dominium
dominium, a feast, banquet
- (Acc. to dominus, II. B. 1.) A feast, banquet (very rare): dominia convivia, Lucil. ap. Non. 281, 25 (with sodalitia); * Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 4 Zumpt N. cr.; S. C. ap. Gell. 2, 24, 2.—
- II Jurid. t. t., property, right of ownership (absolute ownership, opp. possessio, cf. Sandars, Just. Inst. Introd. p. 47); esp. paramount ownership, eminent domain: in eo solo dominium Populi Romani est vel Caesaris: nos autem possessionem tantum habere videmur, Gai. Inst. 2, 7: dominium et jus eorum qui dederint esse, Liv. 45, 13, 15 (cf.: jus et imperium, Sall. J. 14, 1); Gai. Inst. 1, 54; 2, 40; Cod. Just. 2, 3, 20; Val. Max. 4, 4 init.; cf. Rein's Privatr. p. 129 sq.—
- B Lordship, rule (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Tobiae, 8, 24; 1 Mac. 11, 8.—
- C Concr., lord, master.—Trop.: incertissima dominia, Sen. Vit. Beat. 5.
numquam circa ejus personam concurrerunt ista duo jura, sc. jus hereditarium et ~ium
cum nuda traditio ~ium non transferat
quod dominus de Castello Bainardi deberet optinere ~ium aque ut signifer domini regis ‥ usque ad pontem de Stanes(
in ‥ terram [canonicorum ] sive eorum catalla manum mittere vel aliquid ~ium exercere ‥ nec poterimus nec debemus
nec pro solo ~io fiunt homagia nisi soli regi vel principi sine tenemento vel servitio
Willelmus de L. dedit S. abbati Cestrie totum ~ium quod habuit in aqueductu de L. tam ad piscandum quam ad stagna levanda
quietum clamavi eisdem [monialibus ] quodlibet ~ium distringendi easdem ‥ causis supradictis
quod ille res erant effecte communes quoad ~ium et proprietatem
omne ~ium dependet a possesso serviente ‥; sed nulla potestas sic dependet; ergo nullum ~ium est potestas
Franci multi, Frisones, Galli, pagani, Britones, et Scotti, Armorici sponte se suo ~o subdiderunt
predixit eis [Anglicis ] quidam vir Dei ‥ insperatum a Francia adventurum ~ium
plerique barbari indignantes, ~ium ex animi virtute ‥ resistere decernebant
Johannes Masun a ‥ juris denegacione per vos [J. regem Scocie ] sibi facta ad nos ut ad superiorem ipsius regni Scocie dominum appellavit, petens ‥ per nos in vestri defectum sibi justiciam exhiberi, juxta quod racione superioris ~ii quod in eodem regno habemus ad nos dinoscitur pertinere
directi ~ii(v.
potestatem et ~ium sibi usurpantes in lesionem corone regie(
impugnatores [istius constitucionis ] ‥ ~ium strictissime sumptum tali modo diffiniunt: ‘~ium est potestas humana principalis rem temporalem in judicio vendicandi et omni modo qui non est a jure naturali prohibitus pertractandi’
~ii politici aliud est ~ium monasticum, aliud civile, et aliud est regale—monasticum respectu unius domus sive familie, civile respectu civitatis vel communitatis amplioris familia, et regale respectu regni sive imperii
quousque ipse per altum ~ium occasione deafforestacionis predicte absque debito legis processu in ea parte facto inde [sc. de balliva forestarie ] ammotus fuisset
