solebant Aldh. Ep. 4; cogitans ‥ sodales suos ‥ aut in servitutem redigere aut vendere sub ~a Eddi 33. 2 crown, as reward of victor; b (of martyr); c (of virgin); d (of devout Christian); e (fig.). frondigeris tegitur bellantum turma coronis / et viridiramo victor certamine miles Aldh. Aen. 91 (Palma) 6.  b cum virginitatis palma et martirii ~a paradisi praemia possessurae ‥ ad Christum ‥ perrexere Aldh. VirgP 50; martira cum roseis rubuit veneranda coronis Id. VirgV 1877; decollatus [Albanus] martyr fortissimus ibidem accepit ~am vitae Bede HE I 7; ipse Filius dextra Patris est. ‥ stat Stephano militibus compugnans suis ‥, largiens eis ~am consesionis sibi in caelis Eriug. Per. 592B; s1170 cernens martyr invictus ‥ paratam sibi et promissam a Domino ~am immortalitatis jam proximam fieri Grim Thom. 81.  c integritas, devicta carne rebelli / ‥ / ‥ pulchras gestabit Christo regnante coronas Aldh. VirgV 200.  d mater Aldulfi ‥, regularibus subdita disciplinis, ipso tempore ~am expectabat aeternam Bede HE IV 21 p. 253; aurea dicitur propter similitudinem aliquam illius premii ad ~am auream. in ~a enim non est principium nec finis ‥ et hec merces communis est omni virtuti, sed principaliter redditur caritati Hales Qu. 1131; quatenus ad gloriam Dei et salutem hominum et sui ~am personas idoneas ‥ presentare consentiant Ad. Marsh Ep. 36; sanctus vir ‥ obdormivit ‥ et vidit ‥ septem ~as [ME: crunen] super thronum; et venit vox dicens: “istam sedem et has ~as tuus meruit discipulus hac nocte” AncrR 87; promittitur in auctoritate Jacobi [i 12] ~a vite et viris et mulieribus Ockham Dial. 748.  e animadverti fas est eundem ‥ illaesae puritatis ~am usque ad metam sortis supremae ‥ custodisse Aldh. VirgP 27; c792 floreas, fili, virtutum ~is, sapientiae decore et sancta dilectione ad Deum et bona fide ad hominem in aeternum Alcuin Ep. 11; 10‥ coronet te Deus ~a gloriae atque justitiae Rec. Coronation 18. 3 crown as emblem of authority (royal, imperial, or papal). b crown as connoting royal power or prerogative. c crowned head. d (clericus coronae) clerk of the crown (cf.EHR LVII 312–33). e (valettus coronae) yeoman of the crown. ~a, diadema, cynehelm Ælf. Gl.; s800 imperator [Carolus] ‥ a ‥ Leone papa ‥ regaliter induitur, cui ~a aurea capiti imponitur S. Durh. HR 62; s973 post unctionem dedit ei [Eadgaro] archiepiscopus annulum, dehinc cinxit illum gladio et post haec dedit ~am in capite et benedictionem Byrht. V. Osw. 438; s1066 orant ‥ ut ~am sumat una pontifices atque caeteri summates W. Poit. II 28; 11‥ Deus, tuorum ~a fidelium, qui in capitibus eorum ponis ~am de lapide precioso, benedic et sanctifica ~am istam, quatinus, sicut ipsa diversis preciosisque lapidibus adornatur, sic famulus tuus N. gestator ipsius, multiplici preciosarum virtutum munere ‥ repleatur (Consecratio Regis) Rec. Coronation 34; 1154 [Henricus] iter suum parabat ad transfretandum in Angliam ad suscipiendam ~am regni Anglorum Act. Hen. II I 87; a1161 pro ~a caeterisque ornamentis eidem ~ae adjacentibus quae W. rex proavus meus moriens S. Stephano dimisit Ib. 263; s1189 ipse [Ricardus] cepit ~am de altari et tradidit eam archiepiscopo, et archiepiscopus posuit eam super caput illius R. Howd. III 11; c1220 hec sunt regalia que ‥ thesaurarius et camerarius †receperit [l. ~erunt] ‥: ~a aurea integra, diversis lapidibus ornata (Exch. Receipt Roll 3 m. 1) Rec. Coronation 54; s1294 (v. 1 cota a); s1307 rex et regina sanctam unxionem et ~as regales devote susceperunt Flor. Hist. III 142; s1328 per L. dominum Bavarie in imperatorem triplici ~a per vim coronatum Mon. Francisc. I 531; 1356 (v. corporalis 1c); s1404 novus papa ‥ per cardinalem Hostiensem ‥ triplici ~a aurea solempniter coronatus existit Ad. Usk 90; s1421 successit dies reginalis coronacionis conscia, in qua regina ‥ in ecclesiam B. Petri ~e dignitatem subitura ducta erat Ps.-Elmh. Hen. V 112; his diebus debet rex portare ~am in capite, sc. in die Nativitatis, Apparicionis, Pasche, Ascensionis, Assumpcionis ‥ Virginis Marie, Exaltacionis S. Crucis, Omnium Sanctorum et omnibus illis diebus quibus judicia generalia tenet et ‥ quibus milites debet facere Fordun Cont. X 7.  b 1103 cum omnibus libertatibus et dignitatibus et forisfacturis ad ~am regis pertinentibus (Ch. Hen. I) EHR XXIV 425; 1130 r. c. de iiij li. ut custodiat placita que ~e regis pertinent Pipe 92; s1139 [rex] Saeresberiensem presulem et nepotem ejus ‥, quasi regie ~e insidiatores, cepit et custodie mancipavit J. Worc. 54; c1145 tenebo inde tibi plenum rectum, sicut de re ~e mee pertinente (Ch. Steph.) Royal Writs 434; J. Sal. Pol. 591b (v. Caesar b); coloni ‥ fundorum illorum qui ~e annominantur Dial. Scac. I 4A; ad ~am domini regis pertinent [placita] ista: ‥ crimen ‥ lese majestatis ‥, occultatio inventi thesauri ‥ placitum de pace ‥ regis infracta; homicidium; incendium; roberia; raptus; crimen falsi, et si qua sunt similia Glanv. I 1; 1194 (v. custos 5c); 1200 quod in ‥ burgo Salop’ ‥ eligantur iiij de legalioribus ‥ de burgo ad custodienda placita ~e et alia que ad nos et ~am nostram pertinent in eodem burgo RChart 46a; Magna Carta 24 (v. coronator 2a); 1256 (v. custodire 5c); de rebus et libertatibus que pertinent ad dignitatem domini regis et ~am et in quibus casibus nullum tempus currit contra ipsum Bracton 103; 1270 xxix s. iijd. quos R. ‥ reddit ‥ per annum ad Scaccarium nostrum pro quadam terra ‥ nec sunt nec esse debent de antiquo dominico nostro ut de ~a Cl 193; 1283 (v. articulus 3c); 1292 predicte libertates faciunt quandam ~am integram, per quam quis est rex, nec possunt sine speciali concessione regis a ~a seperari PQW 675b; s1321 dominus H. ‥, dominus W. ‥, justiciarii domini regis sederunt in placitis; domini vero E. ‥ et W. ‥ sedebant in ‥ Turri pro ~a regis Ann. Paul. 291; 1330 retornum brevium domini regis habere est quedam jurisdiccio realis ~e domini regis specialiter annexa PQW 18a; s1368 judex ~e, qui vulgo dicitur coroner Thorne 2145; 1457 firme ‥ aque de N. sunt de proprietate ~e regie ExchScot 379.  c virtus regna bonis premunivit Pharaonis / gratia set donis est nostris nulla coronis [gl.: ‘gratia’, sc. succurrenda ad dona; ‘~is’, id est in regibus nostris coronatis] Garl. Mor. Scol. 518.  d 1331 B. de Normanton’, clericus de ~a Cancellarie nostre Pat 176 m. 27; 1350 J. de Tamworth, clericus ~e Cancellarie nostre Anglie Pat 230 m. 33 (cf. CalPat 1467–77 p. 426); Favent 15 (v. clericus 2d); Camd. Br. 141 (v. clericus 2e).  e 1464 feoffaverunt ‥ †T. F. [Johannem Fereby], valectum de ~a [et al.] Entries 68b (= CatAncD V A13416); de valectis ~e BBHouseh 77. 