gravis

vir gravis
a venerable man

gravis , e: (adj.), heavy, 1.728, et al.; pregnant, 1.274; ponderous, firm, 5.437; (fig.), grave, venerable, 1.151; stern, grave (gravely), 5.387; cruel, 10.630; fierce, 10.755; weighed down with years or disease; infirm, enfeebled, 2.436; grievous, hard, 6.56; painful, deep, 4.1; offensive; comp., graviōra, um, subst., n. pl., greater hardships, sufferings, 1.199.

grăvis, e, adj. [Sanscr. gurus (root gar-); Gr. βαρύς, heavy; gravis, for gar-uis; cf. also Brutus]. With respect to weight, heavy, weighty, ponderous, burdensome; or pass., loaded, laden, burdened (opp. levis, light; in most of its significations corresp. to the Gr. βαρύς; cf. onerosus, onerarius).

• I Lit. Absol. or with abl.
• • • 1 In gen.: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll.; so, tellus, Ov. M. 7, 355: corpora, Lucr. 2, 225 sq.; cf. id. 5, 450 sq.: limus, id. 5, 496: in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum, Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83: navigia, Caes. B. G. 5, 8, 4; cf.: tot ora navium gravi Rostrata duci pondere, Hor. Epod. 4, 17: cum gravius dorso (aselli) subiit onus, id. S. 1, 9, 21: sarcina, id. Ep. 1, 13, 6: inflexi grave robur aratri, Verg. G. 1, 162: cujus (tibicinae) Ad strepitum salias terrae gravis, Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26: terra, burdened (by the heavy body), Ov. M. 12, 118: naves hostilibus spoliis graves, heavily laden, Liv. 29, 35, 5; cf.: agmen grave praedā, id. 21, 5, 8; for which also simply: grave agmen, id. 31, 39, 2: miles, heavy-armed, Tac. A. 12, 35: gravis aere dextra, Verg. E. 1, 36: cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo, i. e. filled, full, id. A. 6, 516 (an imitation of Maximo saltu superavit Gravidus armatis equus, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; v. gravidus, II. β): graves imbre nubes, Liv. 28, 15, 11: graves fructu vites, Quint. 8, 3, 8: gravis vinculis, Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 10.—
    • 2 In partic.
    • • a With respect to value or number, heavy, great. So, aes grave, heavy money, money of the oldest standard, in which an as weighed a full pound: grave aes dictum a pondere, quia deni asses, singuli pondo libras, efficiebant denarium, etc., Paul. ex Fest. p. 98 Müll.: et quia nondum argentum signatum erat, aes grave plaustris quidam (ex patribus) ad aerarium convehentes, etc., Liv. 4, 60, 6; 10, 46, 5; 22, 33, 2 et saep.: populus Romanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est: librales appendebantur asses. Quare aeris gravis poena dicta, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42: argentum, i. e. uncoined = rude: placet argentum grave rustici patris sine ullo opere et nomine artificis, Sen. Tranq. 1, 4: notavit aliquos, quod pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati graviore fenore collocassent, at a higher rate, Suet. Aug. 39; cf.: in graviore annona, id. ib. 25: grave pretium, a high price, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 314, 25.—With respect to number: graves pavonum greges, great or numerous flocks, Varr. ap. Non. 314, 31. —
      • b For the usual gravidus, with young, pregnant (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): regina sacerdos Marte gravis, Verg. A. 1, 274; cf. uterus (shortly after: gravidus tumet venter), Ov. M. 10, 495: balaenae utero graves (shortly before, gravidae), Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—
  • B Transf.