regnum Anglie, quod ex Bruti comitiva Trojanorum ‥ in ~ium politicum et regale prorupit
Adamnan pene omnes qui ab Hiensium ~io erant liberi ‥ ad unitatem reduxit catholicam
familiae liberorum monasteriorum, qui [sic ] ‥ sub jure ~ioque abbatum abbatissarumque constituti fuerint
~ium divinum, tanquam metrum et principium simplicissimum, omnium aliorum obtinet principatum
licet dacio Dei non infert super ipso ~ium, tamen ex speciali ~io Dei super donatorium vere infert ejus ~ium super alia
hoc nomen ‘~ium’ sepe in philosophia morali accipitur pro potestate qua quis libere potest in actus contrarios; et sic dicunt quod homo est dominus et habet ~ium actuum suorum
Aristotelem, cui in orbis dominum [sc. Alexandrum ] ‥ Deus ipse commisit ~ium
quedam exennia ‥ constabulario castri Dovorr’ ‥ pro bono ~io, favore et auxilio ipsius ‥ versus ‥ abbatem habendis in hac parte transmiserunt
pro bono ~eo
societas ei [sc. homini ] ~ium omnium animalium dedit
sunt quatuor [elementorum qualitates ] prime et principales, sc. caliditas et frigiditas, siccitas et humiditas‥. harum ‥ due sunt active, sc. caliditas et frigiditas, alie vero due ‥ passive; unde ab istarum qualitatum prevalencia et ~io dicuntur elementa activa vel passiva
sunt inter albedinem et nigredinem multi gradus intermedii secundum intencionem ~ii tam qualitatum activarum quam passivarum
Mars, cum habuerit ~ium anni, ‥ boreales yemes mitigat, australem exasperat
dono ‥ monasterio vestro manentes xx ‥, ut habeatis jure ~ioque vestro
terram ‥ Æbbae abbatissae jure ecclesiastico ac monasteriali et quibuscunque successoribus ipsa voluerit derelinquere tantum in ~[i ]o in sempiternum possidendam perdonamus
agri partem ‥ episcopo in ~io donare decrevimus
postea revertatur [terra ] in ~[i ]um aecclesiae Christi
quaerit ‥ supergressionem cujusdam manerii ‥ quod habet ‥ noster sanctus, dicendo rogans inreverenter id sibi concedi pro suorum equorum pabulo quod servitores sancti tenebant in suo ~io
quam terram ‥ episcopus in proprio ~io ad victum aecclesiae et sui tenebat(
concedo monasterio ‥ elemosinam quam Willelmus ‥ dedit, mansionem viz. que E. nominatur, quantum ipse in ~io suo inde tenebat
quedam puella ‥ est heres de dim. hida terre ‥ [sed ] non habet in ~io nisi j virgatam
inquiretur ‥ quantus sit assisus redditus per singula maneria in demenio(
in defectu gabuli terre Strong’ tracte in ~ium, ij s.
precipio ut ~ia S. Edmundi sint quieta ab omnibus scottis et geldis
ibi sunt in ~io iij carucae, et x villani et v bordarii cum xij carucis
modo tenet R. in ~io halle
decimae reddantur ‥ tam de ~io liberalis hominis [(AS: ] quam de terra villanorum ‥, sicut carruca peraratof þegnes inlande
volo ut omnis homo sit venatione sua dignus in nemore et in campo in ~io suo [(AS: ]on his agenan
sit una cultura et una firma in ~io aule de H.(
dedi ‥ totam demeniam meam que est in manu mea(
dedisse ‥ duas bovatas ‥, alteram ‥ de terra rusticorum ‥, alteram de demenio nostro
debet vij s. qui remanent super ~ium Willelmi de B.