4 a crown of thorns (cf.Mark xv 17etc.). b shaven crown, tonsure. c (w. ref. to martyrdom of Thomas Becket). d crown of head. a tonsurae Petri apostoli formulam in modum ~ae spineae caput Christi cingentis ‥ suscepit Eddi 6; oportet eos ‥ formam ~ae, quam ipse in passione spineam portavit in capite, ‥ suo quemque in capite per tonsuram praeferre (Ceolfrith) Bede HE V 21 p. 343; Hugo Capet ‥ misit regi Ethelstano ‥ lanceam et clavum Domini et partem crucis, spinam unam ~e R. Niger II 138; 1261 (v. 4b infra); ~a Domini spinea integra et incorrupta S. Sim. Itin. 7; c1460 in festo ~e Domini [4 May] (Missale) New Liturg. 93.  b Colman ‥, adsumtis his qui ‥ Pascha catholicum et tonsuram ~ae — nam et de hoc quaestio non minima erat —recipere nolebant, Scottiam regressus est Bede HE III 26 (cf. ib. vol. II pp. 353–4); adtondebantur omnes in ~am ministri altaris ac monachi Ib. V 21 p. 346; optans vivificae sustollere stigma coronae Frith. 179; c1080 omni eum habitu monachico induimus, cujus etiam comam detondimus ac ~am fecimus Cart. Glast. I 128; propterea ~am habent [clerici] ut demonstretur inter eos et Deum nullum esse medium Beleth RDO 39. 49; 1202 ~am sibi fecit et totondit se ad modum clerici SelPlCrown 19; non in alta tonsura sive rotunda, non in ampla ~a ‥ salus est Gir. Spec. III 19 p. 247; 1261 pupblice denuntient omnibus qui gaudere voluerint privilegio clericali quod decen tem tonsuram et ~am rasi capitis deferant competentem ‥ nec erubescant ipsius portare stigmata qui pro eis spineam non dedignatus est portare ~am Conc. Syn. 683; ita ordinate frontes suas habebunt detectas ut sue ~e pateant intuentibus Cust. Westm. 169; 1303 primam tonsuram, qui vulgariter apud nos ~a benedicta vocatur, tibi contulimus Reg. Wint. 158; 1310 admissus statim radat amplam ~am ad modum choristarum (Instr. super Schol. Gram.) Reg. Whet. II app. 315; 1343 sacerdotes ‥ ~as largas habeant, tonsuram congruam et aures patulas ‥ uniformiter deferentes (Stat. Cantar. Sibthorpe) Eng. Clergy 272; ‘~am’, que de capillis superioris partis capitis est abrasio, in signum regni quod †adeo [? l. a Deo] expectant J. Acton Comment. 37y; castum se vovit sibi cum fuit uncta corona Gower VC III 1763.  c tertius miles ‥ ~am, que ampla fuit, ‥ a capite separavit Grim Thom. 82; quartus [miles] ‥ jam exspiranti [archiepiscopo] ~am rasilem abscidit et testam capitis dissipavit G. Hen. II I 13; quid hec capitis tonsio nisi dura et dira ~e tonsio, ubi testa capitis cum ~a unctionis separatur a capite? H. Bos. Thom. VI 9; s1176 per ‥ Rogerum [custodem altaris] habebant [monachi] maximam partem effusi sanguinis [B. Thome] et quandam particulam abscise ~e Thorne 1820.  d pauperrimum invenit ‥ puerum ‥ ~a fracta sanguinolentum Map NC V 5 p. 227; Ib. II 19 (v. calvities); quum per ~e capitis quassationem sit in celo coronatus T. Marlb. Wistan 333; 1263 fecit ei quandam plagam in capite inter ~am et aurem sinistram CurR 172 r. 12d.; 1319 percussit ‥ L. ‥ super ~am suam usque ad cerebrum, unde obiit (Inq. Coron.) DocCOx 171. 5 object resembling crown: a crown (iris) of eye; b Corona Borealis (astr); c (w. regia) melilot (bot); d circular chandelier; e circular apse; f Corona, crown-shaped chapel in Canterbury cathedral containing reliquary of St. Thomas; v. et. 4c supra. a per medium ipsius [tunice cornee] apparet circulus latus habens foramen in medio de uvea tunica, qui quidem circulus oculi ~a appellatur Ps.-Ric. Anat. 26; [pupilla] habet circa se quendam circulum †que [l. qui] ~a dicitur, quo †discreto [l. discreta, as Isid. Etym. XI 1. 38] nigredine albe partes oculi a pupilla separantur Bart. Angl. V 7.  b qua Sirius atque Corona R. Cant. Malch. V 23; ecce polus, borealis apex, in vertice summo / emicat hunc cingit parva Corona decens Neckam DS I 344.  c mellilotum ‥ facit vaginas semine plenas, cujus semen dicitur ~a regia SB 30; matris silva ‥, mellilotum secundum quosdam, †corna [v. l. corona] regia Alph. 110.  d accendantur duae partes cereorum ~ae presbyterii et omnia luminaria quae circa majus altare sunt Lanfr. Const. 130; in medio hujus ecclesie ~a dependet deaurata Gerv. Cant. I 9; [H. episcopus, ob 1194] fecit ‥ alia [lumina] in circuitu altaris ad instar ~e super candelabra poni G. Cold. Durh. 7; in die Natalis Domini ‥ [thesaurarius] octo cereos debet administrare ‥ circa altare ‥ et in ~a ante gradum quinque Offic. Sal. 5; sacrista ‥ candelabra, ‥ ~as, pelves et cetera vasa ad luminis officium necessaria ‥ curare debet Cust. Westm. 42; si [celerarius] voluerit invenire cereos ad ~am juxta ‥ perticam, tunc ponantur ibi cerei qui stare solebant super mensas. ipse eciam reparabit ‥ omnes ~as et cordas eorum Cust. Swith. 22.  e s1099 cum ad concilium ventum esset ‥ ex precepto pape in ~a sedes illi [Anselmo] posita est, qui locus non obscuri honoris in tali conventu solet haberi Eadmer HN 128; Ferr. Kinloss 71 (v. corollarium 2).  f s1220 corpus B. Thome archiepiscopi levatum est et de sarcophago marmoreo et de cripta ~e B. Cotton 110 (= Ann. Wav. 293); de crypta ecclesie ubi jacuerat fere per l annos ad ~am S. Thome hora matutina fuit concordata quod ‥ Hist. Roff. 61 v; 1331 mittimus vobis ‥ species quas recepimus ex parte vestra de ~a et martirio Lit. Cant. I 419; in capella prioris apparatus tocius altaris ‥; item ad ~am apparatus altaris de eadem secta Ib. III 113; 1510 jacet ad ~am S. Thome Invent. Ch. Ch. 40. 6 a circle, ring (of people or animals). b cycle (of time). a canes crebro stipant latratibus aprum / undique vallantes densa cingente corona Aldh. VirgV 1650; circumstante legionum ~a Ord. Vit. XII 43 p. 469; consedente fratrum amantissima ~a Ailr. Spir. Amicit. III 82. 691A; expalluit tota ~a, generali gemitu veram admiracionem confessa Map NC III 2 p. 118; praesidente rege in ~a prudentissimorum hominum More Ut. 81.  b planetarum dispar volubilitas ‥ septenis stellarum curriculis licet inaequali annorum ~a rotatur Aldh. Met. 3. 7 crown, gold coin (usu. Fr.). b crown of the rose (Eng.). c crown of the sun (Fr.). 1341 Foed. V 259 (v. agna c); s1417 rex H. ‥ applicuit in Normannia ‥ in loco vocato Touque, ubi est ‥ castellum nobile, quod reddere per annum solet viij m ~arum [id. HA II 321: coronatorum] Wals. YN 477; s1418 (v. convadeare); aureis ~is centum monete Gallice donati Liv. Hen. V 6a; 1424 dent ‥ quatuor ordinibus fratrum mendicancium London’ ‥, viz. cuilibet ordini m ~as Reg. Cant. II 279; 1532 in ~is Francanis, xxv s. Househ. Bk. Durh. 132; 1595 ad mcccc ~as Gallicas, A. French crownes, ‥ ad ratam v s. xj d. legalis monete Anglie pro qualibet ~a Gallica Entries 338.  b 1532 ~as de duplici rosa KR Mem 311 rec. Mich. r. 12.  c ~as de sole KR Mem 311 r. 13.