  • • 1 Of hearing or sound, deep, grave, low, bass (opp. acutus, treble): vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt, Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. id. ib. 3, 57, 216: qui (sonus) acuta cum gravibus temperans, varios aequabiliter concentus efficit, id. Rep. 6, 18: vox, Quint. 11, 3, 17; 11:3:42: sonus, 2, 8, 15; 5, 10, 125; 11, 3, 41; Ov. M. 12, 203: tenor, Quint. 1, 5, 26: syllaba, i. e. unaccented, id. 1, 5, 22 sq.; 12, 10, 33.—
    • 2 Of smell or flavor, strong, unpleasant, offensive: an gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis, rank, Hor. Epod. 12, 5: chelydri, Verg. G. 3, 415: ellebori, id. ib. 3, 451: odor calthae, strong, Plin. 21, 6, 15, § 28; cf.: herba odore suaviter gravi, id. 25, 9, 70, § 118; cf. 117: habrotonum odore jucunde gravi floret, id. 21, 10, 34, § 60: absynthium ut bibam gravem, i. e. bitter, Varr. ap. Non. 19, 27, and 314, 14.—
    • 3 Of the state of the body or health, gross, indigestible, unwholesome, noxious, severe; sick: (Cleanthes) negat ullum esse cibum tam gravem, quin is die et nocte concoquatur, Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 24; so, genera cibi graviora, Cels. 2, 18: gravissima bubula (caro), id. ib.: pisces gravissimi, id. ib.: neque ex salubri loco in gravem, neque ex gravi in salubrem transitus satis tutus est, id. 1, 3; cf.: solum caelumque juxta grave, Tac. H. 5, 7: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra, Verg. E. 10, 75: anni tempore gravissimo et caloribus maximis, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16, 1; cf.: gravis auctumnus in Apulia circumque Brundisium ex saluberrimis Galliae et Hispaniae regionibus, omnem exercitum valetudine tentaverat, Caes. B. C. 3, 2 fin.: grave tempus et forte annus pestilens erat urbi agrisque, Liv. 3, 6, 1; cf. also id. 3, 8, 1: aestas, Verg. G. 2, 377: morbo gravis, sick, id. ib. 3, 95; cf.: gravis vulnere, Liv. 21, 48, 4: aetate et viribus gravior, id. 2, 19, 6: gravior de vulnere, Val. Fl. 6, 65: non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas, sick, feeble, Verg. E. 1, 50; so absol.: aut abit in somnum gravis, heavy, languid, Lucr. 3, 1066.
• II Trop.
• • A In a bad sense, heavy, burdensome, oppressive, troublesome, grievous, painful, hard, harsh, severe, disagreeable, unpleasant (syn.: molestus, difficilis, arduus): qui labores morte finisset graves, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 115: quod numquam tibi senectutem gravem esse senserim ... quibus nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis aetas gravis est, Cic. de Sen. 2, 4; cf.: onus officii, id. Rosc. Am. 38, 112; id. Rep. 1, 23: et facilior et minus aliis gravis aut molesta vita est otiosorum, id. Off. 1, 21, 70; id. Rep. 1, 4: miserior graviorque fortuna, Caes. B. G. 1, 32, 4: haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo illa gravius aestimare debere, etc., id. ib. 7, 14 fin.: velim si tibi grave non erit, me certiorem facias, Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2: grave est homini pudenti petere aliquid magnum, id. Fam. 2, 6, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 4: est in populum Romanum grave, non posse, etc., id. Balb. 7, 24: verbum gravius, id. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134: ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret ... quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, etc., Caes. B. G. 1, 20, 1 and 4: gravissimum supplicium, id. ib. 1, 31, 15: habemus senatusconsultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave, Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3: edictum, Liv. 29, 21, 5: gravioribus bellis, Cic. Rep. 1, 40: gravis esse alicui, id. Fam. 13, 76, 2; cf.: adversarius imperii, id. Off. 3, 22, 86: gravior hostis, Liv. 10, 18, 6: senes ad ludum adolescentium descendant, ne sint iis odiosi et graves, Cic. Rep. 1, 43: gravis popularibus esse coepit, Liv. 44, 30, 5.—Prov.: gravis malae conscientiae lux est, Sen. Ep. 122.—
  • B In a good sense, weighty, important, grave; with respect to character, of weight or authority, eminent, venerable, great: numquam erit alienis gravis, qui suis se concinnat levem, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 58 (684): quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducetur? Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 6: ea (honestas) certe omni pondere gravior habenda est quam reliqua omnia, id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. Deiot. 2, 5: cum gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus, id. ib. 1, 29, 103: auctoritas clarissimi viri et in rei publicae maximis gravissimisque causis cogniti, id. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf. causa, Lucil. ap. Non. 315, 31; Quint. 1, 2, 3; Caes. B. C. 1, 44, 4: gravius erit tuum unum verbum ad eam rem, quam centum mea, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 107 (382): ut potentia senatus atque auctoritas minueretur: quae tamen gravis et magna remanebat, Cic. Rep. 2, 34: sententiis non tam gravibus et severis quam concinnis et venustis, id. Brut. 95, 325: gravior oratio, id. de Or. 2, 56, 227: nihil sibi gravius esse faciendum, quam ut, etc., id. Clu. 6, 16: inceptis gravibus et magna professis, Hor. A. P. 14: exemplum grave praebet ales, etc., id. C. 4, 11, 26: non tulit ullos haec civitas aut gloria clariores, aut auctoritate graviores, aut humanitate politiores, Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154: et esse et videri omnium gravissimus et severissimus, id. ib. 2, 56, 228: homo prudens et gravis, id. ib. 1, 9, 38: neque oratio abhorrens a persona hominis gravissimi, id. Rep. 1, 15 fin.: auctor, id. Pis. 6, 14: testis, id. Fam. 2, 2: non idem apud graves viros, quod leviores (decet), Quint. 11, 1, 45: vir bonus et gravis, id. 11, 3, 184: gravissimi sapientiae magistri, id. 12, 1, 36: tum pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem Conspexere, Verg. A. 1, 151: gravissima civitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 3: gravem atque opulentam civitatem vineis et pluteis cepit, an important city, Liv. 34, 17, 12.— Hence, adv.: grăvĭter.