noveris ~ia cujuslibet hec dici que propriis sumptibus vel laboribus excoluntur et item que ab ascriptitiis suis suo nomine possidentur; quia enim ascriptitii a dominis suis ‥ licite venduntur, merito tam ipsi quam terre quas excolunt ut dominis suis serviant ~ia reputantur
remiserunt ‥ monachis decimas de antiquo ~io de Shepeley et decimas R. venatoris quas antiquitus habuerunt(
j bovatam terre quam excepi de meo domenio
duas mansuras de diminio halle ‥ et ix bovetas terre de diminio meo ‥ tenendum [sic ] ‥ de me ‥ liberas ‥ sicuti de meo diminio
si aliqui de hujusmodi custumariis exierint de ~io et noluerint plus trahere moram ibidem, solebant venire in curiam et sursum reddere in manum domini tenuram suam bondagii(
illius terrae ‥ quae prius erat foras concessa in ~ium regale
hanc terrae dimidiam partem quidam laicus ‥ per puplicum perdidit latrocinium et sic reputata est regis in ~ium
rex W‥. tenet Windesores in ~io
supersunt ibi ij hidae quae sunt diratiocinatae in ~io regis
omnium terrarum quas rex in ~io suo habet socnam pariter habet(
de aux[ilio ] ~iorum regis de Oxenefordscira ad maritandam filiam ejus
totum manerium illud fuit ~ium domini regis
exceptis ‥ honore et ~io ‥ T. comitis Lancastrie
Ricardus pro domino rege ‥ dicit quodinfangthef est quedam jurisdiccio regalis ‥ attribuens potestatem judicare furem ‥ cum manuopere deprehensum infra ~ium illius domini cui libertas illa per regem conceditur; et non habetur extendere ad †furca [l. furta ] ‥ extra idem ~ium alicubi perpetrata
nichil habuit in ~io isto set infra civitatem London’
in factura unius pillorii et furcarum in ~io de Hemyngburgh’
[(? tam ] in ducatu nostro Lancastrie quam in ‥ aliis comitatibus, honoribus, castris, maneriis, feodis, possessionibus et ~iis nobis ante adepcionem dignitatis nostre regie ‥ jure hereditario in dominico, servicio vel reversione ‥ descensis
infra parochias sive ~ia de Shenston’ et Alderiche [] Staffs
recepturi emendationes ‥ de injuriis nobis ‥ illatis et terras et demania nostra(
tenuit in dominico suo ‥ terras ac ~ium de Gower ac manerium et ~ium de Kylvey(
quod patria sive ~ium de Wales ‥ continuaret incorporat’, unit’, et annex’ ad et cum hoc regno Angl’
inter proceres regis Anglorum qui erant in Hibernia, Hugo de Lascy ‥ prepollens habebatur; cui idem rex ‥ amplissimas ibidem possessiones contulerat et suorum ~iorum administrationem commiserat
quod ‥ canonici omnia supranominata et cetera quecumque in nostro habent ~io ‥ in pace ‥ teneant
cum castra quedam Hibernie ad demanium ‥ regis Anglie ‥ pertinencia contra voluntatem detineantur ejusdem
comitatus Marcie ‥ de comitatu Ultonie et ~io de Connach in Hibernia ‥ gaudet ‥ augmentatus
donavi ‥ totum ~ium meum de Malros
rex A‥. concessit ‥ capelle decimas ~iorum suorum in soca de Struelin que eadem die fuerunt ~ia sua, sive accreverunt sive decreverunt
nec conferemus ‥ terram aliquam vel possessionem alicui nisi salvis eis [canonicis ] de eadem terra et possessione omnibus rectitudinibus que eis dum nostro erant ~io exinde debebantur
dedimus ‥ domino E. [(regi Anglie ] regnum et coronam Scocie una cum ‥ omnimodis regalitatibus nostris, ~iis, homagiis et serviciis ‥
in demanio(v.
hos [(homines ] fatetur imperator se ad demania sua revocasse secundum formam generalis constitutionis regni, per quam etiam comites et barones et omnes de regno homines de demaniis revocant ubicunque eos invenerint
potestatem ‥ in personas alias transferendi omnia illa que inveneritis in manu seu tenura et domanio nostro non posse commode remanere
rex E. rehaberet omnes terras et ~ia ducatui Aquitanie ab antiquo pertinencia et per reges Francie hactenus usurpata
sub obediencia et jurisdiccione ~ii sive seniorie Veneciarum(
damus ‥ villam et gubernamentum Rupelle [(] una cum domaynio sive terris dominicalibus dictorum locorum Gasc.
de minera lucrata in hujusmodi opere in feodo domini regis, ‥ rex habebit pro ~io suo tertium decimum discum, qui diciturle loth
- 1. (Sen.) bezit, eigendom(srecht);
- 2. (Sen.) heerschappij, macht; ➤ omnia ista in quae ~ casus exercet;
- 3. (Sen.) (meton.) plur. heersers;
- 4. feestmaal; ➤ huius argento -a vestra ornari (Cic.).