1 cŏrōna, (8) æ, f. (κορώνη), ¶ 1 couronne : Pl. Men. 463 ; Cic. Fl. 75 ; sub corona vendere Cæs. G. 3, 16, 4, vendre des prisonniers de guerre [on les exposait en vente couronnés de fleurs] ¶ 2 [fig.] a) cercle, assemblée, réunion ; [en part., cercle formé par les assistants dans les débats judiciaires] : Cic. Fl. 69 ; Fin. 2, 74 ; b) ligne dʼune armée assiégeante, cordon de troupes : Cæs. G. 7, 72, 2 ; Liv. 23, 18, 5 ; c) ligne de soldats qui défendent une enceinte : Liv. 4, 19, 8 ; d) larmier, corniche : Curt. 9, 4, 30 ; e) circuit, pourtour dʼun champ : Cato Agr. 6, 3 ; f) couronne [art vétérinaire] : Col. Rust. 6, 29, 3 ; g) cercle lumineux autour du soleil, halo : Sen. Nat. 1, 2, 1.

corona , ae. f.
花冠。冕旒環坐。圍城。星宿名。塼線。月圍光。— obsidionalis 賞解圍之花冠。— navalis 賞水戰之花冠。— ovalis 小奏凱之花冠。 Cives sub corona vendere 賣子民爲奴。

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corōna ae, f

• , κορώνη, a garland, chaplet, wreath: coronam habere in capite: virtute parta: laurea, L.: Necte Lamiae coronam, H.—Worn in offering sacrifice: Insignis gemmis, V.: tenuis, Iu. —A crown, diadem: duplex gemmis, V.: species coronae, O.: aureae, Ta.—A chaplet (as a badge of captivity): sub coronā vendere, to sell as slaves, Cs.: sub coronā vēnire, L.—The Northern Crown (a constellation): Gnosia stella Coronae, V., O.— A circle, assembly, crowd, multitude, audience, spectators, ring: vox in coronam effunditur: armatorum: clamor coronae, H.—A surrounding army, besiegers, line of siege: militum, Cs.: coronā vallum defendit, a circle of defence, L.: spissa viris, V.—An eage: angusta muri, Cu.

CORONA

CORO´NA(στέφανος), a crown; that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the head or neck, and used as a festive as well as funeral decoration, and as a reward of talent, military or naval prowess, and civil worth. It includes the synonyms, for which it is often used absolutely, στεφάνη, στέφος, στεφάνωμα, corolla, sertum, a garland or wreath.

The use of crowns on public and private occasions was so general in antiquity, that there was a special literature on the subject, of which we have remains in Theophrastus (Hist. Pl. 6.6), Athenaeus (lib. xv.), Pliny (Plin. Nat.21. § § 1-70, 22. § § 4-13), and Pollux (6.106-7). At Rome Claudius Saturninus wrote a book De Coronis (Tertull. de Cor. Mil. 7, 10, 12). We shall first briefly describe the materials of which crowns were made, and then mention the principal public and private occasions when they were used.

I. Materials of Crowns.

Crowns originally consisted of wool or the foliage of trees, especially myrtle-twigs or ivy, with which flowers of various kinds were subsequently interwoven. The makers and sellers of these garlands or crowns formed a distinct trade, and were called in Greece στεφανηπλόκοι or στεφανοποιοί