  • • 1 Weightily, heavily, ponderously (very rare): aëra per purum graviter simulacra feruntur, Lucr. 4, 302; cf.: graviter cadere, id. 1, 741; Ov. P. 1, 7, 49.—
    • • b Transf.
      • • α Of tones, deeply: natura fert, ut extrema ex altera parte graviter, ex altera autem acute sonent, Cic. Rep. 6, 18; Lucr. 4, 543.—Far more freq.,
        • β Vehemently, strongly, violently: graviter crepuerunt fores, Ter. Heaut. 613; so, spirantibus flabris, Lucr. 6, 428; Ter. Ad. 788: pertentat tremor terras, Lucr. 6, 287: ferire aliquem, Verg. A. 12, 295: conquassari omnia, Lucr. 5, 105; cf.: quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, Caes. B. G. 4, 31, 2.—
    • 2 Trop.
    • • a Vehemently, violently, deeply, severely; harshly, unpleasantly, disagreeably: graviter aegrotare, Cic. Off. 1, 10, 32: se habere, id. Att. 7, 2, 3: neque is sum, qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear, Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 2: gravissime dolere, id. ib. 5, 54 fin.: quem ego amarem graviter, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87 (87); cf.: placere occoepit graviter, postquam est mortua, Caecil. ap. Non. 314, 19: tibi edepol iratus sum graviter, Ter. Hec. 624: cives gravissime dissentientes, Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27: si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, id. Cat. 1, 7, 17: graviter angi, id. Lael. 3, 10: tulit hoc commune dedecus jam familiae graviter filius, with chagrin, vexation, id. Clu. 6, 16; cf.: graviter et acerbe aliquid ferre, id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152: graviter accipere aliquid, id. de Or. 2, 52, 211; Tac. A. 13, 36; cf.: adolescentulus saepe eadem et graviter audiendo victus est, Ter. Heaut. 114: nolo in illum gravius dicere, more harshly, id. Ad. 140; cf.: de amplissimis viris gravissime acerbissimeque decernitur, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 4; id. B. G. 3, 16, 4; cf. also: severe et graviter et prisce agere, Cic. Cael. 14, 33: ut non gravius accepturi viderentur, si nuntiarentur omnibus eo loco mortem oppetendam esse, more sorrowfully, Liv. 9, 4, 6.—
      • b In an impressive or dignified manner, impressively, gravely, seriously, with propriety or dignity: his de rebus tantis tamque atrocibus neque satis me commode dicere neque satis graviter conqueri neque satis libere vociferari posse intelligo. Nam commoditati ingenium, gravitati aetas, libertati tempora sunt impedimento, Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 9: (Scipio) utrumque egit graviter, with dignity, id. Lael. 21, 77: res gestas narrare graviter, id. Or. 9, 30; cf.: locum graviter et copiose tractare, id. Fin. 4, 2, 5.