Domaniumet
Dominicum, Gall.
Sacrum Dominium, in leg. 15. Cod. Th. de Jure fisci (10, 1.) Ricardus Hagulstad. lib. 2. de Episc. Hagulstad. cap. 5 :
Sicut ipse eam in suoRadulfus de Diceto :Dominio habuerat, Ecclesiam tradidit.
Sibi quidem videbatur incongruum, quod Cadurcum redderet, et totum Comitatum, et alia multa deVide DemaniumDominio suo.
Omnes de Dominio meo et de elemosinis meis Castriduni manentes, qui de mea servili conditione erant,... ab omni jugo servitutis meæ penitus quitto et absolvo.
Chef lieu du fief, qua notione in Charta ann. 1201. Matthæi de
Fratribus Ecclesiæ S. Nicolai de Arida-Gamantia in eleemosynam sub perpetuo censu tenendum dedit proin Hist. Delphin. tom. 2. pag. 14. col. 1.x. modiis frumenti etv. modiis avenæ apud Peronam, sive Dominium, secundum mensuram Peronensem..... ita tamen quod Matthæus ante festivitatem S. Remigii ubi et cui sit tradendum ad Dominium fratribus nunciabit. Dominium majus,
Illustrissimo Dominio Venetorum, et quibusvis aliis Principibus Christianis, Dominiis, Civitatibus et Communitatibus, etc. Angelus Pechinolius in Epistola ad Innocentium VIII. Papam ann. 1489. apud Illust. Fontaninum ad calcem Antiq. Hortæ pag. 480 :
Ad quæ dominus Orator Venetorum respondit : Ego habeo in mandatis ab illustrissimo Dominio meo, etc.Ibid. pag. 485 :
Nec valeo Majestati suadere, quod non solius Dominii Venetorum exquirendum sit consilium, sed Majestatis suæ præcipue, ac ceterorum Christiani nominis Potentatuum habenda sunt vota.
- dominus, a feast, banquet: huius argento dominia vestra ornari.
DOMI´NIUMDominium or rerum dominium signifies ownership of property, and dominus is the owner Proprietas is frequently used as an equivalent to dominium; and when ownership is distinguished from usus fructus, the word proprietas is preferred to dominium as an expression for ownership. The term dominium or dominium legitimum is, strictly speaking, confined to ownership ex jure Quiritium, i.e. to civil ownership, and does not include ownership in bonis, i.e. praetorian ownership.
Ownership is not defined by Roman legal writers, but the general notion implied in the term is clear. It is a right which, subject to certain legal limitations, entitles a person to exercise full control over a corporeal thing to the exclusion of all other persons. Ownership cannot, however, be defined by enumerating all the powers which may be incidental to it, as the jus utendi, fruendi, possidendi, disponendi, since ownership may exist notwithstanding that one or more of these powers is detached from it. A thing may be considered to belong to a person whose powers over it are very much curtailed; hence arises the difficulty of defining ownership. The limitations to which ownership in Roman law is subject are either general or special. The former are imposed for the purpose of enforcing the precept sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas: they prevent owners from so using their powers as to injure adjoining owners or the public generally. Special limitations on ownership arise by persons acquiring rights over property owned by someone else. For instance, the owner may be bound to allow to another person a certain use or enjoyment of the thing of which he is dominus, or to abstain from doing certain acts on or to his property and for the benefit of some other person. The only rights of this kind recognised by Roman law are servitus, emphyteusis, superficies, pignus: such rights are called jure in re aliena; they are protected, like dominium, by actions in rem: their nature is more fully explained under the head of SERVITUSOwnership is in its nature single and entire; consequently the same thing cannot belong to several separate owners, but several persons may be joint domini or owners of one thing.