(Theophr. Hist. Pl. 6.1; Plut. Quaest. Conv. 3.1, 2), and in Rome coronarii (Plin. Nat.21. § § 54, 177; Fronto, ad M. Caes. 2, 1). In ancient works of art we find frequent representations of the making of crowns and garlands, as in the preceding drawing from a picture at Pompeii. The flowers used for making crowns and garlands were named στεφανώματα (Theophr. l. c.; Athen. 15. 672a, f; Hesych.) and coronamenta (Cat. Agr. 8; Plin. Nat.21.53, 22.53-Z2). The foliage and flowers were sometimes fastened together by the inner bark of the linden-tree, whence such garlands were called by the Romans coronae sutiles. (Plin. Nat.16.65, 21.11-Z2; Ov. Fast. 5.335, 337; Mart. 5.65, 4, 9.90-Z2, 6; 9.93-Z2, 5.) Such crowns were also called nexae and sertae (Mart. 13.51; Lucan (Luc. 10.164). At Athens the place in the market where crowns were sold was called αἱ μυρρίναι (Aristoph. Thesm. 448, cf. 457), because the myrtle was the most common material for making them. Many of the flower-girls were celebrated in antiquity, especially Glycera of Sicyon, the mistress of Pausias (Plin. Nat.21.4; 35.125-Z2). At Rome the temple of the Lares at the head of the Sacra Via was a place much frequented for the sale of flower-garlands. (Ov. Fast. 6.783; Becker-Göll, Gallus, 3. p. 453.) Among the Romans crowns were frequently made of the leaves of plants (without an intermixture of flowers), especially the ivy (hedera, Hor. Carm. 4.11, 4; Plin. Nat.16. § § 147, 155; 21. § § 52, 55), the myrtle (myrtus, Cat. Agr. 8, 2; Hor. Carm. 1.4, 9; 2.7, 25; Ov. Fast. 4.869), and parsley (apium, Hor. Carm. 1.36, 16; 2.7, 24; 4.11, 3). Pliny says (21.14), paucissima nostri genera coronamentorum intra hortensia novere, ac paene violas rosasque tantum. Of the various flowers used for crowns the violet was a favourite at Athens, whence ἰοστέφανος, violet-crowned, is an epithet of Athens (Pind. Fragm. 46; Aristoph. Eq. 1323; Ach. 637). The hyacinth and the lily were also used for crowns (Theocr. 10.28; Hor. Carm. 1.36, 16; Ov. Am. 2.5, 37). But the most popular flower for crowns both in Greece and Rome was the rose, called the king of flowers (Achill. Tat. 2.1), and the rose of the Loves (τὸ ῥόδον τὸ τῶν Ἐρώτων, Anacr. 5), whence Demos in Aristophanes (Eq. 966) is said to have been crowned with roses. They were especially used for convivial crowns (Hor. Carm. 1.36, 15; 1.38, 3; 2.3, 14; 2.11, 14; 3.15, 15; 3.29, 3; Ov. Fast. 4.870). Garlands of roses were in so much request in Rome that they were used in winter (Sen. Ep. 122, 8). With this object they were grown under glass (Mart. 4.22, 5; 13.127-Z2), and were imported from Egypt (Mart. 6.80). As luxury increased the leaves of the nardus or spikenard, brought from India, were used for crowns, with which roses were also intertwined (Plin. Nat.21.11; Lucan (Luc. 10.164; Mart. 13.51).

Garlands were also made of dried flowers, especially of amaranth, which, when moistened, retained the appearance of fresh flowers, and were called hibernae coronae (Plin. Nat.21.47). The same name was given to crowns made of artificial flowers (Plin. Nat.21.5). Sometimes they were made of a thin layer of metal, covered with gold or silver, and called by the Romans corollae or corollaria inaurata or inargentata (Plin. Nat.21.5; cf. Varr. L. L. v. 178; Blümner, Techn. u. Term. d. Gewerbe u. Künste, 1. p. 304 seq.). But crowns of pure gold were frequent among the Greeks as honorary distinctions. (See below.) Crowns of silver were less common, but are mentioned by Pliny (Plin. Nat.21.6). Crowns of gold have been found in tombs in Etruria and the Crimea, of which the following specimen found in a tomb at Armento in Southern Italy, and now preserved in the museum at Munich, is one of the most remarkable. It is composed of branches of oak, intertwined with garlands of flowers, while a statue is placed at the top, and winged figures amidst the foliage. It bears an inscription beneath the top figure. (Gerhard, Antike Bildwerke, i. x.) [CAELATURAp. 326 a. ]

The Corona Etrusca was made of pure gold in the form of leaves, sometimes set with gems, and terminating in ribbons (lemnisci) of the same metal. It was held by a slave over the head of a general when he entered Rome in triumph (Plin. Nat.33.11; 21.6-Z2; Juven. 10.41; Tertull. de Cor. Mil. 13). Crowns adorned with such pendent ribbons were called Coronae lemniscatae (Serv. ad Verg. A. 5.269, 6.772-Z2). The lemnisci (λημνίσκοι) were first made of wool, adorned with ribbons (from λῆνος, wool, Fest. p. 155, M.), afterwards of linden-bast, and subsequently of gold. Crowns so adorned were the highest rewards of victors (Serv. l. c.; Plin. Nat.16.65), whence Cicero speaks of palma lemniscata, where palma means a victory or the highest reward (Rosc. Am. 35, 100; cf. Aus. Ep. 20.5). Such crowns were also given as a distinction to guests at banquets, and on other occasions (Plaut. Pseud. 5.1, 23; Liv. 33.33, 2; Suet. Nero 25).

Other epithets applied to crowns require a few words of explanation.

Coronae longae (Cic. de Leg. 2.2. 4, 60) resembled what we call festoons, and were employed to decorate the doors of houses, temples, amphitheatres, &c. (Ov. Fast. 4.738). Hence we read in Juvenal (6.51) necte coronam postibus, in Ovid (Ov. Met. 4.759) sertaque dependent tectis, and in Lucan (Luc. 2.354) festa coronato non pendent limine serta.

Corona pactilis (Plin. Nat.21.11), probably the same as the corona plectilis of Plautus (Bacch. 1.1, 37), corona torta (Propert. 3.20, 18; cf. torta quercu, a twisted oak-crown, Verg. G. 1.349), plexa (Lucr. 5.1399; Catull. 64.283), and as the στέφανοι πλεκτοὶ and κυλιστὸς στέφανος of the Greeks. It was made of flowers, shrubs, grass, ivy, wool, or any flexible material twined or twisted together, and therefore opposed to the corona sutilis described above (see p. 545 b).

Corona tonsa was made of leaves only, closely cut, as for instance of the olive (Verg. A. 5.556; tonsae olivae, Georg. 3.21; Serv. ad loc.).

In ancient paintings females are frequently represented with crowns of flowers.

II. CROWNS AS REWARDS.

Judging from Homer's silence, crowns do not appear to have been adopted amongst the Greeks of the heroic ages as rewards of merit, or as festive decorations; for they are not mentioned amongst the luxuries of the delicate Phaeacians, or of the suitors. But crowns are mentioned in the Homeric Hymns (6.42, 32.6) and by Hesiod (Hes. Th. 576, though this passage is considered spurious by many critics). The Tragic poets, transferring the customs of their own days to the heroic age, frequently represent the heroes wearing crowns. At what time the wearing of crowns first came into use is uncertain. Some writers attribute their introduction as honorary rewards to the athletic games in which they were bestowed as prizes upon the victors; but in opposition to this view is the express testimony of Pausanias (Paus. 10.7.3), that in the second Pythiad the Amphictyons enacted that the reward in the contests should be simply a crown or chaplet instead of the material prizes which had been formerly given. It is more probable that crowns were of religious origin (see below), and were for this reason given to the victors in the public games as the highest distinction. In the Olympic games the prize was a crown of wild olive (κότινος, Paus. 5.7.4), in the Pythian a crown of laurel (δάφνη, Paus. 10.7.4), in the Nemean a crown of parsley (σέλινον, cf. Pind. N. 6.71), and in the Isthmian a crown of pine-leaves (πίτυς), though crowns of other materials were at different periods also given at the Isthmian games (Plut. Symp. 5.3). For details see the articles on these games, and Hermann, Privatalterth. § 50. Poets also were crowned both among the Greeks and Romans, and are so represented in works of art.