gravis, e (altind. gurú-h, griech. βαρύς, gotisch kaurus), schwer, I) an sich schwer, wuchtig (Ggstz. levis), 1) eig.: a) v. Lebl.: α) übh.: onus, Hor.: onus armorum, Caes.: pera, Phaedr.: catena, Ov.: arma, tela, Sen. u. Curt.: argentum, massives, Sen. – β) v. Boden, schwer, fett, terra. Hor.: tellus, Verg. – γ) v. Speisen, schwer, schwer verdaulich, cibus, Cic.: cena, Plin. ep.: gravissima bubula, Cels. – b) v. leb. Wesen: α) schwer = groß u. stark, Verg. Aen. 5, 447. – β) schwer = schwerbewaffnet, agmen, Liv.: u. miles, Tac. – γ) schwer = schwerfällig, canis (Ggstz. pernix), Col. 7, 12, 8. – 2) übtr.: a) v. Tone, tief, Baß- (Ggstz. acutus), vox, sonus, Cic.: syllaba, unbetonte (Ggstz. acuta), Quint.: u. poet. übh. tief, dumpf, stark, vox, sonus, Ov.: fragor, Ov. – b) als habituelle Eigenschaft leb. Wesen u. lebl. Ggstde.: α) wichtig, gewichtig, schwer ins Gewicht fallend, gewichtvoll, bedeutend (Ggstz. levis), civitas, Sall. fr. u. Liv.: gravissima civitas, Tac.: epistula, Cic.: causa, Cic.: auctoritas, Cic.: nec umquam fuit apud populum gravior oratio, quam etc., machte mehr Eindruck auf das V., Cic.: v. Pers., vir, Sall. fr. u. Liv.: testis, auctor, Cic.: historicus, Nep.: auctoritate graviores, Cic. – β) würdevoll, erhaben, feierlich, majestätisch (Ggstz. levis), plectrum, Ov.: numen, Cic.: bes. v. der Rede u. v. Redner, genus epistularum severum et grave (Ggstz. familiare et iocosum), Cic.: genus dicendi, oratio, Quint.: carmen, episches (Ggstz. molles versus), Prop.: Aesopus, Hor.: Aeschylus, Quint.: tum graves sumus, tum subtiles, Cic. – γ) charakterfest, konsequent (Ggstz. levis), homo, Cic.: vir, Vell.: od. ernst, besonnen, bedächtig, streng, hart (Ggstz. blandus, iucundus), supercilium, Plin. pan.: senatus consultum, Cic.: sententia, Cic.: gravior (Cato) in laudando, Cic.: gravissimi domini, Cic.: quando tuus animus est natu gravior, den Jahren nach besonnener ist, Ter. heaut. 645. – c) als ausgeübte Eigenschaft α) übh., schwer, wuchtig, drückend, heftig, stark, mächtig, gewaltig, hart, tüchtig, derb, arg, schlimm, furchtbar, sol, Hor.: aestus, Hor.: frigus, Eutr.: aestas, Verg.: tempestas, Cic.: Africus, Tac.: alapa, Phaedr.: ictus, Hor.: sopor, somnus, Curt.: morbus, Nep.: vulnus, Caes.: bellum, Sall.: pugna, Eutr.: proelium, Nep.: imperium, Liv.: iniuriae, Cic.: contumeliae, Hor. u. Vell.: poena, Sall.: supplicium, Curt.: inimicitiae, Sall.: graviore verbo uti non libet od. nihil gravius dicam, gelinder gesprochen, Cic.: ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret, Caes.: quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accĭdisset, Caes.: v. Pers., gewaltig, victor, Verg.: acies, Liv.: gravis ictu, mit gew. Schlage, Verg.: Nerëidum numen, schwer zürnend, Ov. – poet. Acc. grave (gewaltig) statt des Adv., grave risit, gr. mugit, Stat.: gr. vociferaris, Val. Flacc. – β) schwer dem numer. Werte nach, hoch, pretium, Sall. fr.: fenus, Suet.: vectigalia, Suet.: dah. wertvoll, kostbar, supellex, Plin. ep. – γ) groß der Zahl nach, pavonum greges, Varro sat. Men. 183. – d) als auf einen Ggstd. einwirkende Eigenschaft,

α) auf die Sinne, u. zwar auf den Geruchsinn, stark, auffallend, empfindlich, ekelhaft, widerlich, odor gr., iucunde od. suaviter gravis, Plin.: odor caeni gravis, Verg.: elleborus, Verg.: hircus, Hor. – u. auf den Geschmacksinn, streng, bitter, absinthius, Varro sat. Men. 440. – u. auf den Geruchsinn, widerlich, stinkend, sentina, Iuven. 