The subject of ownership comprehends the determination of the things which may be the objects of ownership: the power which a man may have over such objects, both as to duration of time and extent of enjoyment; the modes in which ownership may be acquired and lost; the persons who are capable of acquiring, transferring, or losing ownership. It is proposed to give some account of each of these branches of the general subject.
1. Of the things which may be the objects of ownership. Res is the general term for anything which is the object of a right, whether it has an actual physical existence or only an existence in thought. In this wide sense res are divided into corporales and incorporales. Res corporales are defined to be those quae tangi possunt, i. e. physical objects; incorporales are those quae tangi non possunt, sed in jure consistunt --as hereditas, ususfructus, obligationes.
The objects of dominium are res corporales. Res corporales are divided into immobiles, or solem et res soli, and mobiles.
The ground (solum), and that which is attached to the ground, as buildings and other fixtures, trees, and standing crops, are res immobiles. Res mobiles are things which can be moved about from place to place or which move themselves (res se moventes). The distinction between land and movables is far less important in Roman law than in legal systems like our own which have been influenced by feudalism.
Another division of res is that between res quae usa consumuntur, as food, and res quae usu non consumuntur, or things capable of being used again and again.
The class of res quae pondere, numero, mensura constant, consists of such things as wine, oil, corn, money, which are of such a nature that any of the same number, weight, and measure may be considered the same thing. The term res fungibiles has come to be used to denote this class of exchangeable things.
Things may be divided into simple, as an animal, a stone, and compound, i. e. things made up of distinct parts, as a carriage, a ship.
A number of individual things, not mechanically connected, may for legal purposes be regarded as one thing: a flock of sheep is an example of such a universitas rerum distantium (Dig. 41, 3, 30; 6, 1, 23.5).
Some things are appurtenant to others; that is, as subordinate things, they go with that which forms the principal thing (Dig. 18, 1, 49). For instance, a conveyance of a house or a ship includes by implication all its appurtenances.
Fructus are the products of a thing, as the crops of a field. Fructus sometimes includes profits of a thing which are not produced by it, e. g. minerals taken from the land.
Fructus is also used to signify profits derived from the legal use to which a thing is put, as interest from a loan (quod non natura pervenit sed jure percipitur, Dig. 6, tit. 1, 1. 62, § pr.).
Res communes omnium, quarum usus communis est are objects of common use, which cannot be exclusively appropriated: such are the air, the sea, the seashore, running water (Inst. 2.1, § § 1-5).
Things capable in themselves of being objects of ownership might become legally incapable of belonging to anyone on account of their appropriation to some religious or quasi-religious purpose. Things which have this character are called res divini juris: there are three classes of such res, viz. res sacrae, religiosae, and sanctae (Gaius, 2.2-11).
Res publicae, res universitatis, are things which belong to the state or to a public body; such res are commercio exemptae, i.e. they cannot be acquired by individual owners as long as they retain their public character.
Res privatae or res singulorum are things which are objects of individual ownership. Not even citizens could have dominium, i.e. Quiritarian ownership in provincial land; nor had bonitary ownership any application to land out of Italy.
The dominium of provinciale solum was considered to belong to the Roman people or to the emperor (Gaius, 2.7). Nevertheless, individuals might enjoy rights in such land analogous to those of a dominus. The division of land into ager publicus and privatus is noticed as existing in the provinces (Cic. Ver. 3.6); individuals could only hold ager publicus as lessees of the state. The terms possessio and possessor were used for the tenancy and tenant of ager publicus.