Crowns as rewards for public services are first mentioned in the time of the Persian wars. The Lacedaemonians gave to Eurybiades an olive crown as the prize of valour, and also to Themistocles a crown of the same material as the prize of wisdom and dexterity, when he had failed to obtain the prize at Athens (Hdt. 8.124). The Athenians also refused the crown as a prize to Miltiades and Aristides (Plut. Cim. 8; Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. § 45). They first granted it to Pericles (Val. Max.); and next to Thrasybulus and the exiles who had seized Phyle, on their return to Athens (Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. § 50; Corn. Nep. Thrasyb. 4). The inhabitants of Scione crowned Brasidas with a golden crown as the liberator of Hellas (Thuc. 4.120). Soon after the Peloponnesian war the Athenians substituted for the olive garland a crown of gold, and granted it for every trifling feat, whether civil, naval, or military. But, though such crowns were lavished without much discrimination as far as regards the character of the receiving parties, they were still subjected to certain legal restrictions in respect of the time, place, and mode in which they were conferred. They could only be presented in the public assemblies, and with the consent, that is by the suffrage, of the people, or by the senators in their council, or by the tribes to their own members, or by the δημόται to members of their own δῆμος. According to the statement of Aeschines, the people could not lawfully present crowns in any place except in their assembly, nor the senators except in the senate-house; nor, according to the same authority, in the theatre, which is, however, denied by Demosthenes; nor at the public games, and if any crier there proclaimed the crowns he was subject to ἀτιμία. Neither could any person holding an office receive a crown whilst he was ὑπεύθυνος, that is, before he had passed his accounts. But crowns were sometimes presented by foreign cities to particular citizens, which were termed στέφανοι ξενικοί, coronae hospitales. This, however, could not be done until the ambassadors from those cities had obtained permission from the people, and the party for whom the honour was intended had undergone public investigation in which the whole course of his life was submitted to a strict inquiry. Crowns were also given by one state to another. Demosthenes tells us that the inhabitants of Byzantium decreed a crown to the Athenian people in token of their gratitude, and also that the Chersonesites for a similar reason bestowed upon the senate and people of Athens a crown of gold of sixty talents. (See Aeschin. c. Ctesiph. and Dem. de Coron. passim.)

Among the Romans, in particular, honorary crowns of various kinds were among the dona militaria, which generals bestowed upon the soldiers, and with which soldiers honoured their generals. A full account of them is given by A. Gellius (Gell. 5.6), who, as well as Festus, derived his information from Varro. (Cf. Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverw. 2. p. 556.)

1. Corona obsidionalisor corona graminea.

Among the honorary crowns bestowed by the Romans for military achievements, the most difficult of attainment, and the one which conferred the highest honour, was the corona obsidionalis, presented by a beleaguered army after its liberation to the general who broke up the siege. It was made of grass, or weeds and wild flowers (Plin. Nat.22.14), thence called corona graminea (Plin. Nat.22.7), and graminea obsidionalis (Liv. 7.37), gathered from the spot on which the beleaguered army had been enclosed (Plin. l. c.; Gell. 5.6, 2.11-Z2; Fest. pp. 97, 190, M.); in allusion to a custom of the early ages, in which the vanquished party in a contest of strength or agility plucked a handful of grass from the meadow where the struggle took place, and gave it to his opponent as a token of victory. (Gell. l. c.; Plin. Nat.22.8; Fest. l. c.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 8.128) A list of the few Romans who gained this honour is given by Pliny (Plin. Nat.22. § § 9-13), who tells us that though it was properly given by the army, yet Q. Fabius Maximus received it from the senate and people, and Augustus from the senate.

2. Corona civica,

the second in honour and importance (Plin. Nat.16. § § 7-14), was presented to the soldier who had preserved the life of a Roman citizen in battle (Gell. 5.6; Fest. p. 42, M.), and therefore accompanied with the inscription Ob civem servatum (Sen. Clem. 1.26, 5). It was originally made of the ilex, afterwards of the aesculus, and finally of the quercus (Plin. l. c.), three different sorts of oak, the reason for which choice is explained by Plutarch (Quaest. Rom. 92). As the possession of this crown was so high an honour, its attainment was restricted by very severe regulations (Plin. l. c.), so that the following conditions must have been satisfied before a claim was allowed:--To have preserved the life of a Roman citizen in battle, slain his opponent, and maintained the ground on which the action took place. The testimony of a third party was not admissible; the person rescued must himself proclaim the fact, which increased the difficulty of attainment, as the Roman soldier was commonly unwilling to acknowledge his obligation to the prowess of a comrade, and to show him that deference which he would be compelled to pay to his preserver if the claim were established. (Cic. pro Planc. 30, 72.) Originally, therefore, the corona civica was presented by the rescued soldier (Gell. l. c.; Plb. 6.39), after the claim had been thoroughly investigated by the tribune who compelled a reluctant party to come forward and give his evidence (Polyb. l. c.); but under the empire, when the prince was the fountain from whence all honours emanated, the civic crown was no longer received from the hands of the person whose preservation it rewarded, but from the prince himself, or his delegate. (Tac. Ann. 3.21, 12.31-Z2, 15.12-Z2.)

The preservation of the life of an ally, even though he were a king, would not confer a sufficient title for the civic crown. When once obtained, it might always be worn. The soldier who had acquired it had a place reserved next to the senate at all the public spectacles; and they, as well as the rest of the company, rose up upon his entrance. He was freed from all public burthens, as were also his father and his paternal grandfather; and the person who owed his life to him was bound, ever after, to cherish his preserver as a parent, and afford him all such offices as were due from a son to his father. (Polyb., Cic., Plin., Aul. Gell. ll. cc.)

A few of the principal persons who gained this reward are enumerated in the following passages:--Plin. Nat.7. § § 101-6, 16. § § 11-14; Liv. 6.20, 10.46-Z2. L. Gellius Publicola proposed to confer it upon Cicero for having detected and crushed the conspiracy of Catiline (Gell. 5.6); and among the honours bestowed upon Augustus by the senate, it was decreed that a civic crown should be suspended from the top of his house (Dio Cass.; Mon. Ancyr. 6, 14; Val. Max.fin.; Ovid. Fast. 1.614, 4.953, Trist. 3.1, 6; cf. Sen. Clem. 1.26, 5; Suet. Calig. 19, Claud. 17, Tib. 26); hence a crown of oak leaves, flanked by two branches of laurel, with the inscription ob civis servatos, is frequently seen on the reverse of the Augustan medals, as also on those of Galba, Vitellius, Vespasian, Trajan, &c., showing that they likewise assumed to themselves a similar honour.