6, 99: mullus iam gravis est, stinkt schon, Petron. poët. 93, 2. – β) dem Körper lästig, nachteilig, schädlich, ungesund, aureum amiculum, Cic.: locus, Liv.: Minturnae, Ov.: solum caelumque, Tac.: anni tempus, Cic.: autumnus, Caes.: pestilentiā gravis annus, Liv. – γ) übh. schwer, beschwerlich, unbequem, empfindlich, hart, drückend, lästig, unerträglich, schädlich, herb, schlimm, traurig, unheilvoll, αα) v. Lebl.: opus, labores, Verg.: causa (Prozeß), Quint.: fortuna, Caes.: senectus, Cic.: vita, Sall.: mors, Ov.: militia, Hor.: m. Dat., alci gravis est militia, Curt.: hoc si tibi grave est, Nep.: hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit, Caes.: (alci) grave est m. folg. Infin., Ter., Cic. u. Tac.: in populum Rom. grave est m. folg. Infin., Cic.: grave duxi m. folg. Infin., Cic.: u. gravis m. 2. Sup., grave est dictu, Cic.: haec gravia auditu, Liv.: conatu quam effectu gravius, Liv.: u. n. pl. subst, gravia perpessus, Eutr.: passus graviora, Verg.: graviora minari, schlimmere Strafen, Ov. – ββ) v. Pers., beschwerlich, lästig, unangenehm, unerträglich, adversarius, Cic.: accolae, Curt.: m. Dat., alci odiosus et gr., Cic.: libertati Graeciae gravis, Liv.: gravis etiam eorum auribus, qui etc., Curt.: cogor ipse meis auribus esse gravis, Prop.: m. in u. Akk., gravis in rem publicam mater, Tac. – II) schwer durch etw. = mit etw. beschwert, beladen, belastet, geschwängert, stark besetzt, bedeckt, 1) eig., absol., agmen, Liv.: comitatus, schwerfälliger Troß, Curt.: arbor (fruchtbeschwert), Ov.: gew. m. Abl., miles gr. armis, Liv.: quasi gravis vinculis, als wenn ihr die K. zu schwer wären, Plin. ep.: agmen praedā grave, Liv.: graves hostilibus spoliis naves, Liv.: gr. dextera iaculo, Ov.: gr. habenae auro, Ov.: barba gr. nimbis, Ov. – 2) übtr.: a) geschwängert, schwanger, trächtig, uterus, Ov. (vgl. gravis maturo pondere venter, Ov.): graves fetae, Verg.: fit gravis, Ov.: sacerdos Marte gravis, Verg.: ballaenae utero graves, Plin. – b) beschwert, voll von Speisen u. Getränken, trunken vom Schlafe, graves somno epulisque, Liv.: graves crapulā (Ggstz. sobrii), Curt.: mero ac vigiliis gravis, Curt. – c) beschwert, beladen mit einem phys. Übel usw., schwach, krank durch etw., corpus, Hor.: gew. m. Abl.: vulnere, Vell.: graves avide hausto umore, Curt.: m. de u. Abl., de vulnere, Val. Flacc. – d) beschwert, gebeugt von Jahren, hoch an Jahren, hochbetagt, m. Abl., gravis od. gravior aetate, Liv.: gr. senectute, Tac.: gr. annis, Verg. u. Hor.: gr. iam aetate et corpore, Vell.: iam aetate et viribus erat gravior, Liv.

gravis [CL] 1 heavy (also fig.; also as sb.). b pregnant. c (w. ref. to digestion) difficult. sum gravior plumbo Aldh. Aen. 100. 40; natura levia sursum, ~ia deorsum trahit Anselm (Orig. Pecc. 11) II 153; cum ‥ piper et hujusmodi non pure levia sint, cum gravitatis sit in eis aliquid, nec pure ~ia, cum aliquid [levitatis] sit in eis Quaest. Salern. B 202; Neckam NR I 16 (v. 2 gravare 1a); Fishacre Quaest. 49 (v. gravitas 1a); ultimus ‥ terminus quietis corporum ~ium est centrum; huic ‥ centro, tamquam termino ultimo adheret aliquod corpus ~e per se et primo, puta terra, que non per naturam alterius corporis adheret a quo participet gravitatem Duns Ord. II 113; cum quasi mortuo et ~i corde [ME: an dead hevi heorte] AncrR 71; concordant calida cum frigidis, arida cum humidis, ~ia cum levibus Fortescue NLN II 59.  b grete with childe, gravidus, ~is, pregnans CathA.  c caro ‥ porcina ‥ ~is est ad digerendum Quaest. Salern. B 68. 2 a (of sleep) heavy. b (of person) heavy w. age. a de somno ~i excitatum Bede HE V 6 p. 291; gravi veluti de somno surgeret ille, / recludens oculos patri respondit Alcuin SS Ebor 1200; ~issimus somnus G. Mon. X 2; sobeth est sompnus innaturalis ~is et profundus SB 40.  b senio ~es V. Chris. Marky. 43; 1227 (v. decrepitus a). 3 a (of smell) strong, unpleasant. b (of elements) violent, severe. a cujus odor gravis est, gustus amara sapit L. Durh. Dial. I 86; Nig. Mir. BVM 16vb (v. exhelus); odor est ~is et acris, sicut acetum Bart. Angl. IV 11; SB 11 (v. asa).  b nos ‥ gravis afflictat violentia ponti Frith. 372; ~i hieme Lib. Eli. II 105 (v. ermina). 