2. As to the powers which a man may have over objects of ownership.
An owner has, subject to general and special limitations, a right to the possession and enjoyment of his property. It is necessary to distinguish the owner's right to possess (jus possidendi) from the right of possession (jus possessionis). The right to possess belongs to the owner as such, the right of possession is attached to possession as such, i. e. it is inherent in anyone who has actual control of a thing, and the intention of exercising such control as owner, whether he has a title to the ownership or not. [POSSESSIO]
The dominus of a thing could assert his right to the possession of it by the action called rei vindicatio. He could not bring this action unless he was out of possession; and in order to succeed he must prove his ownership. If the owner's rights were attached while he was in possession, he could maintain the actio negatoria or negativa in rem against the aggressor. An owner who was disturbed in his possession could also protect himself by means of the possessory interdicts. The rei vindicatio could only be maintained by the dominus ex jure Quiritium, and not by the owner in bonis [BONA], for the praetor could not give a civil action to one who had merely a praetorian title. An action, however, was framed, which in the hands of the bonitary owner had the same effect as the rei vindicatio: it was called actio Publiciana in rem, and was based on the fiction that the civil ownership had been already acquired by usucapion. A bonitary owner might by this action recover the thing even from the Quiritary owner, and so his position was superior to that of a bonae fidei possessor.
In respect to duration of interest and freedom of alienation the powers of a dominus were as a rule unlimited.
3. Of the modes in which ownership may be acquired and lost.
A title to property may be acquired from some one previously entitled to it, in which case it is called a succession, or a person may become owner independently of anyone else.
A succession may be either universal (successio per universitatem) or singular (res singulas acquirere). A universal succession is the succession of one person to the entire property of another: the several rights and duties of which the property is composed do not, as in singular succession, pass to the successor in a separate piecemeal manner, but are transferred with the universitas or entirety. A person may succeed per universitatem to a living person, as in the case where a person arrogates another, and so becomes entitled to all the arrogated person's property (Gaius, 3.21); or to a deceased person, as in the succession of a heres to the entire estate of another.
The different modes of universal succession are explained under other heads [ADOPTIO; BONORUM EMPTIO; HERES; SUCCESSIO; UNIVERSITAS ].
The following remarks apply to the acquisition of single rights of ownership, whether by way of succession or independently.
Acquisitiones were either civiles, i.e. distinctively Roman in form, or naturales (ex jure gentium), which were not accompanied by any particular formality.
One of the earliest civil titles of acquisition was that by which individuals acquired from the state a title to booty taken from the enemy (Gell. 7.4; cf. Mommsen, R. Staatsr. ii. (ed. 2), p. 538).
From an early period of Roman history the two civil forms of conveyance called in jure cessio and mancipatio were in use. In jure cessio was a collusive assurance executed in the presence of the magistrate: any kind of property might be transferred in this way, but the conveyance by mancipatio was preferred when it was applicable, because it did not require the presence of a magistrate.
Mancipatio was a conveyance per aes et libram, carried out by the parties in the presence of a libripens and five witnesses, who were originally regarded as representing the five classes into which the Roman people was divided: like all early conveyances, it is extremely formal in its character.
Mancipation was used for conveying a certain class of res, called res mancipi. Res mancipi are praedia in Italico sole, i.e. land in Italy, jura praediorum rusticorum or rural servitudes, slaves, and four-footed animals, as oxen, horses, &c., quae collo dorsove domantur (Ulpian, 19.1; Gaius, 2.15-17). All other things are res nec mancipi.
The civil ownership of res mancipi could only be conveyed by in jure cessio or mancipatio, whereas res nec mancipi passed from one owner to another by traditio or delivery.
Usucapion is a civil title by which a person who has possessed a thing for a prescribed time and under particular conditions becomes owner of it [USUCAPIO].
Adjudicatio is the assignment of property to a person by the award of a judex: such awards were made in partition and boundary suits (tria judicia divisoria. See ACTIOp. 17 b).
Lex is a title by which property devolves on a person by operation of a rule of law without any act of the party acquiring: a person on whom a lapsed legacy (caducum) devolves acquires under this title.
Traditio is a conveyance of property according to the jus gentium; it consists in the alienor delivering a thing to the alienee with the intention of making the latter owner of it. There must be a justa causa for the delivery, i. e. some ground suitable for transferring ownership, as emptio, venditio or donatio. The other natural modes of acquiring are explained under particular heads [OCCUPATIO; ACCESSIO; ALLUVIO; SPECIFICATIO; CONFUSIO ].