3. Corona navalisor rostrata,

also called classica by Vellei. 2.81, a golden crown, given to the sailor who first boarded an enemy's ship (Fest. p. 163, M. ; Gell. l. c.). Virgil (Aen. 8.684) unites two of the terms in one line: tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona. According to other authorities, it was granted very rarely, and only to a commander who destroyed the enemy's fleet, or gained any very signal victory at sea. Thus it was conferred upon Varro by Pompeius in the war against the pirates, and upon Agrippa by Augustus on his conquest of Sex. Pompeius in B.C. 36. (Vell. Pat. 1. c.; Liv. Epit. 129; Dio Cass.; Ov. A. A. iii.

392; Sen. de Ben. 3.32; Plin. Nat.7.115, 16.7-Z2; Suet. Cl. 17; Orelli, Inscr. 3454.) It occurs on the coins of Agrippa, the crowns being decorated with the beaks of ships, like the rostra in the forum (Plin. Nat.16.7; Eckhel, 6. p. 164).

The Athenians likewise bestowed golden crowns for naval services; upon the trierarch who got his trireme first equipped, or the captain who had his vessel in the best order. (Dem. de Cor. Trierarch. p. 1228.1, ed. Schaefer.)

4. Corona muralis.

The first man who scaled the wall of a besieged city was presented by his commander with a mural crown, made of gold and decorated with turrets (quasi muri pinnis decorata, Gell. l. c.); and being one of the highest orders of military decorations, was not awarded to a claimant until after a strict investigation. (Plb. 6.39; Liv. 26.48; Sil. It. 15.257; Suet. Aug. 25; Orelli, Inscr. 3569, &c.)

Cybele is always represented with this crown upon her head (Lucr. 2.607-10; Ov. Fast. 4.219); as shown in the woodcut on p. 553. Agrippa is represented on a coin wearing a combination of the naval and mural crowns.

5. Corona castrensis

or vallaris. The first soldier who surmounted the vallum, and forced an entrance into the enemy's camp, was, in like manner, presented with a golden crown, called corona castrensis or vallaris (Gell. l. c.; Fest. p. 57, M.; Val. Max.; Liv. 10.46; Suet. Aug. 25; Plin. Nat.33.38; Corona castrensis, Orelli, 3048; vallaris, Orelli, 749, 3509), which was ornamented with the palisades (valli) used in forming an entrenchment.

6. Corona triumphalis

was worn upon the head of the commander during his triumph. It was first made of laurel and bay leaves, and afterwards of gold. (Gell. l. c.; Fest. p. 367, M.; Liv. 10.7; Cic. in Pis. 24, 58; Dionys. 2.34; Zonar. 7.21; Ov. Pont. 2.2, 92; Plin. xv.

§ 127 seq.; Juven. 10.41; Suet. Tib. 17, Ner. 13.) Those who had received the laurel crown had the right of wearing it at the public games (Dio Cass., 48.16). It was. conferred upon Julius Caesar and Augustus, and appears on the coins of subsequent emperors as a mark of sovereignty, and was therefore not worn by any one but the reigning emperor (Eckhel, 6. p. 361). The triumphal Etruscan crown, made of gold and often enriched with jewels, was held over the head of the general during his triumph, by a public officer. (See above, p. 546 a.) This crown, as well as the former one, was presented to the victorious general by his army. [TRIUMPHUS]

Crowns, likewise of gold and of great value, were sent as presents from the provinces to the commander, as soon as a triumph had been decreed to him, and were carried before him in his triumphal procession (Fest. p. 367, M.; Plut. Aem. 34; Liv. 37.58). In the early ages of the republic, these were gratuitous presents, but subsequently they were exacted as a tribute under the name of aurum coronarium, to which none were entitled but those to whom a triumph had been decreed. [AURUM CORONARIUM] The custom of presenting golden crowns from the provinces to victorious generals was likewise in use among the Greeks, for they were profusely lavished upon Alexander after his conquest of Dareius (Athen. 12. p. 539 a); and the Romans probably borrowed the custom from the Greeks.

7. Corona ovalis

was another crown of less estimation, appropriated solely to commanders who merely deserved an ovation [OVATIO], on which account it was made of myrtle, the shrub sacred to Venus, Quod non Martius, sed quasi Veneris quidam triumphus foret. (Gell. l. c.; Fest. p. 195, M.; Plut. Marc. 22; cf. Plin. Nat.15. § § 125-6; Dionys. 5.47.)

8. Corona oleagina

was likewise an honorary wreath, made of the olive leaf, and conferred upon the soldiers as well as their commanders. According to Gellius (l. c.), it was given to any person or persons through whose instrumentality a triumph had been obtained, but when they were not personally present in the action. It was conferred both by Augustus and the senate upon the soldiery on several occasions. (Dio Cass..)

III. Religious Crowns.

Crowns in general probably owed their origin to religious rites. Certain trees were from the most ancient times regarded as sacred, and it is probable that those who presented offerings to the gods carried in their hands branches of such trees, which in course of time were woven into garlands and worn upon the head. However this may be, the use of the sacrificial crown, though later than the Homeric poems, was established at least as early as the times of Sappho, who says that the gods turn away from those who are uncrowned (Athen. 15. p. 674 e). Certain trees were sacred to certain divinities, as the ivy to Dionysus or Bacchus, who is constantly represented with the corona pampinea (Hor. Carm. 3.25, 20; 4.8, 33), the oak to Zeus, the laurel to Apollo, the myrtle to Aphrodité or Venus, the olive to Athena or Minerva, &c. Garlands of leaves and flowers were worn by the worshippers, the priests and priestesses, and the victims offered in sacrifice. In like manner persons who went to consult an oracle wore crowns, which they laid aside when they returned. Crowns imparted a sanctity to the persons, and secured them inviolability. Thus they were worn by the archons at Athens (Dem. Mid. § 33), their office being called στεφανηφόρος (Aeschin. Tim. § 19), and by orators when addressing the assembly (Aristoph. Thesm. 380). For further details, see Hermann, Griech. Antiq.vol. 1. § § 124, 129; vol. 2. § § 24, 35.

Among the Romans crowns were, in like manner, worn by priests and the victim, as well as the bystanders, when officiating at the sacrifice. It does not appear to have been confined to any one material, but was sometimes made of olive (Stat. Theb. 3.466), sometimes of gold (Prudent. Peristeph. x. 1011; Tertull. de Idol. 18), and sometimes of the ears of corn, then termed corona spicea, which kind was the most ancient one amongst the Romans (Plin. Nat.18.6; Tac. Ann. 11.4), and was consecrated to Ceres (Hor. Carm. Sec. 30; Tibull. 2.1, 4, 1.1, 15), before whose temples it was customarily suspended (Tibull. 1.1, 16). In particular the insigne of the Fratres Arvales was the corona spicea and infulae albae, or white woollen fillets (Gell. vii. (vi.) 7.8; Plin. l. c.; Marquardt, Röm. Staatsverw. 3. p. 429). [INFULA] The corona spicea was likewise regarded as an emblem of peace (Tibull. 1.10, 67), in which character it appears in the subjoined coin, which commemorates the conclusion of the civil war between Antony and D. Albinus Brutus.