4 burdensome, grievous, dreadful; b (w. ref. to task or project). c (pro ~iori) to make matters worse. debitum ‥ amicale quibusque ‥ Christi tironibus, ~e vero ‥ apostatis Gildas EB 1; ~issimis regni sui damnis Bede HE III 7; quae subito adveniunt multo graviora videntur Alcuin Carm. 62.74; qui ‥ dormivit ‥ / ‥ octavo sub sole Novembris / dum gravis illa dies sexta fulgebat in hora. / ejus ad exsequias magnum concurrerat agmen Id. SS Ebor 1584; patri tuo ‥ diu servivi et ‥ multa ~ia pertuli Ord. Vit. VIII 16 p. 363; monachi ‥ ~i artati sunt penuria Ib. 24 p. 421; hos ‥ compegi versus quos fuderat in me / spiritus in sompnis: nox erat illa gravis Gower VC VII 1444; ~e ‥ mihi est ‥ de illius statu nihil audire Free Ep. 57.  b mihi ‥ renitenti, cum ~e esset altaris ministerium etiam pondus est cure pastoralis injunctum V. Greg. 76; in exercitiis mundi ~issimorum patiens laborum Ord. Vit. VIII 5 p. 300; a1216 propter ~e servicium quod in Cestreshyria faciunt, nullus eorum [baronum] extra Lymam servicium mihi faciat nisi per gratum suum (Ch. Comitis Cestrie) Cart. Chester I 105.  c licet hec inter dormientes non omittebantur, crastino tamen pro ~iori comparuerunt plures artes civitatis Londonii conquerendi causa ‥ Favent 17. 5 (of tax or sim.) heavy, oppressive. modo [valet] lx li. et tamen reddit quater xx li; sed minis ~e est DB I 16v; Ps.-Elmh. Hen. V 47 (v. 2 gabella). 6 a (of sin, crime, charge, or sim.) serious, major; b (of sinner). c (of punishment or sim.) severe, harsh. d (of illness, also fig.) grave. e (of emotion) great, intense. a ~iora sunt peccata hujus temporis quam primi Gildas EB 37; dementia cujus / me miserum te larga monebat adire magistrum / mole gravi noxae pressus Bonif. Carm. 6. 12; ut ~iora placita magisque punienda soli justitie vel misericordie principis addicantur (Leg. Hen. 11. 16a) GAS 557; quod homines sui ~e facinus peregerint Ord. Vit. VIII 12 p. 335.  b si ‥ adhuc manet ~is peccator Wycl. Ver. II 46.  c sic reus advenit Romanam consul ad urbem / ut vindicta gravis noxam puniret enormem Aldh. VirgV 1839; exilioque gravi poenas ‥ luebat Alcuin Carm. 9. 3; nimis est ~is haec sententia Anselm (CurD 21) II 89; s1180 persecutio ~issima facta est in trapezetas Anglie qui monetam ‥ corruperant Gerv. Cant. Chr. 214; 1255 tota villata in ~i misericordia SelPlForest 27; 1293 nec gravet in aliquo seu molestiam inferat sub †grava [MS: gravi] forisfactura PQW 585b.  d morbus ‥ ~ior effectus Bede HE IV 29 p. 28; ~issima incogniti doloris infestatione ‥ fatigatur Asser Alf. 91; languida ‥ est anima mea languore ~issimo qui non sanatur nisi oleo misericordiae Anselm (Or. 13) III 53; ~issima infirmitas occupavit Coel G. Mon. V 6.  e cum merore gravi condivit funera Frith. 202 (cf. ib. 1306: formido gravis); ~is dolor et timor ~ioris Anselm (Medit. 2) III 80; ~issimum dolorem ‥ pro amissa cruce Domini habuerunt Ord. Vit. VII 5 p. 172. 7 a (of person) serious-minded, grave; b (w. mens or sim.). c impressive. d (of dress) sober. e (of lit. style) solemn, dignified. f (of forces) powerful, strong. g august. a Romanos ~es ‥ videmus W. Worc. Itin. 322.  b 1321 in ~i mente ‥ revolvimus beneficia et verba consolatoria FormOx 65; s1468 vir ~is consilii Herrison Abbr. Chr. 12.  c [Henricus V] cum ‥ exercitu suo universo in ~i bellico apparatu versus civitatem Rotomagi ‥ iter suum sumpsit Strecche Hen. V 168.  d 1549 ~iores solito portent habitus Conc. Scot. II 91.  e ut exilitatem materie ~ior stilus attollat Gir. TH intr. p. 6; in stilo ‥ non ~issimo offertur ‥ opus ‥ licet gravitatem tuam, sagacissime pater, scribendi modus ‥ excelsior deceret Chaundler Apol. 11b; 1442 ~i et ornato sermone Bekynton I 207.  f nulla virtus finita agit in instanti ‥ ergo, cum virtus ~is sit finita, non fiet deorsum in instanti Bacon Tert. 151.  g 1452 ~em dominum of the ‥ commonalty Rec. Norw. I 346. 8 dangerous, alarming. b (of strife) terrible. c (of persons) fierce. in periculo ~i positum Anselm (Ep. 27) III 115; ~i rumore turbatus Ord. Vit. VII 7 p. 182; nec in Gallias remeare sine ~i discrimine valemus Ib. X 12 p. 74.  