Praetorian ownership was acquired by traditio of a res mancipi, by acquiring the property of an inheritance under the praetorian title of bonorum possessio, and by purchase of an insolvent debtor's property (bonorum emptio). Subsequent to the time of the classical jurists some important changes were made in the law as to the modes of acquiring ownership. The forms of in jure cessio and mancipatio became obsolete, and the civil ownership of all res was transferred by traditio. Justinian abolished the distinctions between res mancipi and nec mancipi, and between bonitary and Quiritary ownership. He also altered the law of usucapion, making a uniform law on the subject applicable to solum provinciale and Italicum.
Ownership is lost either with or without the consent of the owner. With the consent, when he transferred it to another, which was the general mode of acquiring and losing property; without the consent, when the thing perished, when it became the property of another by accession, specification, or usucapion, when it was judicially declared to be the property of another, or forfeited after having been pledged. It is also lost by maxima capitis deminutio. The media capitis deminutio only effected an incapacity for Quiritarian ownership; but if it was a consequence of a capital crime, the property of the person convicted was forfeited to the state.
4. As to the persons who are capable of acquiring or losing ownership.
Juristic persons (universitates personarum) as well as natural persons might be owners. Only persons who had the jus commercii could acquire Quiritary or bonitary ownership. Persons in the power of another, whether free persons or slaves, could not acquire for themselves, but what they acquired belonged to the person in whose power they were. In course of time, however, the acquisitions of filiusfamilias were protected from the interference of paterfamilias, except such acquisitions as were derived from the paterfamilias himself (peculium). If a slave was a man's in bonis, everything that the slave acquired belonged to the owner in bonis, and not to him who had the bare Quiritarian ownership [BONA]. The usufructuary of a slave only acquired the ownership of that which the slave acquired ex operis suis.
Pupilli could acquire property, but could not alienate without the auctoritas of their tutor. Property of some persons could not become the property of another by usucapion, e. g. the property of pupilli could not be acquired by usucapion; a fact which Cicero was surprised that his friend Atticus did not know (ad Att. 1.5). (Inst. ii. tit. 1.6-9; Dig. 41, 1; Ulp. Fragm. tit. xix.; Gesterding, Ausführliche Darstellung der Lehre von Eigenthum; K. Sell, Römische Lehre der dinglichen Rechte; Windscheid, Pandekten, § 167, &c.; Puchta, Inst. § 231, &c.)
[G.L] [E.A.W]Dominium or rerum dominium signifies ownership of property, and dominus is the owner. Proprietas is frequently used as an equivalent to dominium; and when ownership is distinguished from usus fructus, the word proprietas is preferred to dominium as an expression for ownership. The term dominium or dominium legitimum is, strictly speaking, confined to ownership ex iure Quiritium—i. e. to civil ownership—and does not include ownership in bonis—i. e. praetorian ownership.
Ownership is not defined by Roman legal writers, but the general notion implied in the term is clear. It is a right which, subject to certain legal limitations, entitles a person to exercise full control over a corporeal thing to the exclusion of all other persons. Ownership cannot, however, be defined by enumerating all the powers which may be incidental to it, as the ius utendi, fruendi, possidendi, disponendi, since ownership may exist notwithstanding that one or more of these powers is detached from it. A thing may be considered to belong to a person whose powers over it are very much curtailed; hence arises the difficulty of defining ownership. The limitations to which ownership in Roman law is subject are either general or special. The former are imposed for the purpose of enforcing the precept sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas: they prevent owners from so using their powers as to injure adjoining owners or the public generally. Special limitations on ownership arise by persons acquiring rights over property owned by some one else. For instance, the owner may be bound to allow to another person a certain use or enjoyment of the thing of which he is dominus, or to abstain from doing certain acts on or to his property and for the benefit of some other person. The only rights of this kind recognized by Roman law are servitus, emphyteusis, superficies, pignus: such rights are called iura in re aliena; they are protected, like dominium, by actions in rem: their nature is more fully explained under the head of servitus. Ownership is in its nature single and entire; consequently the same thing cannot belong to several separate owners, but several persons may be joint domini or owners of one thing.