The corona spicea also appears in coins on the heads of some of the females of the imperial family, as Livia, Antonia, and Agrippina (Eckhel, 6. p. 257).

Among religious crowns may be mentioned the corona radiata, which was a mark of divinity. It had been originally given only to gods and deified heroes,--thus Virgil (Aen. 12.162) represents the hero Latinus: Cui tempora circumAurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt,Solis avi specimen,-- and it was first assumed by some of the successors of Alexander the Great, who claimed divine honours. Thus we find it on the coins of the Ptolemies, kings of Egypt.

Among the Romans divine honours were decreed to Julius Caesar and Augustus, who claimed a divine descent (corona radiata, Suet. Aug. 94); but the first emperor who assumed the corona radiata in his lifetime was Nero, upon whose coins it appears. We find, however, Augustus thus represented on coins struck after his death, as in the accompanying coin of Caligula. The example of Nero was not followed by the subsequent emperors till Caracalla, who is represented on coins with the corona radiata, and it appears frequently on those of succeeding emperors. (Eckhel, 6. p. 269 ff.)

Corona radiata, on a coin of Ptolemaeus V., king of Egypt. (British Museum.)

The practice of crowning the dead with chaplets of leaves and flowers was doubtless of religious origin. Clemens of Alexandria (Paedag. 2. p. 181) explains it by the crown being a symbol of freedom and deliverance from every annoyance. In any case it was regarded as a mark of honour (Eurip. Troad. 1143; Aristoph. Eccl. 538; Lysistr. 602-4; Cic. pro Flacc. 31, 75; Alciphr. 1.36; Tert. de Cor. 10). Thus Euripides (Eur. Phoen. 1632) represents Creon forbidding the crowning of the corpse of Polynices under the penalty of death. All kinds of flowers and leaves were used for this purpose (στεφανώσαντες τοῖς ὡραίοις ἄνθεσι, Lucian. de Luct. 11), but parsley (σέλινον) was most commonly employed among the Greeks (Plut. Tim. 26; Suid. s. v.). Although the corpse was probably crowned with only one garland, the relations and friends sent, as with us, numerous garlands to the funeral, with which they crowned both the bier and the tomb. The taeniae (ταινίαι), bands, ribbons, or fillets of leaves and flowers, not necessarily for crowning, were also sent to funerals (τὰς ταινίας, ἃς τοῖς νεκροῖς ἔπεμπον οἱ φίλοι, Schol. ad Aristoph. Lysistr. 603). Caecilius (op. Fest. s. v.) speaks of a tomb, full of taeniae, as usual; and on ancient vases funeral stelae are often represented hung with chaplets or bound with taeniae. (Dennis, Etrur. 1. p. 395; Stephani, Compte Rendu for 1874, p. 114.) Such chaplets or fillets were frequently deposited on tombs, not only at the time of the funeral, but also at subsequent periods. The Greeks entwined with garlands the cinerary urn of their friends (Plut. Demetr. 53); Philopoemen's urn was so covered with chaplets as scarcely to be visible (Plut. Phil. 21), and Hannibal crowned the urn of Marcellus (Plut. Marc. 30).

The crowning of the dead was not so common among the Romans as among the Greeks. But a law of the Twelve Tables enacted that a person who had obtained an honorary crown in his lifetime might have it placed upon him in the funeral procession. (Cic. de Ley. 2.2. 4, 60; Plin. Nat.21.7.) Garlands of flowers were also placed upon the bier and the funeral pyre (Plin. Nat.21.10; Dionys. 11.39). Pliny (ib. § 11) says that crowns were used in honour of sepulchres and the manes. (Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.3, 82; Tibull. 2.4, 48.)

We have seen that funeral crowns were usually of leaves and flowers, but golden crowns in the shape of leaves and flowers have also been found in tombs. (See above, p. 546 a.) (Becker-Göll, Charikles, 1. p. 260, iii. pp. 122, 159; Gallus, 3. p. 491.)

V. Crowns as signs of rejoicing. 1. Coronae conviviales.

The name of coronae was only applied to convivial garlands at a late period, as the word was originally restricted to religious crowns, and those given as rewards (Plin. Nat.21.3). Among the Greeks and Romans, the guests wore crowns at their banquets, but they were not put on till the first course was finished, and the symposium or comissatio began (Athen. xv. pp. 685, 669; Plut; Symp. 3.1, 1; Val. Max., 1). Guests crowned with flowers are frequently depicted in the drinking scenes on ancient vases. The practice was borrowed by the Romans from the Greeks, and was already usual in the second Punic war: but it was considered a mark of luxury; and when anyone was seen in public, even accidentally, crowned with flowers, he was severely punished. (Plin. Nat.21.8.) At first woollen fillets were only used, tied round the head, to prevent intoxication, but afterwards crowns of leaves and flowers, especially the myrtle and the rose (Plin. ib. § 3). The Greeks also believed that crowns of flowers likewise mitigated the effects of wine. (Athen. xv. pp. 674, 675; Plut. Symp. 3.1.) On the various kinds of flowers, especially roses, used for convivial crowns, and the luxury attending them, see above, p. 545. The rose was used as synonymous with, or to indicate, the comissatio. Thus Cicero says (de Fin. 2.20, 65) in rosa potare; and Martial (Mart. 10.19, 20), cum regnat rosa, cum madent capilli, also (3.68, 5) deposito post vina rosasque pudore. Unguents or perfumes were introduced with the flowers (Sen. de Ir. 2.33, 4; Athen. 15. p. 669; Mart. 10.19, 20), and sometimes, as a special honour, crowns were dedicated with lemnisci or pendent ribbons, like the triumphal crowns already mentioned (p. 546). (plaut. Pseud. 5.1, 21; Capitol. Ver. 5.) In ancient times each guest brought his own crown (Ov. Fast. 1.403), but subsequently the crowns were provided by the host. The guests not only wore crowns upon their heads, but also garlands round their necks, called ὑποθυμίδες (Athen. 15. p. 674), so that they might enjoy the scent. Thus Verres is represented as wearing one garland on his head, and another round his neck (Cic. Ver. 5.1. 1, 27). The garlands round the neck, as well as on the head, are mentioned in other passages (Hor. Sat. 2.3, 256; Catull. 7.51; Ov. Fast. ii.

739). Among the extravagances in the house of Trimalchio we are told that the legs, feet, and ankles of the guests were bound with flowers (Petron. 70). (On convivial crowns, see Becker-Göll, Gallus, 3. p. 493 seq.)

2. Corona nuptialis.

Both the bride and bridegroom among the Greeks and Romans wore crowns (Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 869; cf. Aves, 159), and are often so represented on ancient vases. Those who were present at the marriage also wore crowns; and the doors of the bridegroom as well as the bridal bed were also decorated with garlands (στέφος γαμήλιον, Bion, Id. 1.88; Lucian. Dial. Meretr. 2.3; Plut. Amat. 10, Pomp. 55; Catull. 64.294; Juven. 6.51, 227; Lucan (Luc. 2.358; Stat. Silv. 1.2, 231; Apul. Met. 4.100.26.) Among the Romans the verbena and other plants, of which the bridal crown was composed, were plucked by the bride herself. (Fest. p. 63, M.; cf. Catull. 61.7.)