b conserto ~i proelio Bede HE II 20; tum regina gravis hujusce scismatis auctrix Frith. 820; ~is ‥ et diutina dissensio Ord. Vit. VII 4 p. 165; orta est ~is pugna W. Worc. Itin. 348.  c legio ‥ cominus cum ~ibus hostibus congressa Gildas EB 15; in pace quietus et amabilis, ‥ in bello ~is et fortunatus Ord. Vit. VIII 5 p. 302; ~es abigeos Peckham Def. Mend. 37 (v. 1 abigeus b). 9 a (of sound) low-pitched, deep. b (of accent) grave. c (mus.). flensne ferire gravi mea moliar ilia risu?  L. Durh. Dial. I 95; H. Bos. LM 1301A (v. chorda 2b); J. Sal. Met. 850D, etc. (v. acuere 4d); quod diversi soni sint quorum unus sit ~is et reliquus acutus J. Blund An. 185; dicitur vox vel sonus acutus vel ~is Ps.-Gros. Gram. 26.  b toni sunt tres, acutus, ~is, circumflexus Aldh. PR 141; [accentum] ~em designant per lineam descendentem ab alto in imum Bacon Gram. Gk. 9; Ps.-Gros. Gram. 33 (v. depresse).  c si ‥ aliquis cantus transcendat per acutum et ~e suum diapason respectu soni infimi, unus intrat alium per viam accommodationis secundum quod necesse fuerit Garl. Mus. Mens. 16; organum ‥ potest terminari in G ~i Mens. & Disc. (Anon. IV) 71; G ~is tres voces possidet Tunst. 220a.

grăvis, (6) e, ¶ 1 lourd, pesant : gravia navigia Cæs. G. 5, 8, 3, vaisseaux lourds ; gravius onus Cic. CM 4 ; Hor. S. 1, 9, 21, une charge plus lourde ; tunicæ ab imbre graves Ov. H. 10, 138, tuniques alourdies par suite de la pluie ; graves fructu vites Quint. 8, 3, 8, vignes alourdies par les fruits || [terre] lourde, grasse : Virg. , Ov. || [nourriture] lourde : Cic. Nat. 2, 24 || [homme] grand et fort, pesant : Virg. En. 5, 447 || pesamment armé : Liv. 31, 39, 2 ; Tac. Ann. 12, 35 || æs grave, v. æs ; argentum grave Sen. Tranq. 1, argenterie massive ¶ 2 [fig.] a) grave, de basse [son, voix] : Cic. de Or. 1, 251 ; 3, 216 ; syllaba gravis Quint. 1, 5, 22, syllabe sourde, sans accent [opp. à acuta ] ; b) qui pèse dans la balance, de poids, puissant, fort, énergique : gravis civitas Cic. Fl. 56, cité importante ; gravis et vehemens oratio Cic. Br. 93, parole pleine de force et de véhémence ; auctoritas Cic. Rep. 2, 59, influence puissante ; auctoritate graviores homines Cic. de Or. 2, 154, des hommes ayant plus de poids par leur prestige ; gravis auctor, testis Cic. Pis. 14 ; Fam. 2, 2, répondant, témoin de poids ; causæ graves Cic. Clu. 82, des raisons puissantes ; c) grave, digne, noble, imposant : oratio non abhorrens a persona hominis gravissimi Cic. Rep. 1, 24, des propos qui ne juraient pas avec le caractère dʼun personnage si digne, cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 228 ; Cæl. 35 ; genus epistularum severum et grave Cic. Fam. 2, 4, 1, genre de lettres sérieux et digne ; d) grave, dur, rigoureux : verbum gravius Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 134, parole un peu dure ; hæc si gravia aut acerba videantur... Cæs. G. 7, 14, 10, si ces mesures paraissaient dures ou cruelles... ; ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret Cæs. G. 1, 20, 1, [il le priait] de ne pas prendre quelque mesure trop rigoureuse contre son frère, cf. Cæs. G. 1, 20, 4 ; gravissimum supplicium Cæs. G. 1, 31, 15, le supplice le plus rigoureux ; gravioribus bellis Cic. Rep. 1, 63, dans les guerres un peu difficiles ; e) [odeur] violente, forte, pénétrante : Plin. 21, 28 ; 21, 60 ; 25, 118 ; ellebori graves Virg. G. 3, 451, lʼellébore nauséabond ; f) fort, élevé [comme prix], accablant : grave pretium Sall. d. Non. 314, 25, prix élevé ; grave fenus Suet. Aug. 39, intérêt exorbitant ; gravis annona Suet. Aug. 25, cherté des vivres ; g) pénible, accablant, malsain : anni tempus gravissimum Cic. Q. 2, 16, 1, saison la plus pénible ; gravis autumnus Cæs. C. 3, 2, 3, automne malsain ; loci natura graves Liv. 25, 26, 7, endroits naturellement malsains ; h) qui est à charge, pénible, dur à supporter, fâcheux, désagréable, importun : minus aliis gravis aut molesta vita est otiosorum Cic. Off. 1, 70, la vie des gens qui vivent loin des affaires est moins incommode, moins à charge pour les autres ; iis omnis ætas gravis est Cic. CM 4, à eux tous les âges de la vie sont à charge ; velim, si tibi grave non erit... ; Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2, je voudrais, si ce nʼest pas une peine pour toi... ; grave est alicui avec inf. Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 1 ; Att. 1, 5, 4, il est pénible pour qqn de... ; in populum Romanum grave est non posse... Cic. Balbo 24, il est dur pour le peuple romain de ne pouvoir... ; senes odiosi et graves adulescentibus Cic. Rep. 1, 67, vieillards odieux et insupportables pour les jeunes gens ¶ 3 alourdi, embarrassé : a) agmen grave præda Liv. 21, 5, 8, troupe alourdie par le butin, cf. Liv. 29, 35, 5 ; b) = gravidus, en état de grossesse : Virg. En. 1, 274, cf. Ov. M. 10, 495 ; c) accablé, incommodé : morbo gravis (equus) Virg. G. 3, 95, (cheval) accablé par la maladie ; gravis adhuc vulnere Liv. 21, 48, 4, encore incommodé par sa blessure ; gravis ætate Liv. 7, 39, 1, fléchissant sous le poids de lʼâge ; ætate et viribus gravior Liv. 2, 19, 6, alourdi par lʼâge et par ses forces déclinantes.

gravis , e. adj. c. s.
重者。穩重。難受。耎。— locus 烟瘴地方。— annis 老。 — ventus 害人之風。— halitus 臭氣。— annona 貴糧。— vino 大醉。 — utero 懷胎。— testis 可信之證人。 — sonus 粗聲。Grave verbum 刺人言。威儀言。

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gravis e, adj.with comp.gravior, and sup.gravissimus

• 2 GAR-, heavy, weighty, ponderous, burdensome, loaded, laden, burdened: gravi onere armorum oppressi, Cs.: corpus: Ipse gravis graviter Concidit, V.: bullae aureae: navigia, Cs.: agmen, L.: gravius dorso subiit onus, H.: robur aratri, V.: tellus, V.: naves spoliis graves, L.: aere dextra, V.: imbre nubes, L.—After the as was reduced in weight: aes grave, heavy money, money of the old standard(a full pound in each as), L.—With young, pregnant: sacerdos Marte, V.: uterus, O.—Of sound, deep, grave, low, bass: sonus, H.: gravissimus sonus: sonus auditur gravior, V.: fragor, O.—Of smell or flavor, strong, unpleasant, offensive: hircus in alis, rank, H.: ellebori, V.: odor caeni, V.: sentina, Iu.—Burdening, oppressive, serious, gross, indigestible, unwholesome, noxious, severe, sick: cibus: cantantibus umbra, V.: anni tempore gravissimo, season: autumnus in Apuliā, Cs.: virus, H.: tempus, weather, L.: graviore tempore anni acto, season, L.: morbo gravis, sick, V.: aetate et viribus gravior, L.: vino, O.: spiritus gemitu, difficult, V.: oculi, heavy, V.—Fig., hard to bear, heavy, burdensome, oppressive, troublesome, grievous, painful, hard, harsh, severe, disagreeable, unpleasant: paupertas, T.: labores: gravissima hiemps, Cs.: volnus: numquam tibi senectutem gravem esse: Appia (via) tardis, H.: miserior graviorque fortuna, Cs.: Principum amicitiae, oppressive, H.: si tibi grave non erit, a trouble: in Caesarem contiones, hostile, Cs.: verbum gravius: ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret, Cs.: gravius est verberari quam necari, S.: edictum, L.: graviora (pericula), more serious, V.: quo inprovisus gravior accederet, more formidable, S.: adversarius imperi.—As substn.: O passi graviora, greater hardships, V.—Of things, strong, weighty, important, grave, influential: inperium gravius, T.: quae mihi ad spem obtinendae veritatis gravissima sunt: gravissima caerimonia, most solemn, Cs.: nihil sibi gravius esse faciendum, quam ut, etc.: exemplum, H.: gravissima civitas.—Of character, of weight, of authority, eminent, venerable, great: animus natu gravior, T.: auctoritate graviores: omnes gravioris aetatis, more settled, Cs.: homo, sober: gravis Entellum dictis castigat (i. e. graviter), V.