3. Corona natalicia,

the chaplet suspended over the door of the vestibule of the house in which a child was born (Juven. 9.85). At Athens, when the infant was male, the chaplet was made of olive; when female, of wool (Hesych. s. v. στέφανος). (Paschalius, de Coronis, Paris, 1610; Garcke, de Horatii Corollis, Altenburg, 1860; the works of Becker-Göll, Hermann, Blümner, Marquardt, referred to above; Daremberg and Saglio, s. v.)

[W.S]

Corōna

(στέφανος). A crown; that is, a circular ornament of metal, leaves, or flowers, worn by the ancients round the head or neck, and used as a festive as well as funeral decoration, and as a reward of talent, military or naval prowess, and civic worth. It includes the synonyms, for which it is often used absolntely, στεφάνη, στέφος, στεφάνωμα, corolla, sertum, “a garland or wreath.”

The use of crowns on public and private occasions was so general in antiquity that there was a special literature on the subject, of which we have remains in Theophrastus (Hist. Pl. vi. 6), Athenaeus (lib. xv.), Pliny (Pliny H. N. xxi. 1-70Pliny H. N., xxii. 4-13), and Pollux (vi. 106-107). At Rome Claudius Saturninus wrote a book De Coronis (Tertull. De Cor. Mil. 7, 10, 12).

Crowns originally consisted of wool or the foliage of trees, especially myrtle-twigs or ivy, with which flowers of various kinds were subsequently interwoven. The makers and sellers of these garlands or crowns formed a distinct trade, and were called in Greece στεφανηπλόκοι or στεφανοποιοί, and in Rome coronarii (Plin.xxi. 54, 177).

The flowers used in making crowns were called in Greek στεφανώματα, in Latin coronamenta.

The foliage and flowers were sometimes fastened together by the inner bark of the lindentree, such garlands being known as coronae sutiles, also nexae and sertae. At Athens, the flower-market was called αἱ μυρρίναι, because myrtle (μύρτος) was the material most commonly used in making them. Many of the flower-girls were celebrated in antiquity, especially Glycera the mistress of Pausias (Plin. H. N. xxi. 4; xxxv. 125).

At Rome, the temple of the Lares, at the head of the Via Sacra, was most frequented by the venders of garlands. The crowns among the Romans were often made of the leaves of plants, especially ivy, myrtle, and parsley. At Athens, the violet was very popular, but both the Greeks and Romans preferred the rose to any other flower, calling it “the king of flowers” and “the rose of the loves.” (See Achill. Tat. ii. 1; Anacr.5.) They were especially used for convivial crowns; and garlands of them were in request at Rome even in the winter, so that they were grown under glass (Mart.iv. 22, 5; xiii. 127), and were also imported from Egypt (Mart.vi. 80). As luxury increased, the leaves of the nardus or spikenard were brought from India for crowns (Mart.xiii. 51; Plin. H. N. xxi. 11). Garlands were also made of dried flowers, especially of amaranth, which, when moistened, had the appearance of fresh flowers, so that garlands of it were called coronae hibernae. The same name was given to crowns of artificial flowers (Plin.xxi. 5). Sometimes they were made of a thin layer of metal covered with gold or silver, and called corollae or corollaria inaurata or inargentata.

The corona Etrusca was made of pure gold in the form of leaves, sometimes set with gems, and terminating in ribbons (lemnisci) of the same metal. It was held by a slave over the head of a general when he entered Rome in triumph (Plin.xxxiii. 11).

Crowns adorned with such pendent ribbons were called coronae lemniscatae ( Serv. ad Verg. Aen. v. 269, vi. 772). The lemnisci (λημνίσκοι) were first made of wool, adorned with ribbons (from λῆνος, “wool,” Fest. p. 155, M.), afterwards of linden-bast, and subsequently of gold. Crowns so adorned were the highest rewards of victors, whence Cicero speaks of palma lemniscata, where palma means a victory or the highest reward (Rosc. Am. 35, 100).

Coronae longae resembled what we call festoons, and were employed to decorate the doors of houses, temples, amphitheatres, etc. (Ovid, Fast. iv. 738).

The corona pactilis, probably the same as the corona plectilis of Plautus ( Bacch. i. 1. 37), corona torta (Propert. iii. 20, 18), plexa (Lucret. v. 1399), and as the στέφανοι πλεκτοί and κυλιστὸς στέφανος of the Greeks, was made of flowers, shrubs, grass, ivy, wool, or any flexible material twined or twisted together, and therefore opposed to the corona sutilis described above.

Corona radiata was one assigned to the gods or to deified heroes, and hence was assumed by the later emperors in token of their divinity. They may be seen on many of the imperial coins.

Coronae tonsae were made of leaves only, closely cut, as for instance of the olive (Verg. Aen. v. 556).

Crowns were also among the Romans the highest distinction awarded for service in war. The most coveted were the corona triumphalis or laurel crown of a general in triumph; and the corona obsidionalis, presented to a general by the army which he had saved from a siege, or from a shameful capitulation. This was woven of grass growing on the spot, and called corona graminea. The corona myrtea, or ovalis, was the crown of bay worn by the general who celebrated the lesser triumph (ovatio).

The corona civica was of oak leaves, and was awarded for saving a citizen's life in battle. This secured for its possessor certain privileges, as freedom from taxes for himself, his father, and paternal grandfather. The golden corona muralis, with embattled ornaments, was given for the storming of a wall; the corona castrensis or vallaris, also of gold, and ornamented in imitation of palisades, to the soldier who first climbed the wall of the enemy's camp; the corona navalis, with ornaments representing the beak of a ship, to the man who first boarded a ship. Under the Empire, the garland of bay was reserved exclusively for the emperor, and thus came to be regarded as a crown.

The rayed crown, the insigne of the deified emperors, was not worn by the emperors of the first and second century A.D. Golden crowns were originally the free offerings of provincials and allies to victorious generals for the celebration of their triumphs. But from this custom there arose, even in republican times, the habit of compelling a contribution of money (aurum coronarium) to the governor of the province. During the imperial age this contribution was on exceptional occasions offered as a present to the emperors, but it was often also made compulsory.

Among the Greeks, a crown (στέφανος) was often an emblem of office. At Athens, for instance, a crown of bay was worn by the archons in office, the senators (βουλευταί), and the orators while speaking. It was also the emblem of victory at the games, and a token of distinction for citizens of merit. (See Theatrum.) Such crowns of honour were made originally of olive branches, but later of gold. The honour of a crown could be conferred by the people or the Senate, or by corporations and foreign States. The latter would often present a crown to the whole commonwealth. If the people or Senate presented the crown, the presentation took place in the great assembly or in the Senate-house, but not in the theatre except by special decree. See Garcke, De Horatii Corollis (Altenburg, 1860); and Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités, s. v. “Corona”; and on funeral crowns the article funus.

corona

The flat, vertical, portion of a cornice which is located above the bed-moulding and below the sima.

• Cornice
• Sima